itU A / ^" V, I i . GYMNOSPERMS Resinous trees or shrubs, ours evergreen with linear, awl-like or scale-like leaves. Trunk usually persisting through the erown as a single axis, increasing in diameter by an annual layer of wood inside the bark. Sexual reproductive organs consisting of stamens and ovules. Stamens generally spirally arranged in a catkin-like cluster which falls after maturity. Ovules commonly borne naked on the surface of a scale with the scales arranged spirally in a short catkin which commonly matures into a woody cone. Cotyledons several to many, sometimes only 2. Bibliog. — Endlieher. Stephano, Synopsis Cunifevariim (1847). Carriere, E. A., Traite Con- iferes (1855). Engelmann, Geo., Papers on Conifera; (Collected Works, p. 326, — 1887); Masters, M. T., The genera of Taxacea> and CohiferEe (Jour. Linn. Soe. vol. 30, p. 1, — 1893). Wordsell, W. C, Structure of tlie Female Flower in Couiferse (Ann. Bot. vol. 14, p. 39, — 1900). Veitcli, James, et al.. Manual of the Conifera; (1900). Coulter & Chamberlain, Morphology of Gyuinosperms (1901). PINACEAE. PiXE F.vMiLY. Trees or shrubs, typically with one main mast-like axis which bears laterally successive whorls of much-branched limbs. Leaves narrowly linear and alter- nate, or with bundles of needle-like leaves in the axils of scale-like (primary) leaves. Stamens and ovules in different catkins on same tree. Staminate cat- kins with numerous spirally arranged stamens, each bearing 2 polleu-saes and ending in a roundish crest or mere knob ; pollen-grains usually with 2 bladder- like appendages to assist distribution by the wind. Ovulate catkins with spirally arranged scales, each subtended by a distinct bract; ovules naked, 2 at the base of each scale on the upper side, maturing into seeds which com- monly bear a wing derived from the surface tissue of the scale. Fruit a woody cone, the scales much enlarged, the bracts remaining small or sometimes elongated and surpassing the scale. — Northern hemisphere, eight genera. Cali- fornia has endemic representatives of all the genera except Cedrus (Lebanon Cedar and varieties). Larix (Larch) and Pseudolarix (of China). Bililiog. — Don, David, Five New Species of the Genus Pinus discovered by Dr. Coulter in California (Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. 17, p. 439, — 1837). Lemmon, J. G., Pines of the Pacific Slope (2d Rep. Cal. Board For. p. 67, — 1888) ; Cone-bearers of California (3rd Rep. 1. c. p. 79,-1890). Sargent, C. S., Silva N. Am. vol. 11 (1897), vol. 12 (1898). Masters, M. T., A General View of the Genus Pinus (Jour. Linn. Soc. vol. 35, p. 560, — 1904). Cones pendent or spreading, falling from the tree whole, the scales persistent. Leaves of 2 kinds, needle-leaves in fascicles of 1 to 5 and scale-leaves; cones maturing the second year, their bracts minute 1. Pixus. Leaves of 1 kind, linear; cones maturing in the first year, their bracts obvious. Bracts shorter than the scales; branchlets roughened by the persistent leaf bases. Leaves petioleoth ; old bark very rough 4. PsEUDOTSU(;.\. Cones erect on branch, maturing the first year, their scales falling separately; leaf-scars smooth. 5. Abiks. 1. PINUS L. Pine. Trees with two sorts of leaves, the primary leaves thin and scaly or chaff-like, bearing in their axils needle-shaped leaves in fascicles of 1 to o. which emerge 34 . PINACEAE from slender buds whose scarious scales sheatlie the base of the cluster. Stami- nate catkins spreading, crowded in a whorl at the base of the shoot of the same spring. Ovulate catkins erect, lateral or sub-terminal, 1 to 8 in a whorl. Cones maturing in the second jear, reflexed or pendulous, their scales woody, im- bricated, the exposed portion (apophysis) often much thickened and bearing centrally an elevated scar or pricklj' boss (umbo). Cotyledons -4 to 17. — The genus Pi Qus, consisting of about seventy-five species distributed over the northern hemisphere and replaced in the southern hemisphere by the Araucarias and Po- docarpums, is strongly represented in California, no other region relatively to area being so rich in species. (Pinus, the ancient Latin name.) White Fixes. — Cones subterminal, the apophysis of the cone-scale usually thin and unarmed; needles in 5s; wood light-colored, soft; chiefly high montane. Cones long-stalked, very long and slender when closed. Needles 1 to 3% inches long; cones 6 to 8 inches long; high ranges. .1. P. moiiticola. Needles 2 to Sli inches long; cones 13 to IS inches long; high ranges. 2. P. lambertiana. Cones with short stalks or almost none; needles 1 to 214 inches long. Scales very thick at tip, not closely overlapping; cones subglobose, 1 to 3 inches long; high montane 3. P. albicaulis. Scale-tips slightly thickened, rather eloseh' overlapping; cones commonly long-ovate, 2 to 5 inches long; desert mountains chiefly 4. P. flexilis. Yellow Pixe.s. — Cones subterminal, sessile or nearly so, the scales with a thick apoph_vsis which is umbonate and armed with a prickle ; needles in 3s, 3s, or 2s ; wood very pitchy. Needles in 5s. Cones oblong-ovate, 2^4 to 5 inches long; scales with minute prickles; needles % to 1 inch long; Mt. Whitney region and high North Coast Ranges. .5. P. balfouriana. Cones slender ovate, 3 to 3^4 inches long; scales with long slender prickles; needles 1 to 1% inches long; desert ranges 6. P. aristata. Needles in 3s, 5 to 10 inches long; cones breaking through near base when falling, some scales remaining on branch. Cones ovate, 3 to 5 inches long; common at middle altitudes 7. P. poiiclero.ia. Cones round-oval, 5 to 10 inches long; at higher altitudes Var. jeffreyi. Needles in 2s, 1% to 2% inches long. Bark thin, smooth; high montane 8. P. murrayana. Bark thick, rough; seashore 9. P. contorta. Ndt Pines. — Cones lateral or subterminal, the scales strongly thickened at tip or prolonged into conspicuous spurs or hooks; seeds large, thick shelled, the wing short or none; needles 1 to 5 in a cluster; arid areas and chiefly low altitudes. Cones very large, with highly developed spurs, breaking through near base when falling, a few lower scales persisting on the branch; needles in 3s. Cones ovate, 10 to 13 inches long; needles erect, 5 to 14 inches long; trunk persisting through crown as one main axis; foliage yellowish; South Coast Banges and Southern California 10. P. coulteri. Cones round-oval, 6 to 10 inches long; needles drooping, 7 to 13% inches long; trunk branching into several secondary axes ; foliage gray ; dry interior foothills. 11. P. sabiniana. Cones with pyramidal apophyses. Needles in 5s, 8 to 12 inches long; cones triangular-oval, 4 to 5% inches long; scales with pyramidal apophyses; local on south coast 12. P. torreyana. Needles commonly in 4s, 1 to 1% inches long; cones subglobose, % to 1% inches long; Southern and Lower California 13. P. parryana. Needles 1 in a place, lYi to 2 inches long; cones subglobose, 2% to 3% inches long; desert region 14. P. monophylla. Closed-cone Pines. — Cones lateral, sessile, one-sided, opening tardily, often remaining closed for many years, their scales conspicuously swollen at tip; needles in 3s or 2s; lower altitudes, chiefly of coast. Needles in 2s, 4 to 6 inches long; cones ovate, 2 to 3 inches long, often developing stout spurs; seashore 15. P. murirata. PINE FAMILY 35 Needles in 3s. Cones broadly ovoid, 2Uj to i\-> iuehcs long; needles 3 to 6 inches long; seashore. 16. P. radiata. Cones oblong-ovate, 3 to 6 inches long; needles 3 to 5 Lnches long; montane 17. P. tuberculata. 1. P. monticola Don. Silver Pine. Forest tree, 50 to 175 feet high, the l)raiiches slender and spreading or somewhat drooping and mo.stly confined to the upper portion of the shaft; trunk 1 to 6 feet in diameter, clothed with a very smooth though slightly checked whitish or reddish bark 1-4 to 11/4 inches thick : needles in 5s, very slender, 1 to 3% inches long, sheathed at base by thinnish narrow deciduous scales, some of which are 1 inch long; staminate catkins 3 or -1 lines long. 6 or 7 for more) in a elu.ster; ovulate catkins borne near the ends of high branches on long peduncles; cones pendulous, 6 to 8, or rarely 10 inches long, very slender when closed and usually curved towards the tip, lilaek-purple or green when young. 2I2 to 3i{. inches broad near the base when open and tapering to the apex; scales thin, smooth, widening from the base to the rounded apex, chocolate-brown except the apophysis, which is butY and bears a terminal scar-like umbo; seeds 3 to 4 lines long, their wings about 3 times as long, widest at the middle ; cotyledons 5 to 9, mostly 7 or 8. Sierra Nevada, in the main timber belt from 6,000 to 9,000 feet, ranging west to ]Mt. Shasta, Scott Mts., the Trinities and Siskiyous, and northward to Van- couver Island and northwestern ]\Iontana. Its wood is valuable but the species is too weakly represented to be of very great forestral importance. Refs. — PiNUS M0NTiC0L.\ Don in Lambert, Pinus, vol. 3, p. 27 (1837), type loc. mountains near Grand Rapids of the Coliunbia, Douglas; Sargent, Gard. & For. vol. 5, p. 1, tig. 1 (1892) ; Merriam, Biol. Snr. Mt. Shasta, pp. 39, 136 (1899). 2. P. lambertiana Dougl. Sugar Pine. (Fig. 3.) Forest tree 80 to 250 feet hiyh. the young and adult trees symmetrical, but the aged trees commonly with broken summits or characteristically flat-topped with 1 or 2 h)ng arm-like branches exceeding shorter ones; trunk 2 to 8 feet in diameter, its bark brown or reddish, closely fissured into rough ridges scaly on the surface, 1 to 4 inches thick; needles in 5s, slender, 2 to Sy^ inches long; staminate catkins yellowish brown, 3 to 4 lines long, 15 to 25 in a cluster, their pollen-sacs with broad or I'oundish minutely erose crests; cones pendulous on peduncles (2 to 31/. inches li>ng) at the ends of branches, mosth- in the very summit of the tree, very long oblong, 13 to 18 inches long, 4 to 6 inches in diameter when opened; scales broad, only very slightly thickened, rounded at apex and tipped with a ter- minal scar-like umbo; seeds 4 to 7 lines long with wings twice as long and broadest near the middle; cotyledons 13 to 15. Sierra Nevada, mainly between 4,000 and 6,500 feet, the fourth most abundant species in the main timber belt. North Coast Ranges : isolated patches on Gallo- way and Austin creeks in Sonoma Co.; Oathill ^linc. ^It. St. Helena, Colib .Alt., Sanhedrin, Bartlett Mt. and north along the YoUo BoUys to South Fork Mt., Trinity Summit, Marble Mt. and Mt. Shasta, thence north into Oregon as far as North Fork Santiam River. South Coast Ranges: reported west of Palo Alto; Santa Lucia and Twin Peaks in Santa Lucia ;\Its. ; San Rafael Mts.. eastward to Tehachapi and southward through all the high Southern California ranges (5,000 to 10.000 feet on the Sierra Madre, San Bernardino, San Jacinto and Cuyamaea mts.) ; Lower California. Associated with Yellow Pine, Incen.se 36 PINACEAE Cedar ami White Fir. The larg-est of all pines. Wood liii'ht, soft, straight- grained, of high commercial value. Eefs. — Pixus L.iMBERTl.iXA Douglas, Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. 1.5, p. 500 (1S27), type loe. Umpqua River Mts., Oregon, DoiufJax ; Comp. Bot. Mag., vol. 2, pp. 92, 106, 107, 130, 1.52 (1836); Sudworth, 21st Rep. U. S. Geol. Sur. pt. 5 (For. Res.), p. 522 (1900); Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. p. 20 (1901). Sugar Pine, Cooper, For. Service Bull. no. 69 (1906). 3. P. albicaulis Engelm. White-bark Pine. (Fig. 1.) Subalpine tree, usually dwartisli or prostrate; trunk i/o to 2 feet in diameter, often with 2 or 3 main stems from the base. 2 to 40 feet high ; bark thin. Avhitish and smooth, or fissured into scaly plates on the main trunk; needles in os. 1 to 2io inches long, persisting 5 to 7 years. den.sely clothing the tips of the slowly growing branchlets ; catkins scarlet ; cones ovoid or subglobose. yellowish brown, 1 to 3 inches long and nearly as thick ; scales broad and rounded at apex with a short acute umbo, not overlapping closely but their tips strongly thickened and either projecting freely or presenting very bluntish points; seeds obovate, acute, not compre.ssed or only on one side, obscurely mar- gined towards the point, 14, to ' ^> inch long; wing narrow, usually persistent on the scale; cotyledons 7 to 9. Subalpine on the Sierra Nevada, southward to the San Bernar- dino ilts.. north to British Colum- l)ia and easterly to the Rocky Mts. In the Coast Ranges it oc- curs on a few high peaks (Salmon ]\Its., 3Iarble Mt.). In the Sierra Nevada it is a timber line tree, lietween 8.000 and 10.000 feet in the south and 6,000 to 8.000 feet in the north, forming a very thin ;ind scattered scrubb\- growth on exposed slopes. Where winter snows accnmulate to great depth on plateaus or in cirqnes it occurs as low trees only 2 or 3 feet high but with a flat or table-like top (3 to 10 feet broad. Refs. — PiNUS ALBICAULIS Engelmann, Trans. St. Louis Acad. vol. 2, p. 209 (1803), type loc. Oregon Cascades, Neivherry ; Merriam, Biol. Sur. Mt. Shasta, pp. 39, 137 (1899). P. flexilis var. (ilbicatihs Engelmann in Bot. Cal. vol. 2, p. 124 (1880). 4. P. flexilis James. Limber Pine. Tree 10 to 60 feet high with a short trunk 1 to 3 feet in diameter ; needles in 5s, 1 to 2i/4 inches long, often curving, densely clothing the ends of the branchlets and forming a sort of brush ; catkins reddish ; cones buff or olive-bnff, gloliose to long-ovate, 2 to 5 inches long ; scales broad with ronnded slightly thickened tips and terminal scar-like umbo, overlapping rather closely and leaving only a narrow portion free on the upper side the scale; seeds nearly oval, markedly compressed, surrounded by an acute margin, 4 or 5 lines long; wing narrow, generally persistent on scale; cotyledons 6 to 9. Fui. 1. Pixus albicaulis Engelm. cone; b, seed. uat. size. <;, Closed PINE FAMILY 37 Subalpiiie. 7.000 to 12.000 feet: east slope of Sierra Nevada from jroiio Pass south to ;\Ionaehe Peak, attributed to west slope on high ridges south side of South Fork Kings River; Panamint Range; Mt. Pinos (Ventura Co.); Sierra Madre and San Bernardino mts. ; San Jacinto Mts. (W.L.J, no. 2308) ; El Toro Peak. Ranges far east to Rooky Mts. of New Mexico and north to Alberta. Refs.— PiNUS FLEXiLis James, Long's Expeil. vol. 2, p. 3.5 (1823); Coville, Bot. Death Val. p. 221 (1893). 5. P. balfouriana Jeffrey. Foxtail Pine. Subalpine tree, 20 to 45 feet high, with cone-shaped trunk 1 to -t feet in diameter at the base, the axis in old or in storm-beaten trees at timber line pro.iecting through the crown as a dead and shining splinter point: trunk bark i-eddisli lirown. smoothish but superficially checked ; branches stout aiul rather short with half-drooping branehlets thickly clothed with short needles persisting 10 to 15 years and thus resembling a fox's tail; needles in 5s. bright green on the upper side, glaucous on the lower, % to 1 inch long; cones slender when closed, oblong-ovate in outline when open, terra-cotta color, 21/2 to 5 inches long, IS/^ to 2 inches broad; tips of the scales thickened or low-pyramidal, with shrunken scar-like umbo; seeds 3I/2 to 4 lines long, their wings narrow, 6 to 11 lines long; cotyledons 5. Timber line tree local in two widely separated areas: North Coast Ranges from South Yollo BoUy north to the Scott Mts. and Marble Mt. ; southern Sierra Nevada from Olanche Peak northward over the Whitney Plateau to Bubbs Creek and South Fork San Joaquin, and westward to the Chagoopah Plateau and Alta Peaks. Eefs. — PiNUS BALFOURi.\N-A Jeffrey, Oreg. Exped. 1, t. 3, fig. 1 (18.53), type loc. Scott Mts., John Jeffrey; Lemmon, 2il Rep. Cal. Board For. pp. 71, 86, t. 5 (1888); Jepson, Sierra Club Bull. vol. 4, p. 214, pi. 75 (1903). 6. P. aristata Engelm. Hickory Pine. Bushy tree 15 to 40 feet high; leaves 1 to li/o inches long; young bark milky white; cones slender ovate, 3 to 31/2 inches long, the scales armed with slender prickles 3 lines long. High mountains of Nevada, northern Arizona and New Mexico, east to central Colorado and westward to the Death Valley region of California where it is found on the Funeral. Grapevine, Charleston and Panamint ranges between 7.500 and 11.000 feet. Wood of poor cpiality but on account of timber .scarcity it is lumbered in central Nevada where it is known as "White Pine." Refs. — PiNUS .\RI.ST.\TA Eugelmann, Am. Jour. Sci. ser. 2, vol. 34, p. 331 (1862); Sargent, Silva, vol. 11, p; 63, t. 5.54 (1897). P. holfoiirianu. var. aristntti Eugelmann, in Bot. Cal. vol. 2, p. 125 (1880). 7. P. ponderosa Dongl. Yellow Pine. (Fig. 2.) Forest tree 60 to 225 feet high, the trunk 2 to 9 feet in diameter and often clear of branches for 40 to 100 feet; branches horizontal or drooping; trunk bark in typical trees tawny yellow, divided by fissures into large scaly-surfaced plates 1 to 4 feet long and l^ to 114 feet wide; needles in 3s, 5 to 10 inches long; staminate catkins j-ellow, in rosette-like clusters, slender in anthesis and 1 to 2 inches long; ovulate catkins purplisli. oblong-ovate, 6 to 8 lines long; cones reddish brown, narrowly ovate when closed, roundish ovate or oval when open, coiniiionly 3 to 5 inches long; after opening breaking through near the base and falling, leaving the ba.sal scales on the limb; scales with thickened or low-pyramidal ai)ophyses, the umbo abruptly drawn down into a stout somewhat triangular point or short prickle; seeds ovatish, sometimes slightly flattened at apex, 3 to 5 lines long, the wing broadest near the middle and tapering to ajjcx. % to 1 inch long and 4V-; lines broad ; cotyledons 5 to 9. 38 PINACEAE Sierra Nevada and Coast Ranges at middle altitudes, north to British C'llunihia, east to the Rocky Mts., south to the summit of the high mountains of Southern California and into Lower California. It is the most abundant tree in the main timber lielt (if the Sierra Nevada (5,000 to 7.500 feet at the south, and 3.000 to ^C S-SOO feet at the north). In . f- to 2% feet in diameter, beai-ing branche.? quite to the ground and forming pyramidal bases which are soon narrowed to slender tops; brandies slender, horizontal or mostly drooping, the branchlets slender, pubescent and drooping; leaves standing out all around the branehlet, flattish above, strongl.v ridged below, bearing stoinata on both surfaces, blunt- ish at apex, 1/4 to 1 inch long, less than 1 line wide, shortly petioled: staminate catkins mostly violet-purple, 2 lines long, on peduncles 2 to 3 lines long; cones cylindric and tapering to base and apex, ly^ to 3 inches long, i/^ to % inch in diameter; opened cones oblong in outline or tapering from base to apex, 1 to 11/4 inches in diameter; scales thin, rounded at apex, in the open cone spreading at right angles to the axis or even recurving, their bracts V3 to % as long, rounded above and tipped with a short point; seeds 2\'-2 Wnca long, the wing 4 or 5 lines long. Timberline tree in the Sierra Nevada. 6,000 to 11.000 feet, in frequent patches of limited extent, from Bubl)'s f'reek northward to lit. Shasta, west- ward to the Trinity Jits., Marble Mt. (W.L.J, no. 2820), Klamath Range and Siskiyous, far north to Alaska and northern ]\Iontana. Fruit-bearing branchlets often forming dense drooping clusters of cones in top of tree. Trunks on sharp slopes kneed or curved at base from the weight of snow on the stems when young. Also called Black Hemlock and. in former times, "Williamson Spruce." Refs. — TsuGA MERTENSIANA Sargent, Silva N. Am. vol. 12. p. 77, t. 606 (189S). Pinus mer- triisiaiia Bongard, Veg. Siteha, p. 163 (1833), tyi>e loc .Sitka, Di: F. H. ilertenx. Abies williamsonii Newberry, Pae. R. Rep. vol. 6, pt. 3, p. 53, t. 7, f. 19 (1857). Tsuga pattoniana Seneclauze, Conif. p. 21 (1867) ; Engelmann in Bot. Cal. vol. 2. p. 121 (1880) ; Sargent. Ganl & For. vol. 10, p. 1, figs. 1, 2 (1897). 3. PICEA Link. Spruce. Trees with tall tapering trunks and thin scaly bark. Leaves narrowly linear, spreading on all sides, .jointed near the stem on a woody base which persists after leaf-fall as a prominent spreading "peg;" resin canals in ours 2. Stami- nate catkins from terminal or axillary winter buds, erect or nodding; anthers with nearly circular toothed crests, opening longitudinally. Ovule-bearing catkins erect. Cones maturing in the first autumn, pendent, usually scattered over the upper half of the tree; scales very thin, the bracts .shorter than the scales. Seeds without resin vesicles; cotyledons 4 to 15. — About 12 species, 7 in North America, the remainder in Europe and Asia. (Picea. ancient Latin name, from pix, pitch.) Leaves prickly pointed ; cone-scales serrulate ; coastal 1. P. sitchensis. Leaves merely acute; cone-scales entire; subalpine 2. P. bretveriana. 1. P. sitchensis Carr. Tideland Spruce. Forest tree 80 to 190 feet high, with trunk 3 to 20 feet in diameter, wide spreading rigid branches, and droop- ing branchlets; trunk bark reddish brown, developing roughish deciduous scales, but these not so siuirply defined as in spruces generally: ln-anchlets with the leaves spreading eipially in every direeticm Iml not straight down on the under side of horizontal ones; leaves linear, V- to 1 inch long, 73 to 1 line 46 PINACEAE wide, whitened and flat above but with a median ridge, convex or strongly ridged below, very stitf and usually tapering to a prickly point or the upper leaves less sharp or bluntly pointed; staminate catkins purple, 1 to 2i4 inches long and 3 to 6 lines in diameter, borne on a peduncle 2 or 3 lines long, appear- ing from large conspicuously scaly winter buds which are either terminal or lateral on the branches; ovulate catkins erect or curving upwards, l^^ to 1% inches long, yellowish green, the bracts longer than the scale; cones dull brown, long oblong, 2 to 4 inches long and when open I14 to 114 inches in diameter; scales narrow, finely and irregiilarly tootlied, with ovate-lanceolate bracts V2 to % as long; seeds IV3 lines long, the wing 3 to 4 lines long and 1% to 2 lines broad. Lowlands facing the ocean from Caspar. Mendocino Co.. northward to Alaska. Forms pure forests on low moi.st flats as at Crescent City, or about the mouth of the Eel River where the tall wind-beaten trees are a striking feat- ure of the scenery. The tallest trees of this species in California occur in the western margin of the Redwood Belt in Del Norte Co. (W.L.J, no. 2905), where the trunks, as also northward, are enormously buttressed at base ; trunks 2 to 6 feet in diameter at 6 feet above the ground are nearly twice that diameter at the ground. Extensively lumbered. In cultivation called Sitka Spruce and, formerly. iMenzies Spruce. Kefs. — PiCE.4. siTCHENSis Carriore, Traite Conif. p. 260 (18.5.5). Finns sitchensis Bongard, Veg. Sitcha, p. 164 (1833), type loc. Sitka, Dr. Merteiis. Abies menzicsii Lindley, Penny Cycl. vol. 1, p. 32 (1833) ; Newberry, Pac. E. Eep. vol. 6, pt. 3, pp. 56, 90, f. 21, pi. 9 (1857). P. ENGELMANNi Eugelm. Engclmann Spruce. Branchlets pubescent ; cones 2% to 3 inches long. 1% inches in diameter when open, scales broad. — Rocky Mts. to Arizona and Washington; also near California boundary on Ashland Butte. Oregon. AV.L.J. no. 2573. 2. P. breweriana Wats. Weeping Spruce. Singular subalpine tree 20 to 95 feet high ; branches clothing the trimk to the ground, few and mainly hori- zontal, especially- in the top, ornamented with cord-like branchlets hanging straight down and thus giving a formal efl'ect to the stiffish and very thin crown; trunk I/2 to 31^ feet in diameter, its bark thin (V2 inch thick), whitish and smoothish on the surface but presenting shallowly concave scars from which have fallen thick scales of irregular shape, mostly 1 to 4 inches long and half as wide ; inner bark white, outer bark red-brown ; leaves borne all round the stem, ij to 1 inch long, roundish and green below, whitish above on either side the conspicuous median ridge, obtuse at apex ; staminate catkins yellow-brown, 1 inch long; ovulate catkins dark purple, li/i inches long, with the sides of the scales towards the apex turned up in such a way that the surface of the catkin presents rhomboidal areas; bracts appressed, with finely toothed edges; cones narrowly cylindrical, 3V2 to 414 inches long, I14 to li-> inches in diameter; scales rounded at apex, very thick for a spruce and with smooth entire edges; bracts oblong, acute, 14 to y^ as long as the scales; seeds 11/0 lines long, the wing 4 lines long. Local subalpine species, favoring cup-like hollows at head of north canons where the snow-drifts persist iintil Jul\' or latiM-. It ranges from northern Trinity to the western side of Marble Mt. (W.L.J. no. 2847), eastern slope of the Klamath Range (W.L.J, no. 2890), through the Siskiyous, northward to the high mountains south of Rogue River and westward to the Oregon PINE FAMILY 47 Coast Range. Singular tree, remarkable for its long slender cord-like branch- lets perfectly pendulous from the usually horizontal limbs. Refs. — PiCEA BREWERIAXA Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. vol. 20, p. 37S (1SS.5), type loe. summit of the Siskiyous on Happy Camp Trail, Tlios. Howell (1884). 4. PSEUDOTSUGA Carr. False Spruce. Large trees with Hat, short-petioled leaves, spreading around the stem or on horizontal branches often somewhat 2-ranked. Staminate catkins axil- lary, the anthers tipped with a spur and opening obliciuely. Ovulate catkins erect, terminal or axillary. Cone.s pendent, maturing in the first autumn : scales thill, rounded, shorter than the slender acutely 2-lobed bracts which bear a spear-like point in the notch. Seeds without resin vesicles; cotyle- dons 5 to 12. — Three species, 2 in America and 1 in Japan. In botanical rela- tionship it stands in an intermediate position among Picea, Tsuga, and Abies. The general habit and branching, the leaves spreading all around the stem, tlie nieditun-sized pendent cones ♦borne all over the tree, the per- sistent cone-scales, the seed with(jut resin vesicles — in all these features it resembles Picea. ditt'ering from it most markedly in its bark, which is not thin and scaly, and in its exserted bracts. In its petioled lilunt leaves, often pendent leader of very young trees, and persistent cone-scales it is like Tsuga. In its roughly fissured thick bark and exserted bracts it resembles Abies. Its peculiar cone bracts, signally different from those of any other conifer, and the obliquely dehiscing anthers are the chief marks of the distinctive genus Pseudotsuga. (Name from Greek, pseudo, false, and Japanese, tsuga, hemlock.) Cones 1.'4 to Syi inches long; bracts conspicuously exserted; Sierra Nevada and Coast Eanges 1. P. taxifolia Cones 4 to 7;/2 inches long; bracts protruding little; S. California only 2. P. macrocarpa 1. P. taxifolia Britt. Douglas Fir. Doi'glas Spruce. (Figs. 7 and 8.) Forest tn^e 7(1 to 2(M) feet in height, in dense stands often exhibiting clear trunks 100 to 150 feet high and -4 to 8 feet in diameter; bark on young trees thin, smooth, gray or mottled, sometimes alder-like, on old trunks 1 to 61/2 inches thick, soft or putty-like, dark brown, fissured into broad heav.y furrows, in cross section showing alternate layers of red and white ; branchlets usually drooping, the leaves spreading all around the stem or on horizontal branchlets spreading more or less to right and left but not truly 2-ranked; leaves % to IVL- inches long. Vl' to 1 line wide, linear, blunt at apex, flat with a median groove above and green, below with 2 pale longitudinal bands and a median ridge, very short-petioled; staminate catkins conie-cylindric. 4 or 5 lines long, exserted from winter buds on a peduncle 2 or 3 lines long and scattered along the under side of the branchlets; pistillate catkins erect, terminal or lat- eral. 1 inch long, the bracts very conspicuous on account of the small size of the scales at this stage ; cones pendulous, long oval and more or less pointed. 1% to 2i/o or 3Vo inches long. I14 to 1% inches in diameter when open; scales broad and roinided at apex; bracts conspicuously exserted, broadly linear and bearing in the deep notch at apex a spcar-likc point: seeds 3 lines long, almost as long as the wings; cotyledons 5 to 8. Sierra Nevada from Mt. Shasta and Lassen Peak southward to Fresno Co. (Stevenson Creek. 3.000 to 5.500 feet). Coast Ranges, from Santa Lucia Mts. (southern limit in California). Santa Cruz Mts.. Bolinas Ridge. Inverness Ridge, outer North Coast Range, ]\It. Hood and Napa ranges, Upper Cache 48 PINACEAE Ci'eek, and uorthward to the Siskiyous; associated witli the Redwood in the outer range and with Tan Oak, lladrofia. Black Oak and Yellow Pine in the inner ranges. The characteristic "Bald Hills" of Mendocino and Humboldt (inner ranges) with their "opens'" and mixed woods of Douglas Fir and the species just mentioned are well shown in Fig. 8. Not in Vaca Mts.. Mt. Diablo and Mt. Hamilton ranges nor Oakland Hills (Cf. Jepson. Fl. W. ;Mid. Cal. 19, — 1901). Widely distributed beyond our borders, reaching British Columbia (type loc. Nootka, Archibald Menzies), South Dakota, northern Texas and Mexico. Largest tree of the Pacific Coast next to the Sequoias. Variable in habit of branchlets and hue of foliage. Growth rapid and repro- duction strong. Timber unequalled for its strength and lightness and the size of the sticks; well-known in the lumber trade as "Oregon Pine.'" Refs. — PsEUDOTSUG.\ T.\xiFOLiA Britton, Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sei. vol. S, p. 74 (ISSO). Pimts taxifolia Lambert, Pinus, vol. 1, p. 51, t. 33 (1S03). Abies douglasii Linilley, Penny Cyel. vol. 1, p. 32 (1833); Newberry, Pac. E. Rep., vol. 6, pt. 3, pp. 54, 90, pi. 8, fig. 20 (1857). Pseudotsuga douglasii Carriere, Traite Cooif. ed. 2, p. 256 (1867) ; Engelmann in Bat. Cal. vol. 2, p. 120 (1880). 2. P. macrocarpa ]Mayr. Big-cone Spruce. Tree 30 to 60 or occasionally 80 feet tall, with very long lower branches; bark, foliage, catkins, anci cones very similar to those of the preceding; bark dark or black; leaves slightly curved; cones 4 to Tiy-o inches long, 2 to 3 inches in diameter when open ; bracts protruding little or not at all beyond the scales, except the lowest, the tails of which are often as much as % inch long; cotyledons 6 or 7. Canons and north slopes: Te.ion Canon and San Emigdio Mts. westward to the San Rafael and Santa Inez ranges, southward to the Sierra iladre, San Bernardino ^Its. (where it reaches its greatest development), Palomar, and Cuyamaca Mts. Recurs on San Pedro Martir in Lower California. Altitu- dinally it may l)e considered as a transition species from the upper part of the chaparral to the lower part of the Yellow Pine belt. Adapted to drier con- ditions than its congener, the Douglas Fir. Refs. — PsEUDOTSUG.i MACROC-'VKPA Mayr, WaW. Nord.-im, p. 278 (1890). Ahirs douglasii var. macrncarpa Torrey in Ives, Rep. Colo. River, pt. 4, p. 28 (1860). Pseudotsuga douglasii var. macrocarpa Engelmann in Bot. Cal. vol. 2, p. 120 (1880). 5. ABIES Link. Fir. Highly symmetrical trees of lofty stature, the branches in regular whorls and ramifying laterally, forming flat spraj's. Leaves linear, about a line wide, flat or 4-angled, whitened beneath, spreading in two opposite directions or even 2-ranked. or more often curving upwards, leaving a smooth circular sear when they fall: resin canals in ours 2. Catkins from axillary winter buds. Staminate catkins borne on the under side of the branches, mostly in the upper half of the tree; anthers tipped with a knob, their cells opening trans- versely. Ovulate catkins erect, on the upper side of the topmost spreading branches. Cones erect, maturing in the first autumn, falling to pieces on the tree ; scales thin, incurved at the broadened apex ; bracts often exserted. Seeds with resin vescicles; cotyledons 4 to 10. — Northern hemisphere, especially in the high mountains or far north, some 23 species; 7 species on the Paeifir- Coast, 2 of them beyond our borders. (Abies, the ancient Latin name.) Leaves of lower and uppermost branches slightly different. Cones 2 to 5% inches long; bracts not exserted. Leaves glaucous or dull green, flat or on cone-bearing branches keeled above, acute or rarely notched at ape.x, spreading in two ranks or curving upwards, with a PIXE FAMILY 49 twist in the short petiole; old bark roughly ami deeply furrowed, drab or grayish; high Sierra and Coast mts 1. A. concolor. Leaves dark lustrous green, white beneath, notched at apex, usually spreading in two ranks, on cone-bearing branches often blunt, curving upwards ; bark white, smooth or fissured into low flat ridges; north coast only 2. A. grandis. Cones 4 to 8 inches long, the bracts concealed or exserted; leaves ridged above and below so as to be 4-sided, somewhat compressed, thicker on the uppermost branches, curving upwards but not twisted, sessile; old bark deeply divided into roughly broken ridges, reddish brown; high Sierra and Coast mts 3. A. magnifica. Cones 4 to 5 inches long, the exserted bracts reflexed, usually concealing the scales; leaves of lower branches flattened, distinctly grooved above; Trinity Summit to Washington. 4. A. nobilis. Leaves alike all over tree; cones with conspicuous bracts, the exserted portion long and bristle- like; bark light brown, smoothish; Santa Lucia Mts. only 5. A. venusta. 1. A. concolor Lindl. & Gord. White Fir. (Fig. 9.) Forest tree 60 to l.jU (ir 200 feet high, with a narrow crown uoniposed of tlat sprays and a trunk naked for % to I/2 its height and 1 to 6 feet in diameter; bark smooth, Fi(i. 0. Abies concolor Lindl. & Gord., fruiting branch, scales have fallen; c, scale and bract; d, seed. nat. size. a, Cone; 6, axis from which and heavilv fissured into silvery or whitish in young trees, becuniiuu- thick rouiuicd ridue-s on old* trunks and gray or drali-bniwn iu eoU)r. in section showing dull brown areas separated by a coarse light-colored niesli : leaves 1/2 to 21/2 (coiniiKinly 1 to l^^) inches long, flat, often with a median channel on upper side, or on the uppermost branches keeled, a prominent midrib 50 PINACEAE beneath Avith a broad depressed stomatal band on either side, contracted at base into a very short petiole, acutish, obtuse or slightly notched at summit, spreading in two ranks or more or less erect by a twist in the very short petiole; staminate catkins cylindric. straw-.yellow or red, V2 inch long or less; cones brown, oblong, rounded at suminit and base, 2 to Byn inches long, 1 to 1% inches in diameter ; scales broad and rounded ; bracts about ^2 as long as the scales, roundish and finely toothed, often with a notch at top and usually terminating in a short slender point; seeds 5 lines long, the wing G or 7 lines long, truncate at the end. 5 or 6 lines wide, widening towards the apex. Mountain slopes: Sierra Nevada and Coast Kanges, north to southern Ore- gon, east to Colorado and New Mexico, south into Lower California. One of the four most abundant forest trees in the main timber belt of the Sierra Nevada, chiefly between 3.500 and 7.500 feet in the north and 5.000 and 8,300 feet in the south. High North Coast Ranges from the Siskiyous and IMarble Mt. (where it is abundant) south along the YoUo Bolly range to Snow 'Sit. thence a gap of 360 miles to Mt. Pinos and the San Rafael Mts. in South ( 'oast Ranges. Abundant on the summits of the mountains of Southern California (5.000 to 11.500 feet). ]\Iakes second grade saw-timber, useful for fruit boxes and ordinary construction. Also, but wrongly, called Silver Fir. Refs. — Abies concolor Lindl. & Gorcl., Jour. Hort. Soc. Lond. vol. 5, p. 210 (18.50). the type from near Santa Fe, New Mexico, Aug. Fcndler. A. lowiana Murray, Proc. E. Hort. Soc. vol. S, p. 317, figs. (1863). A. LASiocARPA Nuttall. Alpine Fir. Related to preceding; cones 2i/> to 4 inches long, the rounded or emarginate bracts with long slender but not exserted tips. — Rocky and Cascade mountains to Alaska. A. AMABiLis Forbes. Amabilis Fir. Cones S^-o to 6 inches long, the slender- tipped bracts ^2 as long as scales. — Cascade ^Its. 2. A. grandis Lindl. Lowland Fir. Forest tree 40 to 160 or rarcdy 275 feet high with horizontal branches, the trunk 1 to 3 feet in diameter and vested in a white or light Vu'own bark which is very smooth or shallowly broken into low flat ridges ; in section the itmer bark light brown, the outer bark dai"k red with a mesh of purple lines running through it; horizontal branches with the leaves spreading by a twist at base in two ranks and so making a flat sjiray. or in any event tending to right and left, those originating on top of the stem having the peculiarity of being nuich shorter than those coming from the sides ; leaves flat, 1 to 2 inches long, notched at apex, the upper side dark lustrous green and with a median channel, the lower side with two white bands separated by a ridge ; staminate catkins straw-color, cylindric, 5 or 6 lines long, borne on a peduncle 3 or 4 lines long, the crest of the anthers mostly 2-toothed; ovulate catkins borne in upper half of the tree; cones long-oblong in outline, 2XU to 4 inches long, lij to 1% inches in diameter; scales with a broad rounded summit, and narrow stalk-like base, broader than long; bracts very small, with a short awl-like point set on the roundish apex, half as long as the scales; seeds drab-color, 4io lines long with a wing somewhat longer and twice as broad. North Coast Ranges, along ocean bluft's or scattered through the Redwood Belt, from near Fort Ross on the Sonoma coast northward and far northward to Oregon and Washington where it is abundant and attains its best develop- ment. In California it grows to greatest size in association with the Redwood I PINE FAMILY 51 east of Crescent City. Wood mai'kedly odorous (whence "Stinking Fir"), producing a second grade lumber. Refs. — Abies grandis Lindley, Penny C'ycl. vol. 1, p. 30 (1833), type loc. mouth of Colum- bia Eiver, Douglas; Sheldon, For. Wealth Oreg. p. 16 (1904). Fig. 10. Abies M.\GXlFir.\ Murr., the form with exserted reflexed bracts (v.\R. siiastensis Lenimon). The ordinary form bears similar cones but the bracts not visible, nat. size. 3. A. niag-niflca Murray. Red Fir. (Fig. 10.) Forest tree 60 to 175 or even 200 feet high, with a trunk 1 to 5 feet in diameter and a very narrow or cone-shaped crown composed of numerous horizontal strata of fan-shaped 52 PINACE.VE sprays; bark ou young trees whitish or silvery, on old trunks dark red, very deeply and roughly fissured, in section showing reddish brown areas set oft' by a sharply defined purple mesh; leaves % to 11-2 inches long, ridged above and below so as to be equally 4-sided, although more or less compressed, not contracted at base or scarcel,v so. acTitish at apex, those on the iinder side of the branches spreading right and left, in the top of the tree more thickened, erect, incurved and hiding the upper side of the branch ; staminate catkins dark red, about 3 lines long; cones, when young, beautiful dull purple objects, becoming brown when mature, 4 to 8 inches long, 2i/o to SY-j inches in diameter, broadly oval in outline, the broad scales with upturned edges; bracts very variable in form and length, sometimes concealed beneath the scales, sometimes conspicuousl.v exserted and reflexed, their terminal portion commonly trans- versely oblong, or broad with a short spreading awl-like point or pointless; seeds 7 lines long with a semi-tlabelliform wing 8 lines long and 8 to 11 lines broad; cotyledons 9 to 13. Slountain slopes and ridges: Sierra Nevada, 5,000 to 8,500 feet, from the Greenhorn I\Its. northward to Lassen Peak and J\It. Shasta; thence ranging into southern Oregon, westw'ard to Marble Mt., and southward along the Yollo Bolly range as far as l\It. Hull and Snow "Sit. Wood straight, fine- grained, heavy and very durable. Large sticks from this tree are used as shaft timbers in Sierra Nevada gold mines. The most beautiful tree in the upper portion of the main timber belt of the Sierras. Eefs.— Abies magnipic.^ Murray, Proc. E. Hort. Soc. vol. 3, p. 318. f. 2.5-33 (1863), type loc. central Sierra Nevada; first cliscovered by Capt. J. C. Fremont. A. nobilis var. magnifica Kellogg, For. Trees Cal. p. 29 (1882) ; Masters, Jour. Linn. Soc. vol. 22, pp. 187, 189, figs. 20, 21 (1886). 4. A. nobilis Lindl. Noble Fir. Forest tree 80 to 250 feet high, with slen- der branchlets and roughly broken trunk bark ; leaves on the lower branches fiat, sharply and deeply grooved above, on upper branches rounded above and obscurely ridged below, erect, % to 1% inches long; cones oblong-cylindrical, 4 to 5 inches long, 2 to 2i/o inches in diameter; scales surpassed and often wholly concealed b.y the reflexed spatulate bracts w'hich are rounded and fimbriate and tipped with an awl-like point. Coast Ranges and (Cascades of Washington and Oregon, ranging south to the Siskiyou llts. in southern (3regon and to Trinity Sununit in California (W.L.J, no. 2079). Refs. — Abies xobii.is Lindley, Penny Cycl. vol. 1, p. 30 (1833), type loe. Cascade Mts. just south of Columbia Kiver, Douglas. 5. A. venusta Koch. Santa Lucia Fir. (Fig. 11.) Singular montane tree 30 to 75 or 100 feet high with a narrow^ crown abruptly tapering above into a steeple-like top ; trunk i/i to 2i/2 feet in diameter, vested in light reddisli brown bark, and bearing short slender declined or drooping branches nearly or quite to the ground ; leaves stiff, sharp-pointed, dark green and nearly flat above, below with a white band on either side of the strong median ridge, II/4 or mostly 1% to 214 inches long. 1 to I'i; lines wide, mostly 2-ranked ; staminate catkins yellowish, fading reddish, broadly cylindrical, % to 1% inches long; ovulate catkins broadly oblong in outline, yellowish green, 1 to IV2 inches long; cones elliptic-oblong, 21/0 to 4 inches long, li/o to 2 inches thick, borne on peduncles y^ inch long which arise from a rosette-like cluster of broad thin scales of the winter bud; bracts wedge-shaped, truncate or TAXODIACE.VE 53 notched at summit, the midribs prolonged into a long-exserted bristle lo to 1% inches long and ^o ^^'■^'^ wide; seeds reddish brown, 3I/2 lines long with a broad wing 4 to 5 lines long and rounded at apex. Rocky mountain peaks and deep canons, Santa Lucia Mts. Not found elsewhere. The known localities in the range from north to south are as follows : 1. Big Sur Caiion. 2. jMillers Caiion, on watershed of the Carmel River. 3. Arroyo Seco Caiion. 4. Twin Peaks and Cone Peak. 5. Caiion near Los Potranchos. 6. Caiiada de Los Potranchos. 7. Bear Cafion near Pvuita Gorda. 8. Villa Canon. 9. San Carpoforo Canon. Restricted in Fig. 11. Abies venusta Koch, remarkable for its long sliarp-poiuted leaves and long bristly bracts, a, Cone-bearing branchlet; b. scale anil bract; c, seed. nat. size. range and also isolated from all other species in the genus, there lieing no other fir within 225 miles to the north, 140 miles to the east and 120 mil(>s southeasterly. Refs.— Abies venusta Koeh, Dendr. vol. 2, pt. 2, p. 210 (1873). Pinus vciiu.sta Douglas, Comp. Bot. Mag. vol. 2, p. 1.52 (18.36). P. bracteata Don, Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. 17, p. 442 (!8;i7). Abies bracteata Xuttall, Sylva, vol. 3, p. 137, t. 118 (1842); Engelmann in Bot. Cal. vol. 2, p. 118 (1880). TAXODIACEAE. Kkdwood Family. Trees with linear or awl-shaped alternate leaves. Staminate ami ovulate catkins on the same tree. Staminate catkins small and eone-like. Scales of the ovulate catkins spirally arranged, luDre or less blended witli the liraet. often 54 TAXODIACEAE spreading liorizontnlly from the axis of the eone and developed into broad flattish sumniits. Ovules to each scale 2 to 9. Seeds not winged or merely margined. — Seven genera, widely scattered over the earth, each with 1 to 3 species. Taxodium (Bald Cypress), Cryptomeria (Japan Cedar), Ci^nning- hamia. and Sciadopitys (Umbrella Pine) are cultivated in California. Bibliog. — Gray, Asa, Sequoia ami Its History (Proe. Am. Assoc. Adv. Sci. vol. 21, p. 1, — 1872; Sci. Pap. vol. 2, p. 142,-1889). Big Tree, U. S. Div. For. Bull. no. 28 (1900). Red- wood, U, S. Bur. For. Bull. no. 38 (1903). SEQUOIA Endl. Redwood. Tall trees with thick red fibrous bark and linear, awl-shaped, or scale-like leaves. Staminate catkins terminal, with many spirally disposed stamens, each bearing 2 to 5 pollen sacs. Ovulate catkins terminal, composed of many spirally arranged scales, each with 5 to 7 ovules at base. Cone woody, its scales divergent at right angles to the axis, widening upward and forming a broad rhomboidal wrinkled summit with a depressed center. Seeds flattened; cotyledons 4 to 6. — Two species. (Sequoia, a chief of the Cherokecs, who invented an alphabet for his tribe.) Leaves awl-shaped, ascending all around stem; cones 2 to S% inches long; Sierra Nevada only 1. S. gigantea. Leaves linear, petioled, spreading in 2 ranks and forming a flat spray; cones % to 1% inches long ; Coast Ranges only 2. S. sempervirens. 1. S. gigantea Dec. Big Tree. Giant tree 100 to 325 feet high with col- umns SO to 225 feet to the first limb and 5 to 30 feet in diameter at 6 feet above the ground; crowTi rounded at summit or much broken in age: bark red, deeply furrowed or fluted, Vo to 2 feet thick ; leaves awl-like. 1 to 6 lines long, only the tips free, adherent below to the stem which they thickly clothe ; cones maturing in the second autumn, red-brown, ovoid, 2 to 3% inches long, com- posed of 35 to 40 scales; scales with transversely rhomboidal summits and a centrally depressed umbo ; seeds numerous, flattened, margined all around with a wing, ovatish or oblong in outline, 21/. to 3 lines long. Western slope of the Sierra Nevada, 5,000 to 8,000 feet, from Placer Co. southward to Tulare Co., a longitudinal range of 250 miles but occurring in more or less widely disconnected and limited areas called "groves," thirty-two in number. The northern groves, i. e., north of King's River, are widely sep- arated; the southern groves are less widely separated or even connected by scattered individuals and form an interrupted belt. The north groves are as follows: 1. North Grove, Placer Co.. 10 miles east of IMichigan Bluff, 6 trees. 2. Calaver.vs Grove (type loc, Wm. Lobb), 51 acres, 101 trees. 3. Stanislaus Grove, 6 miles southeast of Calaveras Grove, 1,000 acres, 1,380 trees. 4. Tuolumne Grove, "Big Oak Flat"- Yosemite stage road, IV2 miles northwest of Crane Flat. 10 acres, 40 trees. 5. Merced Gro\% Coulterville-Yosemite wagon road, 3 miles from Hazel Green, 20 acres, 33 trees. 6. Mariposa Grove, in Yosemite National Park, near Wawona, really consisting of two groves, 365 trees in upper grove, 182 trees in lower grove, one of these being the "Grizzly Giant"; 125 acres. 7. Fresno Grove, in Madera Co., near north line, 2,500 acres, 1,500 trees; many trees lumbered. The south groves are as follows: 8. Dinkey Grove, in Sierra National Forest, Fresno Co., 50 acres, 170 trees. 9. Con\'erse Basin Forest, Kings II REDWOOD FAMILY . 55 River, Fresno Co., 5,000 acres, 12,000 trees; almost entirely lumbered. 10. BouLDEE Creek Forest, Kings River, Fresno Co., 3,200 acres, 6,450 trees; more or less lumbered. 11. General Grant Forest, near Millwood, Fresno Co., about 2.500 acres, 250 trees. 12. Redwood Canon Forest, Redwood and Eshom creeks, Tulare Co., 3,000 acres. 15,000 trees. 13. North Iv^vweah For- est, North Fork Kaweah River, 500 acres, 800 trees, li. Swanee River Grove, on Swanee River branch of Marble Fork Kaweah River, 20 acres, 129 trees. 15. Giant Forest, Marble Fork Kaweah River, 8,000 acres, 20,000 trees, about 5,000 large ones. 16. Redwood Meadow Grove, jMiddle Fork Kaweah River, 50 acres, 200 trees. 17. Harmon Meadow Grove, Middle Fork Kaweah River, 10 acres, SO trees. 18. Atwell Forest, both sides of Bast Fork Kaweah River, 3 miles west of Mineral King, 1.500 acres, 3,000 trees; in large part lumbered. 19. Lake Canon Grove, East Fork Kaweah River, 20 acres, 80 trees. 20. Mule Gulch Grove, East Fork Kaweah River, 25 acres, 70 trees. 21. Homer's Peak Forest, East Fork Kaweah River, 5.500 acres, 1,500 trees. 22. South K^vweah Forest, South Fork Kaweah River, 160 acres, 300 trees. 23. Dillon Forest, North Fork Tule River. 3.600 acres. 3.500 trees; large part lumbered. 24. Tule River Forest, ^liddle Fork Tule River, 15,000 acres, 5,000 trees; large part lumbered. 25. PtxLEY Grove, Middle Fork Tule River, 850 acres, 500 trees. 26. Fleitz Forest. ]\liddle Fork Tule River, 4,000 acres, 1,500 trees. 27. Putnam jMill Forest. Bliddle Fork Tule River, 4,000 acres, 900 trees. 28. Kessing Groves, South Fork Tule River, 2,800 acres, 700 trees. 29. Indian Reservation Grove, South Fork Tule River, 1,500 acres. 350 trees. 30. Deer Creek Grove, South Fork Deer Creek, 300 acres, 100 trees. 31. Freeman Valley Forest, Kern River Basin, 1,000 acres, 400 trees. 32. Kern River Groves, Kern River Basin, 700 acres, 200 trees. Big Tree prefers slopes, ridges or depressions where there is sufficient moist- ure but it may grow in bare granite as in Giant Forest. Commonly associated with White Fir, Incense Cedar, Yellow Pine and Sugar Pine. Reproduction fair in southern groves, especially on burned areas, mostly at a standstill in northern groves. Young trees of pyramidal outline with branches nearly or quite to ground; middle-aged trees clear of. branches for 50 to 175 feet and with rounded summit to the crown; aged trees with broken crown, dead tip to axis, and more or less shattered side branches. Extreme age. 1,100 to 2,400 years. Wood similar to that of Redwood but more brittle, pink when freshly sawn. Refs!— Sequoi.v oiuantea Decaisne, Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. vol. 1, p. 70 (1854) ; Shinn, Card. & For., vol. 2, p. 614 (1889); Walker, Zoe, vol. 1, p. 198 (1890); Jepson in Elwes & Henry, Trees of Great Britain and Ireland, vol. 3, p. 704 (1908). WcUinylonia gioantea Lindley, Gard. C'hron. 18.53, p. 823. Sequoia wellingtonia Socman, Bonplandia, vol. 3, p. 27 (18.55); Sargent, Silva N. Am. vol. 10, p. 145, t. 536 (1896). Mammoth Trees, Williamson, Pac. R. Rep. vol. 5, p. 257, pi. 13 (1856). 2. S. sempervirens Endl. Redwood. (Figs. 12 and 13.) Tall tree TOO to 340 feet in lieight, with narrow crown, the branches liorizontal or sweeping downward, especially the lower ones; bark cinnainon-red and fibrous, 3 inches to 2 feet thick; foliage reddish brown; leaves linear, spreading right and left so as to form flat sprays, V^ to VA (mostly i/- to %) inches long and 1 to 11/4 lines wide, or in the top of adult trees with short linear or awl-shaped leaves 1 to 5 lines long and strikingly similar to those of the preceding; 56 . T.VXODIACEAE staminate catkins 3 lines long, with ovate crests and 4 pollen-sacs; cones oval, reddish brown. % to IVs inches long and % to % inch broad, borne abundantly on the ends of branchlets mostly in the top of the tree, maturing in tirst au- tumn; scales 14 to 26; seeds narrowly margined, elliptic in outline, 2 lines long. Fog belt of the California coast from the Santa Lucia Mts. northward to southwestern Oregon, forming an interrupted belt -450 miles long and 1 to 40 miles wide, most abundant on the western slope of the outer Coast Range. The two main bodies of Redwood occur in the North Coast Ranges north of the southern Sonoma line: 1. Humboldt-Del Norte area, the densest and most highly developed area, begins on Smith River. Del Norte Co., and extends southward through Humboldt forming splendid timber stands on Mad, Van Duzen, and main Eel rivers, but recedes from the coast just south of Eureka and follows the south fork of Eel River inland as far south as the vicinity of Philipsville. Excepting a few scattered patches, as at Briceland and White Thorn, there is a transverse break in the Redwood Belt in southern Humboldt Co. 2. IMendocino-Sonoma area, begins near the north line of Mendocino Co., follows the outer Coast Range southward as far as southern Sonoma (near Freestone), ranging inland to Willits. Cloverdale and Napa Valley and even crossing the Napa Range to the eastern slope of Howell Mt., the eastern- most locality, 40 miles from the sea and on the watershed of the Sacramento River (Cf. Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. p. 24,-1901). South of Sonoma Co., the Redwood occurs in isolated or restricted areas as follows: Tocaloma to Mill Valley and Muir Woods in Marin Co. ; Redwood Peak, Redwood C'anon and headwaters of San Leandro Creek in the Oakland Hills; Santa Cruz Mts., from near Half-]\Ioon Bay to south bank of Pajaro River in San Benito Co., and east to Los Gatos, Norton and Saratoga canons (lower limits 700 to 1,500 feet) and Palo Alto; Santa Lucia ]\Its., seaward slope from Tobie Dow's ranch to Salmon Creek Caiion (southernmost locality), chiefly confined to the narrow deep caiions. There are three groves in Oregon a few miles north of the California line. (Type loc. Santa Cruz, Menzies.) Seed abundant but seed reproduction weak; reproducing abundantly and persistently by stump sprouts which form the barrier of poles or trees about an old stump known as a "Redwood circle." Mature trees are 500 to 1,400 years old. Its most common associates are Tan Oak, Douglas Fir, and Madroiia, with a tangle of Huckleberry. Salal. and Thimbleberry on the forest floor. The yield is 10.000 to 60,000 feet board measure to the acre, but in Hum- boldt and Del Norte large areas on the river flats, nearly or quite pure, often yield 100,000 to 150,000 feet per acre, or sometimes as much as 400,000 feet; a yield of 21,4 million feet to the acre has been recorded. Wood light, soft, exceedingly straight and often fine-grained and used for numerous purposes in the California industries. Redwood lumber in this State has been of in- calculable value in railroad, telegraph and dwelling construction, manufactur- ing, and general farm purposes. California might have spared her gold mines but not the resources of the Redwood Belt. Eefs. — Sequoia sempeevirexs Endlielier, Syn. Con. p. 19S (1847) ; Purdy, Card, and For. vol. 3, p. 235 (1890) ; Gibbous, Erythea, vol. 1, p. 161 (1893) ; Peirce, Proc. Cal. Acad. ser. 3, Bot. vol. 2, p. 83 (1901). Taxodium sempervirens Lambert, Pinus, vol. 2, p. 24, t. 7 (1828). Sequoia gigantea Endlieher, Syn. Conif. p. 198 (1847). Redwood, Nordhoff, N. Cal. Ore. & Sandwich Isl. p. 168 (1877); Sargent, Gard. & For. vol. 10, p. 41 (1897). 2^ .a >:8 o *: 5 5 o 1° --t c — 3 -/J g :2 S 9" S CUPBESSACEAE 57 CUPRESSACEAE. Cypress Family. Trees or shrubs with opposite or whorled scale-like (or rarely linear) leaves thickly clothing the ultimate branchlets. Stamens and ovules in separate cat- kins terminal on the branchlets. Staminate catkins small, with shield-like stamens bearing 2 to 6 pollen-sacs. 0\^ilate catkins consisting of several opposite or whorled scales which bear at base 1 to several erect ovules. Cones dry or berry-like, of few scales; "scales" consisting (morphologically) of a completely blended scale and bract. — Xine genera, widely distributed over the earth. Thujopsis (Japanese Arborvitffi) is in cultivation with us. Bibliog. — Hooker, J. D., Monterey Cypress (Gard. Chron. 188.5, p. 176, fig.). Masters, M. T., A General View of the Genus Cupressus (Jour. Linn. Soe. vol. 31, p. 312, — 1896). Fruit a woody cone ; stamens aud ovules on same tree. Branchlets flattened, disposed in flat sprays; leaves opposite, in 4 rows, the successive pairs unlike; cones maturing in first autumn; seeds 2 to each scale. Scales of cones imbricated. Cones pendent, scales 6, only the middle pair seed-bearing; seeds unequally 2-winged 1. Libocedrus. Cones reflexed, scales 8 to 12, the 2 or 3 middle pair seed-bearing; seeds equally winged 2. Thuja. Scales of cones peltate ; seeds narrowly winged 3. Cham.iecypaeis. Branchlets cord-like, not in flat sprays; leaves opposite, in 4 rows, alike ; cones maturing in second autumn; seeds acutely margined, many to each scale.... 4, CuPRESSirs. Fruit a berry; seeds 1 to 3 to each fruit; stamens and ovules on different trees; branchlets cord-like; leaves in whorls of 3 or opposite 5. JUNIPERUS. 1. LIBOCEDRUS Endl. Incense Cedar. Aromatic trees with flattened branchlets disposed in one plane. Leaves scale-like, opposite, iml)ricated in 4 rows, the successive pairs unlike. Stam- inate and ovulate catkins terminal on separate branchlets. Staminate catkins with 12 to 16 decussately opposite stamens, each bearing 4 to 6 pollen-sacs. Ovulate catkins consisting of 6 scales with 2 ovules at the base of each. Cone maturing in one season, oblong, composed of 6 imbricated oblong scales, only the middle pair fertile. Seeds unequally 2-winged ; cotyledons 2. — Eight species, 1 on the Pacific Coast of North America, 2 in Chile and 5 in the region from southwestern China to New Zealand. (Libas, a drop — of resin — and Cedrus, cedar.) 1. L. decurrens Torr. Incense Cedar. Forest tree 50 to 150 feet high with the strongly conical trunk very thick at base (1 to 6 feet in diameter) and gradually diminishing in size upwards; bark thick, red-brown, loose and fibrous, in age broken into prominent heav^' longitudinal furrows; ultimate branchlets alternate, numerous, forming Hattish sprays and clothed with adherent leaves as if jointed; leaves 1 to 4 lines long, in four ranks and in opposite pairs, coherent, adherent to the stem and free only at tips, those above and below obtuse but minutely pointed and forming a pair overlapped liy the keel-shaped lateral pair; staminate catkins 11/2 to 2 lines long, the pollen- sacs usually 5 to each scale which ends in a broad roundish crest; ovulate catkins borne singly at the ends of branchlets; cones red-brown, oblong-ovate when closed, % to 1 inch long, consisting of 2 seed-bearing scales with 3 (ap- parently 1) sterile scales between them and often with 2 supplementary ones at base ; seed-bearing scales broad and flattish but not thin ; all the scales with a small triangular umbo at tip ; seeds 4 lines long, margined on each side from 58 CUPRESSACEAE near the base to the apex by two very iineqiial wings; larger wing elliptical in outline and nearly as long as the scale. Alountain slopes, canons and plateaus. Sierra Nevada and Coast Ranges, northward in the Oregon Cascades to Mt. Hood, southward to all the higher ranges of Southern California and into Lower California. Attains its best development in the Sierra Nevada where it flourishes chiefly between 3.500 and 7,000 feet and is one of the four most abundant timber trees (Cf. descrip- tion Yellow Pine). In the South Coast Ranges it occurs on the San Rafael, San Carlos and Santa Lucia ranges, but is not known from the Gabilan, Mt. Hamilton. Mt. Diablo and Santa Cruz ranges. Li the North Coast Ranges it is found on ^larble Mt. and Trinity Summit and from Weaverville southward along the Yollo Bolly and Mayacamas ranges as far as the neighborhood of Mt. St. Helena. Reproduces itself aggressively. Wood aromatic, reddish brown, close-grained, exceedingly durable. Also called Post Cedar, Red Cedar, White Cedar and Bastard Cedar. Refs. — LiBOCKDKus DECURREXs Torrey, PI. Frem. p. 7, pi. 3 (18.53), type loe. headwaters of the Sacramento Biver, Fremont; Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. p. 24 (1901). 2. THUYA L. Arbor- ViTAE. Aromatic trees with scattered branches, the flattened branchlets disposed in one plane. Leaves scale-like, opposite, and imbricated in 4 rows, the successive pairs unlike, adnate with free tips. Catkins terminal. Staminate catkins with 4 to 6 stamens, each with 3 or 4 anther-cells under the subpeltate crests. Ovu- late catkins with 8 to 12 erect scales, each with 2 erect ovules at base. Cones small, maturing the first autumn, reflexed; scales 8 to 12, thin-leathery, the lowest and uppermost pairs sterile. Seeds bordered by nearly equal lateral wings so as to be nearly round, their coats with minute resin-cells ; cotyledons 2. — Four species, 2 in North America, and 2 in China and Japan. (Ancient Greek name for a resinous tree.) 1. T. plicata Don. Canoe Cedar. Giant tree 80 to 190 feet high, ot pyramidal outline, slender branches, drooping sprays and whip-like often nodding leader; trunk 3 to 16 feet in diameter at the ground but tapering rapidly above the base; bark ciiniamon-red; branchlets repeatedly 2-ranked, forming flat sprays, thickly clothed with leaves which conceal the stem; leaves minute, in opposite pairs and of 2 kinds, those on the margin of the fiat sprays keeled and acute at tip, those above and below flattish and triangular at apex; cones borne on short lateral branchlets, on opening turned downward beneath the spray, cinnamon color, oblong in outline when closed, i^ inch long; scales 9, the outer ones oblong or obovate, and much broader than the narrow inner ones; seeds winged all aromid and with a narroAv notch at apex, the whole structure 3 lines long. Outer Coast Range from the Bear River ilts. of Humboldt Co. northward along the coast of Oregon and Washington to southeastern Alaska, eastward to the Cascades, northern Idaho and ilontana. Long attributed to I\Iendocino Co.. but no exact station on record. Trees occur sparingly in California, and only 50 to 80 feet high. Wood aromatic, light, soft, remarkably durable, ex- tensively manufactured into shingles. The northern coast Indians hewed their long war canoes out of a single log, wove the fibrous bark into clothing and made dwellings and household utensils out of the wood. Also called Oregon or Red Cedar. CYPRESS FAMILY 59 Refs. — Thuja plicata Don in Lambert, Pinus, vol. 2, p. 19 (1824), type loe. Vancouver Island. Archibald Menzies; Sudworth. Rep. U. S. Dep. Agr. 1892, p. 328. T. gigantca Nuttall, Jour. Phil. Acad. vol. 7, pt. 1, p. 52 (1834); Engelmann in Bot. Cal. vol. 2, p. 115 (1880). 3. CHAMAECYPARIS Spach. Trees or shrubs; leading shoot nodding; branchlets more or less flattened and in flat sprays ; leaves opposite, in 4 rows, the successive pairs in ours unlike. Catkins and cones very similar to Cupressus. Stamens with usualh' 2 pollen- sacs. Ovules 2 to 5 at the base of each scale, the seeds winged, usually 2 ( 1 to 5). Cones maturing in the first autumn. Cotyledons 2. — Six species, 3 in North America and 3 in Japan. (Greek chamai, dwarf, and kuparissos, cypress.) 1. C. lawsoniana Pari. Port Orford Cedar. Lawson Cypress. Forest tree 80 to 175 feet high, with straight shafts and narrow pyramidal crowm of drooping branches ending in broad flat drooping fern-like sprays ; bark brown or somewhat reddish, smooth on young trees, later parting on the surface into large loose thin shreds and finally in adult trees fissured longitudinally with the furrows continuous and separated by flat ridges ; foliage fragrant ; leaves ad- pressed, scale-like, thickly clothing the branchlets, disposed in opposite pairs, those above and below rhomboidal, glandular-pitted, and overlapped by the keel-shaped ones on the margin ; staminate catkins crimson ; cones globose, consisting of about 7 scales, 3 to 4 lines long ; seeds li/^ to 2 lines long, narrowly wing-margined on each edge, the Avhole structure orbicular. Moist hillsides or canon bottoms from Coos Bay, Oregon, southward to Mad River and eastward to Halls Gulch, Trinity Co., and the Sacramento River Caiion from Slate Creek to Shasta Springs. Occurs in California only in isolated patches as at Quartz Creek and Shelly Creek bottom (Del Norte Co.), Klamath Range near Preston Peak, Three Creeks near Hupa Valley ( W.L.J. ), Trinity Center, and upper Trinity River between Cofl'ee Creek and Scott Mts., with a few trees on Graves Creek (Benj. Macomber). The tallest of all cypresses. "Wood very fine-grained, faint yellowish white, somewhat aromatic, highly valued as a cabinet wood but the supply limited. Also called Ginger Pine. Befs. — Ciumaecyparis lawsoniana Parlatore in DeCandolle, Prodromus, vol. 16, pt. 2, p. 464 (1868). Cupressus lawsoniana Murray, Edin. New. Phil. Jour. n. ser. vol. 1, p. 292, t. 9 (1855). Type loc. Sacramento River CaSon, JFm. Murray, 1856. C. NOOTKATENSis Spach. Nootka Cedar. Yellow Cypress. Bark thin, irregu- larly fissured into flat ridges; branchlets not flattened; leaves alike, usually not glandular. — Northern Oregon to Alaska. 4. CUPRESSUS L. Cypress. Trees or shrubs with the leaves small and appressed, scale-shaped and closely imbricated in 4 ranks on the ultimate branchlets, or awl-shaped on vigorous shoots. Staminate catkins terminal on the branchlets, with 3 to 5 pollen-sacs to each stamen. Ovulate catkins tii)on short lateral branchlets. tlie ovules numerous, erect, in several rows at the base of the scales. Cones gloI)ose to oblong, maturing in the second year, the shield-shaped scales fitting closely together by their margins, not overlapping, separating at maturity, their broad summits with a central boss or short point. Seeds acutely angled or with a narrow hard wing; cotyledons 2 to 5. — Nortli(M-ii hemisplu^rc. 14 species. (Ancient Latin name from Greek, kuparissos.) 60 CUPRESSACEAE Umbos low, crescent-shaped, upwardly impressed. Glands on leaves none or rare; maritime species. Seed small, black 1. C. goveniana. Seed larger, brown 2. G. macrocarpa. Glands on leaves present as dorsal pits; seeds brown 3. C. sargewtii. Umbos conical, well-developed, spreading; leaves with conspicuous resin-bearing pits. Cones red-brown, 5 to 8 lines long; umbos typically incurved 4. C. macnahiana. Cones silvery or glaucous, 4 to 6 lines long; umbos short conical -5. C. halierii. 1. C. goveniana Gord. Gowen Citress. Dwarf Cypress. Small shrub 1 to 20 feet hig-h. rarely becoming a tree 75 feet high with the trunk hark brown, smoothish but superficially cheeked into freely interlocking ribbons % inch broad ; leaves without pits, rarely with lateral depressions ; cones light brown, subglobose or oval. 6 to 8 lines long, rarely larger, with 4 pair of scales; umbo short, thin-edged, upwardly impressed; seeds black, angular or acutely margined, sometimes minutely warty. 1 to li/o lines long. Neighborhood of the ocean : Monterey (type loc. Theo. Hartweg) ; ^Mendocino White Plains from Mendocino City north to Ft. Bragg. Miniature fore.sts are found on the ilendocino White Plains, where the alkaline soil rests on a sand- stone hardpan 1 or 2 feet below the surface; these tiny forests consist of dwarf canes 1 to 5 feet high, unbranched or with only a few short foliage branchlets, and are a remarkable feature of the region. Bushy shrubs 6 to 12 feet high and slender poles 15 to 25 feet high also occur in the same locality, as well as a few trees 50 to 75 feet high and 21/0 to 3 feet in trunk diameter. At Mon- terey hinidreds of cone-bearing dwarfs 1 to 2 feet high are scattered in the forest which extends southward and westward from Huckleberry Hill. Refs. — CuPRESSUS goveniana Ciordon, Jour. Hort. Soc. Lond. vol. 4, p. 295 (1849). C. goveniana var. pygmaea Lemmon, Handb. West. Am. Conif., p. 77 (189.5). C. pygmaea Sargent, Bot. Gaz. vol. 31, p. 239 (1901). C. goveniana var. 2)arva Lemmon, Sierra Club Bull. vol. 4. p. 116 (1902). 2. C. macrocarpa Ilartw. ]\Ionterey Cypress. Littoral tree 15 to 20 feet high with trunk 1 to 3 feet in diameter; crown regular, conical, or when wind- blown exceedingly distorted and irregular; ultimate branchlets numerous, fine and terete, densely clothed with triangular scale-like leaves; leaves i/^ to 1% lines long; staminate catkins ovate or subglobose, 1 to 2 lines long, borne at the ends of the ultimate branchlets ; ovulate catkins greenish, composed of about 7 pairs of broadly ovate thinnish scales; cones dull brown, brctadly oblong or subglobose, 1 to 2 inches long; scales fiat-topped, with a central curved thin-edged ridge-like umbo ; seeds 1 to 2 lines long, narrowly wing- margined but irregularly shaped from crowding in the cones and with a minute white lanceolate attachment scar at base. Two groves on sea coast near ilonterej'. The Point Cypress Grove extends from Point Cypress south about two miles to Pescadei'O Point at Carmel Bay, occupying a strip a few hundred yards wide or with a few trees scattered farther inland. The Point Lobos Grove occurs on Point Lobos south of Carmel Bay. Many trees stand on the bold headlands or cling to the rocky sea-clift's and are carved into picturesque outlines by the violent winds from the Pacific. The flattened or board-like stems are a characteristic feature of these trees. ^Monterey Cypress is cultivated in many parts of the world and is highly valued as a windbreak in California since it is of rapid growth and aifords a perfect shelter. Refs. — CliPRESSUS MACROCARPA Hartweg in Gordon, Jour. Hort. Soc. Loml. vol. 4, p. 206, fig (1849), vol. 2, p. 187 (1847); Hooker, Card. Chron. 1S85, p. 176, fig. CYPRESS FAMILY 61 3. C. sargentii Jepson n. nom. Sargent Cypress. Shrub or small tree with compact crown. 8 to 15 feet higli; hark grayish brown and fibrous; leaves with a closed dorsal pit, rarely with lateral depressions, about i^ line long; cones globose, often congested in heavy clusters, shortly peduncled, 8' to 11 lines in diameter; scales 6 or 8, with a very small low upwardlj' impressed crescent- shaped umbo; seeds brown, acutely margined, li/4 to 2 lines long. — (Frutex vel arbor parva 8 ad 15 ped. alta ; cortex cinereofuscus fibratusque : folia circa 1/2 lin. longa cum alveolis dorsuali clauso, iufrequenter cum cavis lateralibus; coui globosi s£epe valde aggregati, breviter pedunculi, 8 and 10 lin. in diametro ; squaniffi' 6 ad 8 cum umbone paululo, brevi, lunato atque de infra impresso; semina fusca acute marginata 1VL> ad 2 lin. longa). Dry moi;ntain slopes: Mayacamas Range, W.L.J, no. 3027 (type); west side Mt. Tamalpais; Cedar Mt., Alameda Co.; Bonny Doon, Santa Cruz Mts. ; Los Burros Trail, Santa Lucia Mts. Localities few and isolated. Refs. — CUPRES.SUS s.^rgentii Jepson. C. goveniana Engelmann in Bot. Cal. vol. 2, p. 11-1, exclusive of Monterey plants; Sargent, Silva N. Am. vol. 10, p. 107, t. 527 (1896); Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. p. 2;- (1901). 4. C. macnabiana Murr. McNab Cy'press. Shrub or tree most commonly 15 to 25 but even 40 feet high with trunk I/4 to nearly 2 feet in diameter; bark light gray and very smooth ; foliage pungently fragrant with a spic.v odor ; leaves i/^ line long with a conspicuous resin pit or white gland on the back towards the apex, often slightly glaucous; cones globose, clustered, short- peduucled, 5 to 8 lines in diameter, reddish or grayish brown; scales 6 to 8 with strong conical umbos, the uppermost pair very prominent or horn-like and incurved; seeds brown, IY2 to mostly 2 lines long. Samuels Springs (Napa Co.) to Coyote Valley; Red j\It., Bartlett Creek and northward to Whiskej^tOA^m. Shasta Co. (type loc). and near Dobbin and Magalia in northern Sierra foothills. Refs. — CUPRESSUS m.icnabiana Murray, Edin. New Phil. Jour. vol. i, p. 293, pi. 11 (18.55); Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. p. 25 (1901). 5. C. bakerii Jepson n. sp. Modoc Cy'press. Shrub or becoming a small tree 25 feet high with red-brown bark and very slender branehlets; leaves with a distinct resin pit on middle of keeled back; staminate catkins 1 line long or less; cones globose, satiny or glaucous, 5 to 6 lines in diameter; scales 3 pair or with a fourth smaller upper pair; umbos abruptly drawn to a short point, either nipple-like or compressed, straight or slightly curved; seeds brown, 114 lines long, narrowly wing-margined. — (Frutex vel arbor parva 25 ped. alta; cortex rufo-fuscus; ramusculi teuuissimi; folia glandula distincta resin- feraque in medio carinato dorso ; amenta staminata 1 lin. vel minus longa; coni globosi, nitidi vel glauci. 4 ad 6 lin. in diametro; tria paria squaniarum vel quartum par minor supra ; umbones abrupte contracti ad apieem vel papil- lati vel compressi, recti vel leniter unci; semina fusca ]i/o lin. longa, anguste marginata ala). Lava beds of southeastern Siskiyou and southwesterti Modoc cos. Between Little Hot Spring Valley and Hills Farm, it is associated with Juniper, Yellow Pine and Ivnob-cone Pine CSL S. Baker). 5. JUNIPERUS L. Juniper. Trees or shrubs. Leaves in whorls of 3 or opposite, scale-like, imbricated, closely appressed and adnate to the branehlets or linear-subulate and si)read- ing. Stamens and ovules on separate trees. Staminate catkins with many 62 CUPRESSACEAE stamens, each with 2 to 6 pollen-sacs. Ovulate catkins of 3 to 6 succulent coalescent scales, each bearing 1 or 2 ovules. Cones fleshy and berry-like, ripening the second year, in ours 1 to 3-seeded; cotyledons 2 to 6. — Northern hemisphere, about 30 species. (Ancient Latin name.) Catkins axillary; leaves linear-subulate, spreading, white-glaucous above; subalpiue shrub. 1. J . com mun is. Catkins terminal on short branchlets; leaves scale-like, closely appressed to the branchlets, in whorls of 3 or opposite. Berries reddish brown, oblong: cotyledons 4 to 6; medium altitudes, chiefly Coast Ranges. 2. /. calif ornica. Berries blue-black, globose or subglobose. Cotyledons 4 to 6 ; desert ranges 3. J. %ttahensis. Cotyledons 2 ; high Sierras 4. J. occidentalis. 1. J. communis L. Dwarf Juniper. Low or jirostrate alpine shrub, 1 foot high or less, forming patches a few feet in diameter; leaves rigid, linear or lanceolate, acute, cuspidate. 3 to 6 lines long, 3 (rarely 2) at a node with very short internodes, spreading or ascending, green below, white-glaucons above; staminate catkins 114 to 214 lines long, their scales broad and abruptly contracted into a short subulate point ; berries globose, bright blue, covered with white bloom, li/^ to 'Zy^ lines long. Sierra Nevada, 8,000 to 10,000 feet, from Mono Pass north to Mt. Shasta, and west to Trinity Co. Widely distributed in the United States in the high mountains, ranging far north to Ala.ska and Greenland, and in the Old World. Eef. — JuxiPERUs COMMUNIS Linnn'us, Sp. PI. 1040 (1753). 2. J. californica Carr. California Juniper. Usually a shrub, much- branclied from the l)ase, 2 to 20 feet high, or occasionally a tree 40 feet in height ; bark brown or ashen gray, the thin outer layers becoming at length very loose and shreddy; leaves in 3s, ovate, acute, each with a dorsal pit towards the base, crowded on the ultimate branchlets or occasionally free and subulate, 1/0 to 1 line long; ovulate catkins consisting of 4 to 6 scales; berries reddish or brownish, almost smooth or roughened with a few small projections or horn-like processes, covered with a dense white bloom, subglobose or oblong, 4 to 7 lines long, with dry fibrous sweet flesh and 1 to 3 seeds; seeds ovate, acute, brown with a thick smooth but angled or ridged polished bony shell, 3 to 51 o lines long; embryo 2I/3 lines long with 4 to 6 cotyledons. Dry hills or arid mountain slopes : North Coast Ranges from Mt. St. Johns southwesterly to the hill country west of Scott Valley, Lake Co. (Carl Purdy) ; South Coast Ranges from Mt. Diablo along the Mt. Hamilton Range to Tres Pinos. San Carlos Range and Priest Valley, southward to IMatilija Creek, east- ward to Fort Tejon and thence northward in tlie Sierra Nevada to Kernville and tlie ilerced River (type loc, 1.000 feet altitude). Abundant on desert slopes of Sierra Madre and San Bernardino ]Mts. and southward into Lower California. Attributed to the "Lower Sacramento" in the Botany of the Cali- fornia where it does not exist, but the reference has been copied by many later authors. , Refs. — JuxiPERUS CALiFORNic.i Carriere, Rev. Hort. 18.54, p. 352, fig.; Palmer, Am. Nat. vol. 12, p. .W3 (1878); Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. p. 25 (1901). 3. J. utahensis Lemmon. Desert Juniper. Small or stunted slirnb 3 to 15 (or 20) feet high; very similar to the preceding, but distinguishable by its more slender branches, its usually glandless leaves which are acute and sometimes in whorls of 2, and its usually globose 1-seeded berries; berries CYPRESS FAMILY 63 blue-black with a whitish bloom and 4 to 5 lines long, resembling the next but the cotyledons 4 to 6. Desert ranges of California east of the Sierra Nevada: Wliite and Inyo mts., Panamint Range, Grapevine and Providence mts., and north to Virginia City. Widely distributed in Nevada, Arizona and Utah. Befs. — JuNiPERUS UTAHENSIS Lemmon, Rep. Cal. Board For. vol. 3, p. 183, t. 28, fig. 2 (1890). J. californica var. utaheiisis Engelmann, Trans. St. Louis Acad. vol. 3, p. 588 (1877) ; Watson, Bot. Cal. vol. 2, p. 113 (1880). 4. J. occidentalis Hook. Sierra Juniper. Subalpine tree 10 to 25 or sometimes G5 feet high; trunk 1 to 5 feet in diameter, the bark dull red, flaking off in thin scales or shreds; branchlets alternate, the ultimate ones small, numerous, congested; leaves in 3s, i/^ line long, ovate-triangular, bear- ing on the back a more or less distinct gland or pit, or on vigorous shoots sub- ulate and 1 to 2 lines long; staminate catkins 11/2 to 2 lines long, 6 pollen-sacs under each peltate scale; berries globose to ovoid, blue-black with a whitish bloom, 3 to 5 lines long, almo.st smooth or minutely umbonate, with resinous juicy flesh and 2 seeds (rarely 1 or 3) ; seeds flat on the face, the convex back with 3 to 5 resinous-glandular pits ; embryo % to 1 line long, with 2 cotyledons. Timber line tree in Sierra Nevada, 6,000 to 10,000 feet in southern part and 3,500 to 7,000 feet in northern part, occurring as scattered individuals or in open groves, often found on the bare granite; trunks tapering strongly upward. Ranges south to San Bernardino Mts. and San Pedro ]\Iartir, north to Mt. Shasta, thence west to Trinity Mts. and south to South Yollo Bolly (W.L.J., 1897). Extends north through eastern Oregon to Idaho. Eefs. — JuNiPERUS OCCIDENTALIS Hooker, Fl. Bor. Am. vol. 2, p. 166 (1839), type loc. Colum- bia River basin, Douglas; Muir, Mts. of Cal. p. 204 (1901). TAX AC E A E. Yew Family. Trees or shrubs with linear flat 2-ranked leaves. Staminate and ovulate organs on different trees. Stamen clusters arising from axillary buds on under side of branchlets, the filaments monadelphous in a column. Ovules solitary and terminal on the branchlets. Seed with a bony coat, set in a fleshy disk or completely enveloped by it. Embryo small, embedded in abundant endosperm; cotyledons 2. Fruit scarlet; stamens 8 to 12 in a cluster; leaves % to % inch long, acute at apex, without resin-canal 1- Taxus. Fruit green or purplish; stamens 24 to 32 in a cluster; leaves 1% to 2i^ inches long, stiffish, bristle-pointed, the resin-canal central 2. Torreya. 1. TAXUS L. Yew. Trees or shrubs with leaves bluntish or merely acute. Stamens 8 to 12 in a cluster, the 4 to 9 pollen-sacs borne under a shield-like crest. Ovule seated upon a circular disk which in fruit becomes cup-shaped, fleshy and red, sur- rounding the bony seed, the whole berry-like. — Northern hemisphere, 1 species and a subspecies. (Ancient Latin name of the yew.) 1. T. brevifolia Nutt. Western Yew. Small tree 15 to 30 feet high, rarely exceeding 40 feet, irregular in outline, the branches of unequal length and standing at various angles Init tending to droop; trunk l/o to 2 feet in diameter, witli a thin red-brown smooth bark whi('h becomes shreddy as it flakes off in thin and rather small pieces ; leaves linear, acute at apex, shortly petioled, flat with midrib in relief above and below, 3 or mostly 6 to 8 lines 64 T.VXACEAB long, 1 line wide, spreading right and left in flat sprays; stamen clusters globose, 1 to IVi; lines long; seeds borne on the under side of the sprays and when mature set in a fleshy scarlet cup, the whole looking like a brilliantly colored berry, 5 or 6 lines long. Along deep caiiou streams or moist shady bottoms : fsierra Nevada from Lassen Peak southward to Tulare Co. ; caiions below south base of Jit. Shasta ; north Coast Ranges (chiefly between 1,000 and 2,500 feet) from the Klamath Range and the Siskiyou Mts. south to Three Creeks (Humboldt Co.), Sher- wood, Snow Mt. and Mt. St. Helena; Santa Cruz Mts., Laguna Creek (Dr. C. L. Anderson). Reported in the Santa Lucia Mts. but no definite locality on record. Its general range in California is essentially that of Douglas Fir but it occurs only in widely sundered localities of very small area and is not abundant in any locality. Beyond our borders ranging north to southern tip of Alaska and eastward to the continental divide in western Montana. "Wood very liard, dense, springy and durable ; used for machine bearings and by the native tribes for their best bows. Refs.— Taxus bbevifolia Nuttall, Sylva, vol. 3, p. 86, t. 108 (1849), type loe. near month of Columbia River, Nuttall; Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. p. 17 (1901); Goddard, Univ. Cal. Publ. Am. Archae. vol. 1, p. 32 (1903). 2. TORREYA Arn. Trees with rigid sharp-pointed leaves. Stamen clusters solitary in the adjacent leaf axils, borne on l-j-ear-old branches, made up of 6 to 8 whorls of stamens, -i stamens in a whorl, each filament with 4 pollen-sacs without crests. Ovule completely covered by a fleshy aril-like coat, the whole becoming drupe- like in fruit. Seed with thick woody outer coat, its inner layer irregularly folded into the white endosperm. — Four species, 1 in California, 1 in Florida, and 2 in China and Japan. (Named for John Torrey of Columbia College, long identified with western botany and who first visited California before the days of the Overland Railroad.) 1. T. californica Torr. California Nutmeg. Handsome dark green tree 15 to 90 feet high, the trunk i/o to 3 feet in diameter and clothed in smoothish thin dark bark; leaves rigid, 1^4 to 2y2 inches long, li/o lines wide, flat, dark green above, yellowish green beneath and with two longitudinal glaucous grooves, linear or somewhat tapering upward, the apex armed with a stout short bristle, twisted on their short petioles so as to form a 2-ranked flat spray; stamen clusters whitish, globose, about 3 lines long, crowded on the under side of the branches; fruit elliptical in outline, resembling a plum or olive, green in color or when ripe streaked with purple, 1% to 1% inches long ; flesh thin and resinous ; shell of the seed more or less longitudinally grooved ; embryo minute (1 line long), placed at the upper end of the seed; endosperm copious, with irregiflar incisions filled by the inner coat, giving it a marbled appearance so that in cross-section the seed resembles the true nutmeg of commerce. Coast Ranges: Big River and Melbm'ne, Mendocino Co.; Bartlett Springs; Mayacamas Range from the Terraces east of Ukiah south to Alt. St. Helena; Duncans Mills ; Bolinas Ridge from Tocaloma to Mt. Tamalpais ; Santa Cruz Mts. from La Honda to Archibald Creek (W.L.J.) and southeasterly to Hume, Norton and Saratoga canons between 1,000 and 2,000 feet (R. L. Pendleton). Sierra Nevada : Lassens Butte, Yuba and Feather rivers, and reported from Jepson, Fl. Cal. pp. 33-f.4. Nov. 4, 110<) GNETACEAE 65 Pitt River; American River to Mereed River (near Yosemite Valley) and south to South Fork Kaweah. Refs. — ToRREYA CALIFORNICA Torr. N. Y. Jour. Pharm. 3: 4ft (1854), type loc. headwaters Feather and Yuba rivers; Jepson, Silva C'al. 167, pi. 53 (1910). Tumion califomicum Greene, Pitt. 2; 195 (1891) ; Sargent, Silva N. Am. 10: 59, t. 513 (1890) ; Sudworth, Trees Pac. Coast, 191 (1908). GNETACEAE. Gnetum Family. "Woody plants without resin, of very diverse habit. Leaves opposite or ternate. Catkins unisexual, with imbricated bracts. Stamens 1, or several and monadelphous. set within a membranous calyx-like perianth, the perianths ses- sile in the axils of the bracts. Ovule solitary, surrounded b.y a very small urn- shaped perianth and produced at apex into an exserted style-like process (micropyle), the whole sessile at the summit of the catkin and subtended by its bracts. Embryo axile in endosperm ; cotyledons always 2. — Genera 3, the remarkable AVehvitschia of South Africa, Gnetum of the tropics, and Ephedra. 1. EPHEDRA L. Ecpiisetum-like shrubs with slender long-.jiiinted stems, opposite or fascicled branches and scale-like leaves. Leaves more or less connate, sheathing the stem, at length splitting to the base. Staminate and ovulate catkins on differ- ent shrubs. Stamens 2 to 8. united into a column. Ovulate perianth indurated in fruit, perforated only for the passage of the micropyle. — Species 30, desert regions of both eastern and western hemispheres. (Greek ephedra, the name used by Pliny for the horse-tails.) Scales and bracts in 2's; bracts connate at base; ovulate catkins (and sometimes the stami- nate) on peduncles Xij to 4 lines long. Branches bright or yellowish green, erect and broom-like 1. E. viridis. Branches pale or glaucous, divergent 2. E. nevadensis. Scales and bracts in 3's; bracts distinct; ovulate catkins sessile or nearly so; branches clus- tered, erect. Fruiting catkin subglobose, 3 to 4 lines long ._ 3. E. californica. Fruiting catkin slender-ovate, 5 to 6 lines long 4. E. trifurca. 1. E. viridis Cov. Erect green shrub U/o to 3 feet high, with numerous broom-like iiiuriculate liranches; fruiting bracts green, firm, with narnnv seari- ous edge ; fruits ] or usually 2 in a place, with flat faces and strongly convex or earinate backs, 314 to 4 lines long. Mountain slopes (5000 to 7000 feet alt.) of the desert ranges about the Mohave Desert, Owens Valley and Death Valley, north to the White Mountains and east through Nevada and Arizona to southwestern Utah. Also Ft. Te.jon. Refs.— Ephedra viriois Cov. Contrib. V. S. Xat. Herb. 4: 220 (1893), type from Coso Mts., Inyo Co., Covillc 923. 2. E. nevadensis Wats. Erect olive-colored shrub VL' to 2 feet high; branches somewhat scabrous, divergent; scales sheathing, at length mostly deciduous; fruiting bracts ovate or round ovate, firm, scarious on edges, 4 to 6 pairs; fruit exserted, 3 or 4 lines long. 3-ridged or trigonous, or. when 2 in a place, with more or less flat faces and strongly convex or earinate backs. Desert valleys of the iMohave and Colorado deserts (2r)00 to 4500 feet alt.), north to Honey Lake Valley and northern Nevada (Pyramid Lake, Lemmon), south into ]\Iexico and Lower California, and east through southern Nevada to Utah. Also Kern Vallev and upper San Joaquin VaUey. Refs.— Ephedra nevadensis Wats. Proc. Am. Aca.l. 14: 298 (1879), Bot. Cal. 2: 108 (1880). E. antixjiphilitirn Wats. U. S. Expl. 40th Par. 'i: 328. pi. 39 (1871). "ot C. A. Mey. 3. E. californica Wats. Stems dei-nmlient or spreading, with numerous 66 TYPHACEAE erect branches, li/<> to 3 feet high: fruiting bracts reddish or brownish, sub- membranous, in 4 or 5 whorls, reniform-orbicular, entire, with a short broad claw; fruit ovate, included, 4-angled, 2i/2 to 3 lines long. Mohave and Colorado deserts, north to Cantua Creek (western Fresno Co.). west to San Diego and south into Lower (California. Refs. — Ephedra calipornica Wats. Proo. Am. Acad. 14: 300 (1879), type loc. San Diego, Dr. Palmer; Bot. C'al. 2: 109 (1880); Abrams, Bull. N. T. Hot. Card. 6: ,S3.S (1910). 4. E. trifurca Torr. Erect light- or yellowish-green shrub li-. to 5 feet high, with spiuosely tipped straight branches; scales conspicuously sheathing, 3 to 6 lines long ; staminate catkins on a very short peduncle ; ovulate catkins nearly sessile, of 8 to 10 whorls of bracts; bracts large, very thin, scarious, round-cordato, clawed, with reddisli centres : fruit solitary, slender, 4-sided, 6 lines long. Mohave River at Daggett ace. to Coville (Bot. Death Valley, 220) ; Yuma, Arizona, Parish, in litt. ; east to Colorado and Texas, and south into Mexico. Eefs. — Ephedra trifurca Torr. in Emory, Mil. Eec. Ft. Leavenworth to San Diego, 153 (1848), type loc. between the Del Norte and Gila rivers. E. TOEREYANA Wats. Erect whitish or pale shrub 1 to 3 feet high, the branches often somewhat flexuous ; scales short, 1 to 2 lines long ; catkins nearly sessile ; ovulate catkins of 6 to 8 whorls of bracts ; bracts yellowish or greenish, very thin, very broad, clawed; fruit solitary or in 3's, oblong- lanceolate, scabrous. — Moapa, southern Nevada, Kennedy, and east to Colo- rado. Credited to California by Nelson (Man. Rocky Mts. 31). ANGIOSPERMS Trees, shrubs or herl)s. Sexual reproductive organ called a flower, typically consisting of a short axis bearing circles of calyx and corolla parts, stamens and pistils. Calyx or corolla or both often absent, and stamens and i>istils often in different flowers. Ovules always enclosed in a sac or ovary. MONOCOTYLEDONS Leaves parallel-veined. Stems with the vascular bundles scattered irregu- larly through them, without central pith or concentric woody layers. Flowers with the parts usually in 3's or 6's. never in 5's. Embryo with one cotyledon. TYPHACEAE, Cat-tail Family. Marsh or aquatic perennial hei-bs, the solid cylindrie jointless stems from creeping rootstocks and bearing long linear alternate leaves. Flowers monoe- cious, crowded in dense cylindi'ieal spikes, without perianth. Ovary 1-celled, 1-ovuled, with a slender style and elongated lateral stigma, becoming in fruit a seed-like nutlet. Embryo straight, embedded in copious endosperm. ^All continents. 1 genus. Bibliog. — Graebner, P., Typhaeeae (Engler, Pflzr. teil 4, abt. 8,-1900). Morong, T., Typha (Bull. Torr. Club^ vol. 1.5, pp. 1-8,-1888). 1. TYPHA L. Cat-tah,. Stems tall, simple, ending above in a long spike, the pistillate portion below, the staminate portion above. Stamens seated directly on the axis, intermixed with long bristle-like hairs. Ovaries minute, pedicellate; pedicels bearing elavate bristles whii'li envelope the very small nutlets in a copious down. — Nine species. (Ancient Greek name of the Cat- tail.) Staminate and pistillate portions of spikes contiguous, rarely separated; pistillate flowers with- out bractlets ; . . ' 1. T. latifolia. SPARGANIACEAE 67 Staminate and pistillate portions of spikes usually separated by a small interval; pistillate flowers with braetlets '2. T. an gusti folia. 1. T. latifolia L. Common Cat-tail. Stout, 31/2 to 6 feet high ; leaves very long, flat, slieathing at the base, i/^ to 1 inch broad ; spike 7 to 13 inches long ; pistillate portion of spike without braetlets; stigma rhombic-lanceolate; pol- len-grains in -I's; fruiting spike dark brown or blackish, 10 to 12 lines thick. Common in marshes and marshy places by creeks : San Francisco Bay region, Great Valley and Sierra Nevada foothills, south to southern California, north to Washington. Throughout nortli temperate zone. Eefs.— Typha latifolia L. Sp. PI. 971 (1753) ; Wats. Bot. Cal. 2: 188 (1880) ; Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 96 (1901). 2. T. angustifolia L. Stems slender, 3 to 8 feet high; leaves 3 to 6 lines broad, somewhat convex on the back ; pistillate flowers with a hair-like bractlet dilated at apex and a linear stigma ; pollen-grains simple ; fruiting spikes light or dark brown, 5 to 6 lines thick. Marshes : Los Angeles, San Bernardino, south into Lower California, and east and northeast through the desert regions. North and South America, Europe, Asia, north Africa. Refs.— Typha angustifolla L. Sp. PI. 971 (1753); Wats. Bot. Cal. 2: 189 (1880); Abrams, Fl. Los Ang. 8 (1904). T. brncteata Greene, Bull. Cal. Acad. 2: 413 (1887), type from Santa Cruz Island, Greene. T. domingensis Rohrb. ; Brandegee, Zoe, 1: 146 (1890). SPAEGANIACEAE. Bur-reed Family. Marsh or aquatic plants with terete stems from creeping rootstoeks, alternate long-linear 2-ranked leaves and monoecious flowers in globose heads. Ovary 1 to 2-celled. Fruit consisting of obovoid or spindle-shaped nutlets, 1 to 2-seeded. — One genus. Bibliog. — Graebner, P., Sparganiaceae (Engler, Pflzr. toil 4, abt. 10, — 1900). Morong, T., Sparganium (Bull. Torr. Club, vol. 15, pp. 73-81,-1888). 1. SPARGANIUM L. Bub-reed. Perennials with fibrous roots and horizontal rootstoeks. Heads scattered along the upper portion of the simple or sparingly branched stem ; lower heads pistillate, with leaf-like bracts; upper heads staminate. Stamens with minute scales interposed, their filaments slender and elongated. Ovaries sur- rounded by 3 to 6 linear-subulate scales forming a sort of calyx. — North tem- perate and arctic zones, and New Zealand, 15 species. (Sparganion, the Greek name, diminutive of sparganon. a swaddling-band, on account of the ribbon- like leaves.) Inflorescence compound; pistillate flowers sessile; nutlets obovoid, with truncate or rounded summit; fruiting heads 10 to 15 lines in diameter 1. S. eurycarpum. Inflorescence simple; pistillate flowers pediceled; nutlets spindle-shaped, with tapering sum mit; fruiting heads 7 to 10 lines in diameter. Leaves (2% to 5 lines wide) and bracts conspicuously scarious-margined 2. S. simplex. Leaves (1% to 2 lines wide) and bracts not conspicuously scarious-margined 3. S. aiujn.-ilifolium. 1. S. eurycarpum Engelm. Erect, rather slender, 3 to 8 feet high, with branching inflorescence; leaves flat and thin, slightly keeled beneath; stami- nate heads 5 to 13; pistillate heads 2 to 4 on the stem or branch, sessile or more commonly peduncled ; fruiting heads % to li/i inches in diameter; nut- lets sessile, obovoid. several-angled, with a truncate or depressed summit, tipped with the short style. 3 for nearly 3) lines broad, 4 lines long, including the style. 68 NAIADACEAE Los Angeles River, Braunlon 571, to the San Joaqnin Valley and north to Britisli Colniiiliia and east to the Atlantic coast. Var. greenei Graebner. Branches of the inflorescence more erect; achenes rounded at summit. — Region of San Francisco Bay (Olema, Lake Merced) south to Lower California and north to British Columbia. Refs. — SPAR(iANlUM EURYCAKPUM Engelm. in Gray, Man. 5th ed. 481 (1867). Var. GREENEI Oraebnpr in Kngler, Pflzr. 4'°: 13 (1900). S. greenei Morong, Bull. Torr. Club, 15: 77 (1888), type loc. Olema, Greene; .Tepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 96 (1901). 5. californicum Greene, Bull. Cal. Acad. T: 11 (1884), based on material from Calistoga, Sacramento and West Oakland. 2. S. simplex Iluds. Stems erect, 1 to 3 feet high, or sometimes floating; leaves 2 to lines broad, slightly carinate; inflorescence usually simple; stam- inate heads 3 to 5, congested or confluent, but distant from the pistillate; pistillate heads 2 to 6, the lowest peduncled, some supra-axillary, 8 or 9 lines in diameter in fruit; nutlets narrow. 2 to 2y., lines long, 1 to V/^ lines thick on the lower third, at ape.x gi'adually attenuate into the long style, long-pediceled, often 2-celled. Sierra Nevada : Kaweah Meadows; Silver Lake; Placer Co. ; DonncrLake; Goose Lake, Shasta Co. ; Modoc Co., Mrs. M. 77. Manmiuj. North to British ('oluml)ia and east to New England and Newfoundland. Ref. — .'!par(:an-uim simplex Huds. Fl. Angl. 2d ed. 401 (1778). 3. S. angustifolium I\lichx. Stems 1 to 4 feet high ; leaves exceedingly long and narrow, 1 to '1\'-, lines broad, floating or erect: inflorescence simple; stam- inate heads 2 to 6, sometimes blended but distant from the pistillate; pistil- late heads sessile in the axils, often a little supra-axillary, rarely peduncled; nutlets 21/; lines long, brownish, constricted at or above the middle, aliruptly contracted at apex into the long .style or beak, pediceled. Lakelets arul slow streams: San Bernardino Mts. ace. Pai'ish. nortli to British Columbia and east to Pennsylvania and Newfoundland. Refs.— Sparganu'M angustifolium Miclix. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: ISO (1803); Graebner in Engler. Ptlzr. 4'": 16 (1900). S. Kimp^ex var. anrju.itifolmm Fngelni. in Gray, Man. 5th ed. 481 (1867); Parish, Erythoa. 6: 85 (1S9S). NAIADACEAE. Pundweed Famua-. Water iilants entirely submerged or with floating leaves. Leaves thread- like or grass-like or some with In-oad floating blades, commonly sheathing at ba.se or with .sheathing stipules. Flowers inconspicuous, naked or with a very small calyx, commonly borne on a short spike or spadix. Ovaries 1 to 4. distinct, free from the calyx if that be present, 1-celled, l-ovuled. ripening into nutlet- like fruits. — Ten genera, the species of mostly wi. H., Morphological study of Naias and Zannichellia (Proe. f'al. Acad. 3rd ser. Bot. vol. 1, pp. 1-70, pis. l-o, — 1897). Ascher- son & Graebner, Potamogetonaceae (Engler, Ptlzr. teil 4, abt. 11, — 1907). Flowers perfect, in spikes or clusters. Calyx of 4 distinct sepals 1 . Potamogetom. Calyx none 2. Ruppia. Flowers unisexual; calyx nfuie. Leaves entire. Pistils about 4. lioriic in a cnii-shaped involucre; fresh water jionds or streams 3. Zannichellia. I PONDWEED FAMILY 69 Pistils many, borne on the side of a linear spadix ; maritime. Flowers monoecious ; nutlet ovoid ; leaves 2 to 4 lines broad 4. Zostera. Flowers dioecious; nutlet sagittate-cordate; leaves Vi to 2 lines broad 5. Phyllospadix. Loaves with spiny-toothed margins; pistil solitary and naked (j. Naias. 1. POTAMOGETON L. Pondweed. Perenuial liei'bs, eoninionly f^rowiiig in tlie still waters of creeks and in fresh or brackish ponds, the stems arising from rootstocks. Leaves alternate, or the uppermost opposite, frequently of two kinds, the floating ones broad, the sub- merged narrower and often thread-like or linear; stipides present, often sheathing the stem. Flowers in spikes or heads on axillary peduncles and enclosed in the bud by stipular sheaths. Sepals 4, with short claws. Stamens 4, inserted on the base of sepals. Ovaries 4. — About 60 species, in all parts of the eartli. (Greek potamos, a river, and geiton, a neighbor, on account of the aquatic habit.) A. Stipules axillary and free from the leaf. Plants with both submerged and floating leaves; petioles of floating leaves present, often long, short or none in no. 4. Submerged leaves linear or thread-like, consisting of petioles only. Floating leaves elliptical, subcordate at base 1. P. iialans. Floating leaves narrowly oblong, attenuate into the petiole 2. P. rpihydrus. Submerged leaves linear or lanceolate, bearing true blades. Flowers capitate; peduncles 1 to 3 lines long; floating leaves less than 1 inch long 3. P. dimorphus. Flowers spicate; peduncles 2 inches long or more; floating leaves 2 to 4 inches long. Phints reddish; nutlet with a distinct pit on each side 4. P. alpinus. Plants green ; nutlet not pitted. Nutlet distinctly 3-keeled; low altitudes -3. P. amcricanus. Nutlet indistinctly 3-keeled; high montane li. P. heterophyllus. Submerged leaves, or some of them, broader and falcate 7. P. amplifolius. Plants with the leaves all submerged; petioles short or none. Leaves with broad blades, ovate, orbicular or lanceolate, never linear. Stipules greenish; leaves with a short petiole or subsessile S. P. lucens. Stipules white, with numerous fibrous nerves. Leaves clasping, hooded at apex; peduncles often 8 inches long or more 9. P. praelongus. Leaves cordate-clasping, not hooded, the lobes at base often touching around the stem. 10. P. perfoliatus. Leaves linear, thread-like, or setaceous. Without propagating buds or glands 11. P. foliosus. With both propagating buds and glands. Leaves capillary; stem slender, not flattened 12. P. pusilUis. Leaves linear, 1 to 2 lines wide; stem much flattened 13. P. compressus. B. Stipules adnate to the leaf or petiole. Plants with submerged leaves only. Leaves capillary 14. P. pcelinatus. Leaves flat, Vj to 1% lines broad. Leaves in terminal clusters 1 •>. P- latif alius. Leaves 2-ranked 16. P. robbinsii. 1. P. natans L. Broad Pondweed. Stem thick, little if at all branched; floating leaves elliptical, subcordate at base, l^/o to 3 inches long, 1 to 2 inches broad, on petioles longer than the blade; stipules linear-lanceolate, membran- aceous, 2 to 4 inches long; stibmerged leaves consisting of petioles without blades, 2 to 9 inches long or more and 1 line wide, usually perishing early, their tips sometimes reaching the surface of the water and forming miniature blades; spikes dense, 1 or 2 inches long, on longer peduncles; nutlet evidently keeled along the back, 2 lines long. 70 NAIADACEAE Montane region at 5000 to 7000 feet alt. : Bear Valley, San Bernardino Mts., Parish; Sierra Nevada; i\It. Shasta; northward to British Columbia and east to the Atlantic. Europe, Asia. Kefs.— POTAMOGETON N.A.TAKS L. Sp. PI. 126 (1753); Wats. Bot. Cal. 2: 195 (1880); Morong, Mem. Torr. Club, 3=: 13, pi. 25 (1893). 2. P. epihydrus Raf. Stems slender (1/2 line broad), compressed, mostly simple, 1 to 2 feet long; floating leaves narrowly oblong, 1% to 2 inches long, gradually narrowed into petioles about 1/0 as long; submerged leaves thin, grass-like, 2 to 3 inches long, 2 to 3 lines wide, the petiole-like base very short ; spikes dense, % inch long, on pediuicles 11/4 f IV2 inches long ; nutlet flatfish, 3-keeled, the seed impressed ou the sides. Yosemite Valley {Bolander 6393), north to British Columbia and east to the Atlantic States. Refs. — PoTAMOGETON EPIHYDRUS Raf. Med. Repos. 2d ser. 5: 3.54 (1808). P. nuttallii C. & S. Linnaea, 2: 226 (1827). P. daytoni Tuckerm. Am. Jour. Sci. 1st ser. 45: 38 (1843) ; Wats. Bot. Cal. 2: 195 (1880). 3. p. dimorphus Raf. Stems simple, 114 feet long; floating leaves in 2 or 3 opposite pairs, oblong, tapering to each end, impressed beneath with 7 to 9 nerves, 3 to 4 lines wide and 7 to 10 lines long, passing rather definitely at base into the somewhat shorter (or sometimes longer) petiole; submerged leaves 1/4 to % line wide, 1 or 2 inches long, acute at tip but not setaceous, stipules 1 to 5 lines long, adnate for about 1/. their length; flowers in a few-flowered head (or the emersed in a very short spike), the peduncles 1 to 3 lines long, shorter than the submersed spike ; nutlet less than 1 line long, keeled on the back, the keel winged and sometimes dentirulate; emljryo coiled li-j times; pericarp very thin and fleshless. revealing clearly the coiled embryo, the whole suggestive of a snail shell. Lake Surprise, San Jacinto ilts., alt. 9000 feet, Hall 2490; near Visalia ace, Bot. Death Valley; irrigating ditches at Turloek. Missouri to Virginia and Nova Scotia. Refs. — PoTAMOOETON DIMORPHUS Raf. Am. Mo. Mag. 1: 358 (1817). P. spirillus Tuckerm. Am. Journ. Sei. 2d ser. 6: 228 (1848); Morong, Mem. Torr. Club, 3=: 49, pi. 56 (1893). P. HYBRiDUS Michx. Very similar to P. dimorphus but peduncles eciualing or longer than submersed spike, frequently recurved ; keels toothed. — Credited to California by Taylor (N. Am. PI. 17^: 17). 4. P, alpinus Balbis, Alpine Pondweed. Whole plant of a reddish tinge; stems simple, 1 or 2 feet long; floating leaves narrowly oblong, tapering at both ends, 2 to 4 inches long, % to % inch wide, submerged leaves 2 to 7 inches long, 1/4 to 1/2 inch wide, all sessile or narrowed to a short petiole ; stipules broad, i/o to I14 inches long; spikes % to 1\'$, inches long, on peduncles about 2 inches long; nutlet with a distinct pit on each side. Ponds in the high mountains : Sierra Nevada, North Fork of Kings Kiver, 7000 feet alt.. Hall & Chandler; Silver Valley, Alpine Co., 7200 feet alt.. Brewer 1978 ; north to Alaska and east to Florida and Labrador. Europe, Asia. Refs. — POTAMOGETON ALPINUS Balbis, Misc. 13 (1804); Morong, Mem. Torr. Club, 3': 19, pi. 30 (1893). P. rufescens Schrader; Chamisso, Adnot. Fl. Berol. 5 (1815) ; Wats. Bot. Cal. 2: 195 (1880). 5. P. amerlcanus C. & S. Stems terete, much branched, 3 to 6 feet long; floating leaves coriaceous, elliptical, 2 to 4 inches long, 14 to IY2 inches wide, the petiole often longer than the blade, submerged leaves very thin, lanceolate, PONDWEED FAMILY 71 4 to 12 inches long, 4 to 6 lines broad, rounded at base, or tapering into a petiole 1 to 4 inches long; stipules 1 to 4 inches long; peduncles 2 to 3 inches long; spikes 1 to 2 inches long, densely fruited; nutlet obliquely obovate, li/a to 2 lines long, the back 3-keeled, with the middle keel prominent. Ponds or slow creeks in the valleys or hills at low altitudes: Los Angeles Co.; Bakersfield and Visalia ace. Bot. Death Valley; Santa Cruz; Russian River; north to British Columbia and east to the Atlantic. Europe, Asia, north Africa. Eefs. — PoTAMOGETON AMERicANUS C. & S. Ijinnaea, 2: 226 (1827); Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 2d ed. 28 (1911). P. lonchitcs Tuckerm. Am. Jour. Sci. 2d ser. 6: 226 (1848) ; Morong, Mem. Torr. Club, o": 20, pi. 31 (1893). P. fluitanis of various California authors. 6. P. heterophyllus Schreb. Stems slender, compressed, branched, 1 to 2 feet long; floating leaves oval to oblong-elliptical, 1 or 2 inches long, 4 to 9 lines wide; petioles 1 to 4 inches long; stipules 1 inch long or less; submerged leaves linear-lanceolate, narrowed at base, sessile, 1 to 2 inches long, 1 to 3 lines wide; spikes 1 inch long; peduncles 1 to 4 inches long; nutlet roundish, % to 11/2 lines long, indistinctly 3-keeled. Sierra Nevada at high altitudes : Volcano (formerly Whitney) Meadows, ace. Bot. Death Valley; near IMono Pass ace. Bot. Cal. North to Oregon and Washington and east to the Atlantic. Europe, Asia. Refs. — PoTAMOGETON HETEROPHYLLUS Schreb. Spicil. Fl. Lips. 21 (1771) ; Morong, Mem. Torr. Club, 3=: 23 (1893). P. gramincus Wats. Bot. Cal. 2: 196 (1880), not L. 7. P. amplif olius Tuckerm. Stems mostly simple, 2 to 4 feet long ; floating leaves oblong-ovate or oval, mueronate, % to ly^ inches broad, 2 to 3 inches long, the petioles of about the same length ; submerged leaves with the sides folding together and assuming a falcate shape, the uppermost large, elliptical or ovate, 2i/^ to 4 inches long, the lower lanceolate and often as much as 8 inches long and 2 inches wide (ace. Morong); spikes 1/2 to 2 inches long; peduncles thickening upwards, 2 to 3 inches long; nutlet 3-keeled, the middle keel prominent. Sierra Nevada from Red Lake on the San Joacpiin River, Congdon, northward to Oregon and British Columbia and eastward to the Atlantic States. Refs. — POTAMOGETON AMPLiFOLiu.s Tuckerm. Am. Jour. Sci. 2d ser. 6: 225 (1848); Wats. Bot. Cal. 2: 196 (1880) ; Morong, Mem. Torr. Club, 3=: 16, pi. 27 (1893). P. ANGUSTiPOLius B. & P. Similar to P. lueens ; upper leaves petioled, lower sessile, all lanceolate or oblanceolate, undidate, crisped, shining; submerged leaves serrulate at apex. — Credited to California by Taylor, N. Am. PI. 17' : 18. 8. P. lueens L. Stem thick, branching below and bearing masses of very leafy branches at summit; leaves all submerged, thin, elliptical to lanceolate or oblanceolate or the uppermost oval, acute or acuminate, often undulate- serrate, narrowed at base to a short petiole or sessile, 2 to 7 inches long and % to 1% inches wide; stipules greenish, 1 to 2 inches long, loose and spreading, sometimes very broad ; peduncles 3 to 6 inches long ; spikes 2 to 2i/4 inches long, thick cylindrical; nutlet li/. lines long, nearly as broad, with 3 distinct ribs on back. Small lakes and ponds : Penasquitas Creek, San Diego Co., ace. Parish ; San Francisco; north to British Columbia and east to Nova Scotia. Refs. — PoTAMOGETON LUCENS L. Sp. PI. 126 (1753); Wats. Bot. Cal. 2: 196 (1880); Morong, Mem. Torr. Club, 3=: 30, pi. 38 (1893); Parish, Erythca, 6: 85 (1898); Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 100 (1901). 9. P. praelongus Wulf. Stems whitish, zigzag, 3 to 8 feet long, branching; 72 NAI.VDACEAE leaves all submerged, bright green, obloug-laneeolate, ixndulate, "eucullate at apex," sessile by a clasping base, 4 to 9 inches long, and 1,2 to 1 inch wide; stipules white, the uppermost obtuse, many-nerved, usually hugging the stem, ■/4 to l^A inches long; spikes 1 to 2 inches long, borne on peduncles 4 to 10 inches long (or even longer), erect and straight and often numerous; nutlet 2 to 2V2 lines long. Deep water of ponds: Sierra Co. (ace. Bot. Cal. ) ; Oregon to British Colum- bia and east to New Jersey and Nova Scotia. Europe. Refs.— POTAMOGETON PRAELONGUS Wulf. Roem. Arch. 3: 331 (1S05); Wats. Bot. Cal. 2: lil7 (1880); Morong, Mem. Torr. Club, 3"": 32, pi. 39 (1893). 10. p. perfoliatus L. var. richardsonii Benn. Stems straight, simple or branching; leaves long-lanceolate and acute, wavy, cordate at base and clasp- ing, 1 to 4 inches long; stipules t/^ to % inch long, many nerved, often becom- ing much frayed; spikes S to 11 lines long; peduncles ly^ inches long; nutlet 1% lines long. Sisson (Siskiyou Co.) ace. Crosfleld ; Oregon to British Columbia; east to New Jersey and Nova Scotia. Refs. — PoTAMOGETON PERFOLIATUS L. var. RICHARDSONII Beim. .Iiiur. Bot. 27: 25 (1889); Morong, Mom. Torr. Club, 3=: 33 (1893). 11 P. foliosus Raf. Leafy Pondwked. Stem fattened, much branched, 1 to 21^ feet high ; leaves rather thickly clothing the stem, 1 to l^/a inches long, \U to 1 line wide, abruptly acute; stipules white, transparent, 6 to 9 lines long; flowers few in a head on a peduncle 2 to 6 lines long; nutlet nearly 1 line long. 3-keeled on the back, the central keel with narrow rough-edged wing. North Pork of Kern River ace. Bot. Death Valley ; Gilroy ; San Francisco ; Birds Landing, Jepson; Mariposa, Congdon; Shasta Co., Baker; northward into Oregon and east to the Atlantic States. Var. caIjIfornicus Morong. Bushy in its habit; stem thick. — Southern California from San Bernardino to San Diego; Oak Knoll, Los Angeles Co., ace. Davidson; eastern Oregon, ace. Howell. Var. niagarensis Gray. Large-sized; leaves often 3 inches long or more; stipules longer than in the type. — Visalia, aec. Bot. Death Valley. Ontario to New England and south. Refs. — PoTAMOGETON FOLIOSUS Raf. Med. Repos. 2d hex. 5: 354 (1808); Morong, Mem. Torr. Club, 3=: 39, pi. 47 (1893) ; Jepson. Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 2d ed. 28 (1911). Var. CALI- FOBNicus Morong, Bot. Gaz. 10: 254 (1885), type from San Diego, Cleveland; Howell, Fl. Nw. Am. 676 (1903). Var. niagarensis Gray, Man. 2d ed. 435 (1856). P. paucifiorux Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 121 (1814); Wats. Bot. Cal. 2: 197 (1880) ; Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 100 (1901). P. niagarensis Tuckerm. Am. Jour. Sei. 2d ser. 7: 354 (1849) ; Wats. Bot. Cal. 2: 197 (1880). 12. P. pusillus L. Slender Pondweed. Stems filiform, branching, 1/2 to 1 foot long ; leaves narrowly linear, acute, with a crater-like gland on each side of the stem at base of the petiole or rarely glandless, 1 to 3 inches long, 14 to % line wide, sessile ; stipules short, obtuse, becoming setose ; peduncles flattened, slender, ^ to 3 inches long ; spikes interrupted or capitate ; nutlet obliquely elliptical, % to 1 line long, with a groove on each side of the rounded l)aek, or sometimes with 3 distinct keels, beaked by a short style. Santa Cruz; Palo Alto; San Francisco ; Sierra Nevada; Sisson; Oregon to British Columbia and east to the Atlantic States, south into Mexico. Europe, Asia. Var. tenuissimus Mert. & Koch. Leaves setaceous. — Soda Springs, Tuolumne Meadows, ace. Bot. Cal. Refs.— POTAMOGETON PUSILLUS L. Sp. PI. 127 (17.53); Wats. Bot. Cal. 2: 198 (1880); Morong, Mem. Torr. Club, 3=: 45, pi. ,53 (1893); Jepson, PI. W. Mid. Cal. 100 (1901). Var. TENUISSIMUS Mert. & Koch. Deutschl. Fl. 1: 857 (1823). POND WEED FAMILY 73 13. P. compressus L. Eel-geass Pondweed. Stem very much flattened; foliage brisjht green and shining; leaves fascicled at summit of the branches, with numerous fine nerves, 2 to 6 inches long, I14 to 2 lines wide, abruptly acute, mucronate. sessile; stipules scarious, soon perishing; spikes 14 to 1 inch long, on peduncles 1 to 4 inches long ; nutlet nearly or quite 2 lines long, 3-keeled on back. Honey Lake Valley, Lassen Co., Davy 3356; Oregon to British roluinbia and east to New Jersey and New Brunswick. Eiu'ope. Eefs. — POTAMOGETOX coMPREssus L. Sp. PI. 127 (17.'5?.); Hegi, 111. Fl. Mittel-Europa, 1: 132, fig. 60 (1906). P. zosteraefoVms Sebum. Enum. PI. Saell. 1: .50 (1801); Morong, Mem. Torr. Club, 3=: 37, pi. 4.5 (1893). 14. P. pectinatus L. Fennel Pondweed. Stems % or 2 to 6 or 8 feet long, from a running rootstock, repeatedly forking above, then very leafy and form- ing broom-like clusters ; leaves very slender, setaceous, 1 to 3 inches long exclusive of the sheaths which are ^4 to % inch long or on the lower leaves even 2 inches long ; scarious margin of the sheaths very narrow ; spikes i/o to li/o inches long, the flowers in distinctly separated whorls; peduncles 1 to 3 or more inches long ; nutlet li <> to 2 lines long, with an obscure ridge on each side of the back. The most common species throughout the state from sea-level to 7000 feet altitude. Beyond our borders of world-wide distribution. The rootstocks imbedded in the mud of ponds bear tubers about the size of a pea. The deep- diving ducks, such as the Canvas-back and Broad-bill, feed upon these sweet nutritious tubers, pulling loose at the same time more or less of the tender rootstocks and the attached stems which float to the surface and are shared with the surface-feeding species like the Teal and Mallard. It is to this plant that the Canvas-back, while living in the salt-marshes, owes the succulent and nutty flavor of its flesh, making it in the eyes of sportsman and epicure superior to every other kind of Californian wild-fowl. Eefs. — POTAMOGETON PECTINATUS L. Sp. PI. 127 (1753); "Wats. Bot. Cal. 2: 198 (1880); Morong, Mem. Torr. Club, 3=: 51. pi. 58 (1893); Hegi, 111. Fl. Mittel-Europa, 1: 137, fig. 67 (1906); .lepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 2a ed. 29 (1911). 15. P. latifolius Jlorong. Near the preceding ; stems stoutish, white, branch- ing; leaves numerous, fascicled terminally, i^ to ly^ lines broad; adnate por- tion of stipule 1/4 to 1 inch long, broad on the uppermost leaves, scarious- margined, the free portion shorter. Brackish water: Honey Lake Valley, Lassen Co., Davy 3357; Goose Lake, Mrs. R. M. Austin, ace. Morong; also apparently at Gilroy. Northwestern Nevada. Eefs. — POTAMOGETON LATIFOLIUS Morong, Mem. Torr. Club, 3': 52, pi. 59 (1893); Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 2d ed. 29 (1911). P. pectinatus var. (?) latifolius Bobbins, U. 8. Expl. 40th Par. 5: 338 (1871), type loc. Humboldt River below Humboldt Lake, Nev.; Wats. Bot. Cal. 2: 198 (1880). 16. P. robbinsii Oakes. Stems stout ; rootstocks running, sometimes nearly 1 foot long; leaves crowded in 2 ranks, liA to 4 inches long, li/o to 2 lines wide, obtuse, mucronate, auriculate at jimction of free portion of stipule; adnate portion of .stipules about % inch long, the free portion as long or longer. Honey Lake Valley, Lassen Co., Davy. Oregon to British Columbia, east to Delaware and New Brunswick. Refs. — POTAMOGETON ROBBINSII Oakes, in Hovey, Mag. Hort. 7: 180 (1841); Morong, Mem. Torr. Club, 3=: 54, pi. 61 (1893). 74 NAIADACEAE 2. RUPPIA L. Immersed aquatic herbs with long tilit'orm forking stems. Leaves almost capillary, with a broad membranous sheathing base. Peduncles slender, axil- lary, at hrst very short and enclosed in the spathe-like base of the leaf, each bearing two flowers disposed near together and rising to the surface in the pei'iod of authesis, afterwards coiling and drawing the fruits beneath the surface. Flowers perfect, entirely destitute of perianth. Stamens 2, sessile, each anther consisting of 2 large and separate anther-cells. Pistils 4, after flowering becoming stalked and ripening into hard ovoid nutlets; stigmas depressed, sessile.- — One species. (H. B. Ruppius, a German botanist of the 18th century.) 1. R. maritima L. Ditch-grass. Plants 2 to 3 feet long; leaves 2 to 3 inches long; nutlets % to 1^/4 lines long, raised on stipes 1 to 12 lines long; fruiting peduncle 3 to 6 lines long. Alkaline or brackish waters: southern California northward through the state. Cosmopolitan. Refs.— RUPPIA MABITIMA L. Sp. PI. 127 (17.53); Wats. Bot. C'al. 2: 194 (18S0) ; Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 101 (1901). 3. ZANNICHELLIA Mich. Immersed aquatic plants, Howering and fruiting under water, the thread-like stems from a creeping rootstock. Leaves opposite or in whorls. Flowers monoecious, without perianth, sessile, both kinds in the same axil: staminate flowers consisting of an anther on a pedicel-like filament; pistillate flowers 2 to 6 (usually 4) in a cluster and surrounded by a hyaline cup-shaped in- volucre shorter than the pistils, each flower consisting of a single pistil with a thin peltate stigma on the summit of the short style. Fruit an oblong some- what flattened, beaked nutlet. — One species. (G. G. Zannichelli. 1662 — 1729, a botanist of Venice.) 1. Z. palustris L. Horned Pondweed. Stems spai'ingly branched, 1 to 11/2 feet long ; leaves 1 to 2 inches long, filiform but flat ; nutlet slightly incurved, becoming stipitate, 1 to II/2 lines long, often roughened or toothed on the back. Pools and still waters of streams: Los Angeles, Santa Barbara and north- ward to San Leandro Creek, N. L. Gardner, and the Sacramento Valley. Nearly throughout North America. Cosmopolitan. Eefs.— ZANNICHELLIA PALUSTBis L. Sp. PI. 969 (1753); Wats. Bot. Cal. 2: 193 (1880); Morong, Mem. Torr. Club, 3=: 57, pi. 64 (1893) ; Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 101 (1901). •4. ZOSTERA L. Grass-wrack. Submerged maritime herbs with elongated and very narrow grass-like radi- cal leaves and inflorescences raised on peduncle-like stems. Flowers monoe- cious, borne in 2 rows on the face of a flattened spadix with or without small lateral appendages covering them in the bud and closely invested by a protect- ing leaf-like spathe until anthesis. Staminate flower of 1 stamen. Pistillate flower of 1 pistil. Nutlet ovoid. — North and south temperate zones, 5 species. (Greek zoster, a girdle or band, on account of the ribbon-like leaves.) 1. Z. marina L. Eel-grass. Leaves with long sheathing bases. 3 to 7-nerved, 1 to 4 feet long, 1 to 4 lines broad; spathes jointed at base, ending above in a more or less elongated leaf -like summit; spadix 2 to 4 inches long, 10 to 20- fruited; fruits l^/^ lines long, the ribs of the seed showing clearly on the pericarp. Shoal waters of bays, San Pedro to San Francisco Bay and north to Alaska. PONDWEED FAMILY 75 Var. LATiFOLiA MoroDg. Stem stout, sometimes 8 or 10 feet long ; leaves 3 to 6 lines wide ; nutlet with a distinct stipe, the pericarp splitting along the face ; seed witliout ribs. — Santa Bai-bara (tj^pe loc.) to Monterey, Bolinas Bay and nortliward to Puget Sound. Refs.— ZosTERA MARINA L. Sp. PI. 968 (1753); Wats. Bot. Cal. 2: 192 (1880); Morong, Mem. Torr. Club, 3=: 62, pi. 69 (1893) ; Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 101 (1901). Z. pacifica and orcgana Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 26: 131 (1891). Var. latifolia Morong, Bull. Torr. Club, 13: 160 (1886). Z. latifolia Morong, Mem. Torr. Club, 3": 63, pi. 71 (1893). 5. PHYLLOSPADIX Hook. Aquatic plants of rocky ocean shores, closely related to Zostera, with elongated narrowly-linear radical leaves from much branched creeping root- stocks. Flowers dioecious, borne in 2 rows on the side of a flattened spadix, with a lateral chartaceous appendage covering each flower in the bud, the whole inflorescence enclosed by a spathe which is produced beyond the spadix as a foliaceous prolongation. Staminate spadices with sessile anthers ; pistils or rudiments none. Pistillate spadices with rudimentary anthers alternating with the pistils; pistils simple, with 2 stigmas; ovary sagittate-cordate, i. e., with two downwardly-produced horns at base, which in fruit are strongly developed and bear on the inside deflexed bristles serving to attach the floating nutlets to other plants on the beaches. — Two or 3 species. (Greek phullon, leaf, and spadix, a kind of inflorescence.) Flowering stems 1 foot long or more, bearing 2 to 5 pistillate spadices 1. P. torreyi. Flowering stems 2 or 3 inches long, bearing 1 pistillate spadix or rarely 2 2. P. scouleri. 1. P. torreyi "Wats. Rootstocks brittle; leaves l^/o to 2 feet long, 1/2 to 1 line broad; pistillate spadices 1 to 1% inches long; staminate spadices shoi-ter and with shorter peduncles; nutlet 23^4 lines long. Low tide limits to two fathoms below: San Diego south to Ensenada (Lower California), north to Santa Barbara, Bolinas Bay and Russian River; usually in more quiet waters than the next. The plants have been used for fireproofing and deadening as a filling between the walls of buildings. Refs. — PHYLLOSPADIX TORREYI Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 14: 303 (1879), type loc. Santa Bar- bara, Torrey: Wats. Bot. Cal. 2: 192 (ISSO) ; Morong, Mem. Torr. Club, 3=: 64, pis. 72, 74 (1893) ; Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 102 (1901) ; Abrams, Fl. Los Ang. 14 (1904). 2. P. scouleri Hook. Very similar to the preceding but the leaves rather broader, % to 2 lines wide, and more obviously 3-nerved; nutlet larger. Santa Barbara, Pacific Grove, Dillon's Beach (Baker), Russian River (Dud- ley) and northward to the Columbia River and Vancouver Island. Also on the coast of Hokaido (Japan). Refs. — Puvi.LosPADLS SCOULERI Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 171, t. 186 (1839); Wats. Bot. Cal. 2: 192 (1880); Morong, Mem. Torr. Club, 3=: 65, pis. 73, 74 (1893); Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 102 (1901). 6. NAIAS L. Naiad. Slender branching submerged fresh-water plants with linear opposite spiny- toothed leaves, which are seemingly whorled on account of the ones crowded in the axils. Flowers monoecious or dioecious, solitary in the axils. Staminate flower consisting of a single stamen enclosed by two perianth-like envelopes. Pistillate flower naked, consisting of a single ovary bearing a style with 2 to 4 stigmas. Fruit a seed-like nutlet, tipped with the persistent style. — World- wide distribution, 32 species. (Greek Naias, a water-nymph.) Leaves coarsely toothed, the sheathing base entire or with 1 or 2 teeth on each side; stems and back of the leaves often spiny; flowers dioecious 1. N. marina. 76 JUNCAGIN.VCEAE Leaves very minutely serrulate; flowers monoecious; stems unarmnl. Nutlet shining, smooth; sheathing base of leaves with many minute teeth on its upper portion 2. N. ftexilis. Nutlet dull, reticulated; sheathing base of leaves commonly narrow and with few teeth or sometimes entire 3. N. guadalupensis. 1. N. marina L. Holly-leaved Nalvd. Stems stout, often armed with prickles twire as long as their breadth ; leaves linear. % to l^A inches long, 1 to 11/. lines broad, coarsely saw-toothed, with the teeth spinulose-tipped and the broad sheathing base entire or with 1 or 2 teeth on each side; nutlet 2 to 21^ lines long, reticulated. Clear Lake to Lower California, east to the xVtlantic States. Kare in North America. Europe. Asia, Australia. Var. californica Rendle. Internodes sparingly spinose; leaves very coarsely toothed and with 4 to 6 dorsal spines. — Described from specimens collected by Coulter and Orcutt, therefore evidently southern California. Refs.— N.ii.^s M.\RIX.\ L, Sp. PI. 1015 (17.53); Morong. Mem. Torr. Club, 3=: 58, pi. 65 (1893); Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 102 (1901). Var. californica Rendle, Trans. Linn. 2d ser. 5: 398, t. 39, fig. 15 (1S99). .V. major Allioni, Fl. Pedem, 2: 221 (1785); Wats. Bot. CaL 2: 191 (1880). 2. N flexilis R. & S. Slender Nalvd. Stems slender; leaves narrowly linear, very minutely toothed, mostly acuminate, % to 1 inch long, 14 to Vi I'ne wide ; nutlet oblong-ovoid, 1 to 2 lines long, nearly smooth, shining. Southern California (Soldiers' Home, ace. Davidson) to San Francisco, north to Washington and east to the Atlantic. Europe. Eefs.— Naias FI.EXILIS R. & S. Fl. Sedin. 382 (1824); Wats. Bot. Cal. 2: 191 (1880); Morong, Mem. Torr. Club. 3=: 59, pi. 66 (1893) ; Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 102 (1901). 3. N. guadalupensis ]\Iorong. Stems thread-like. 1 to 2 feet long; leaves 6 to 9 lines long. '- line wide or something less, abruptly acute; nutlet cylin- drical, 1 to IVi; lines long, dull but distinctly marked with numerous rows of squarish reticulations. Oregon to San Francisco and southeastward to the Atlantic. Tropical America. Refs. — Naias guadalupensis Morong, Mem. Torr. Club, 3-: fiO, pi. 67 (1893). Caulinia guadalupensis Spreng. Syst. 1: 20 (1825), type loe. Guadalupe Island. JUNCAGINACEAE. Arrow-grass Family. Marsh or sub-aquatic herbs with basal rush-like or grass-like leaves, and small flowers in racemes or spikes, or solitary. Perianth regular, 3 or (in ours) 6-parted. the 3 outer segments (sepals) resembling the 3 inner (petals), or perianth none. Stamens in ours 6 or 1. Ovaries 1, or 3 to 6 and united. Embryo straight. — Temperate zones. 5 genera. Bibliog. — Buchenau, Fr., Scheuchzeriaceae (Engler, Pflzr. teil 4, abt. 14, — 1903). Campbell, D. H., Development of the Flower and Embryo in Lilaea subulata (.A.nn. Bot. vol. 12, pp. 1-28, pis. 1-3,-1898). Flowers perfect, in a raceme; perianth 6-parted; stamens 6. Leaves all basal; flowers greenish, numerous in bractless spike-like racemes. .1. Triglochin. Leaves both basal and eauline; flowers white, few in a loose bracted raceme * 2. Scheuchzeria. Flowers polygamous, in a spike, also with some solitary; perianth none; stamen 1. .3. Lilaea. 1. TRIGLOCHIN L. Perennial by means of short rootstocks. Leaves fleshy with membranous sheaths. Flowers small, in a spike-like bractless raceme raised on a scape. Perianth 6-parted, deciduous, the three inner segments inserted higher. Sta- mens in ours 6 ; anthers sessile or nearly so. Pistils in ours commonly 6 (rarely ARROW-GRASS FAMILY 77 3 to 5), their ovaries united around a central axis, splitting when ripe iuto 1-seeded carpels, which separate from the base upward, and leave a slender persistent axis. Stigmas as many as the ovaries, plumose. Carpels dehiscing by the ventral suture. — World-wide distribution, 12 species. (Greek tri, three, and glochis, a point, referring to the fruit of the 3-carpeled species.) 1. T. maritima L. Common Arrow-grass. Terminal portion of the root- stock covered with the sheaths of old leaves ; scapes stout, 1 to 11/2 feet long, bearing a raceme 10 to 15 inches long, the whole surpassing the (2 to 3 lines wide) leaves; flowers 1 line long, longer than the pedicels, these in fruit con- spicuously decurrent ; carpels 3-angled, with the dorsal angles winged, making a broad longitudinally-striate groove on the back; 21/2 lines long, the stigmas persistent and recurved. Marshy shores along the coast and saline places in the interior: San Diego and Los Angeles Co., to San Francisco Bay, Great Valley and Sierra Nevada, north to Alaska, east to New Jersey and Labrador. Europe, Asia. Vai'. debilis Jones. Slender Arrow-grass. Scapes very slender and racemes looser than in the preceding, 7 to 13 inches high; leaves usually less than 1 line wide; flowers about 1/2 line long; carpels rather le.ss than 2 lines long; fruit- ing pedicels less obviously decurrent. — Salt marshes, San Francisco Bay; south to Antelope Valley and San Diego, north to Honey Lake Valley, Davy, and east to Nevada and Utah. Refs.— Triglochin m.vritima L. Sp. PI. 339 (1753); Wats. Bot. Cal. 2: 199 (1880). Var. DEBILIS Jones, Proc. Cal. Acad. 2d ser. 5:- 722 (189.5), type loc. alkaline flats at Johnson, Utah, Jones. T. concinna Davy, Erythea, 3: 117 (1895); 6: 4, 7 (1898); type loc. Newark, Darii. no. 1116; Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 103 (1901). 2. SCHEUCHZERIA L. Kush-like perennials with creeping rootstorks, erect leafy zig-zag stems, and small Howers in a loose terminal rai-eme. Leaves grass-like, tlat above, semi- terete below, tubular at apex, sheathing the stem at base, reduced to bracts above. Flowers white, few in a lax raceme. Perianth 6-parted, persistent, its segments nearly alike, the inner narrower. Stamens 6, inserted on the base of the perianth-segments. Ovaries 3. nearly distinct. 1 to 3-ovuled, bearing flat sessile stigmas, becoming in fruit divergent inflated coriaceous follicles de- hiscent along the inside. — North temperate zone, 1 species. (The brothers J. and J. J. Scheuchzer, Swiss botanists, early in 18th century.) 1. S. palustris L. Stems solitary or several. 4 to 10 inches high; leaves 4 to 12 inches long; pedicels 3 to 10 lines long, spreading in fruit; perianth- segments membranous, l-nerv«l, li/. lines long; follicles 2 to 4 lines long. Bogs: Sierra Co. (aec. Bot. Cal.) to Oregon and Alaska, east to Pennsylvania and Labrador. Europe, Asia. Refs.— SCHEUCHZERIA PALUSTRIS L. Sp. PI. 338 (1753); Wats. Bot. Cal. 2: 199 (ISSO); Morong, Mem. Torr. Club, 3=: 9, pi. 23 (1893) ; Howell, Fl. Nw. Am. 677 (1903). 3. LILAEA 11. & B. Sub-a(|uatic atiniial with tilirdus roots and basal cylindrical or rush-like leaves sheathing at base. Flowers in spikes raised on scapes and also with solitary pistillate flowers in the axils of the basal leaves. Spikes unisexual or with perfect flowers in the middle, pistillate below and staminate above, all in the axils of bracts except the pistillate. Staminate flowers consisting of a single stamen. Perfect flowers made up of a stamen and a pistil. Pistillate flowers consisting of a single pistil with short style, those in the axils of the basal leaves with extraordinarily long styles. Fruits coriaceous, flattish. oblong- ovate, winged, longitudinallv ribbed, 1-seeded, indehiscent, those in the axils 78 j\X,ISMACEAE of the basal leaves less compressed and wingless. — One species. (A. R. Delile, French botanist, 1778—1850, author of a Flora of Egypt.) 1. L. subulata II. & B. Leaves 6 to 8 inches long, 1 to 2 lines in diameter, tapering to a point ; spikes dense, 1/2 inch long or less ; basal pistillate flowers often with a style 1 to 3 inches long, their fruits larger than those of the spike, 2y2 to 3 lines long. In water or nuid of shallow vernal pools in the valle3's or footliills : British Columbia to middle California (where it is common), south to soutliern Cali- fornia and Mexico. South America. Refs.— LiLAEA SUBULATA H. & B. PI. Aequin. 1: 222, t. 63 (1808); Wats. Bot. Cal. 2: 193 (1880) ; Engler & Prantl, Nat. Pflzfara. 2': 225, fig. 172 (1889) ; Morong, Mem. Torr. Club, 3': 10, pi. 24 (1893); Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 104 (1901). ALISMACEAE. Water Plantain Family. ]\Iarsh or aquatic herbs with basal leaves, seape-Iike flower stems and perfect or unisexual flowers. Perianth of 3 outer herbaceous persistent sepals and 3 inner white delicate deciduous petals. Stamens 6 to manj' or numerous. Ovaries numerous, distinct, 1-celled, 1-ovuled, becoming aehenes in fruit. Endosperm none; end^ryo strongly recurved or folded. — Ten genera, temper- ate and tropic zones. Bibliog.— Buchenau, Alisiiiataceae (Eugler, Ptizr. tcil 4, abt. 15,-1903). Smith, J. G., Revision of the North American Species of Sagittaria and Lopliotoearpus (Eep. Mo. Bot. Gard. vol. 6, pp. 27-64, pis. 1-29, — 1895) ; Revision of the Species of Lophotocarpus of the U. S. (1. e. vol. 11, pp. 145-151, pis. 53-58,-1899). Aehenes verticiUate in a single whorl ; stamens 6. Petals entire; style lateral; aehenes minutely beaked 1. Alisma. Petals incised; style apical; aehenes long-beaked 2. Damasonium. Aehenes numerous, crowded on a globose or elevated receptacle; stamens 9 to many. Leaves entire; aehenes tnrgid; flowers all perfect 3. Echinodorus. Leaves typically sagittate ; aehenes strongly flattened ; flowers not all perfect. Flowers polygamous, the lower perfect, the upper staminate 4. Lophotocakpus. Flowers unisexual, the lower pistillate, the upper staminate 5. Sagittahia. 1. ALISMA L Erect perennial herbs of shallow water or uiud. Inflorescence a panicle of whorled branches each bearing a simple or compound umbel of perfect flowers. Petals small, scarcely exceeding the sepals. Stamens 6, with short filaments. Ovaries distinct, on a disk-like receptacle. Aehenes numerous, channeled on the back, crowded in a whorl. — One polymorphic species, with several strongly marked subspecies. (Alisma, the Greek name.) 1. A. plantago L. Water Plantain. Plants 2 to 4 (or 6) feet high; root- stock becoming almost bidbous by the sheathing leases of the petioles; leaf- blades ovate to oblong, al)ruptly acute, the larger often subcordate at base, 2 to 6 (or 9 ) inches long, usually on long petioles; whorled branches of flower- ing steins unequal in length, forming a loose pyramidal panicle; pedicels 1 inch long or less; petals white, 1 line long; aehenes very strongly flattened, oblong, 1 line long. Common along the margins of ponds, rivers, and marshy shores of lakes: Coast Ranges; Great Valley; Sierra Nevada to 5000 feet. Widely distributed, as a polymorphic species, through the north temperate zone and in north Africa and Australia. Refs.— Alisma plantago L. Sp. PI. 342 (1753); Wats. Bot. Cal. 2: 200 (1880); Jepson, Fl. AV. Mid. Cal. 104 (1901). A. brevipes Greene, Pitt. 4: 158 (1900) ; commonly larger, flower parts larger; petals 2 to 3 lines long, much longer than the sepals. — Type loc. Colorado, credited to California in N. Am. Fl. 17': 44. WATER PLANTAIN FAMILY 79 2. DAMASONIUM Juss. Annual or pereuiiial herbs. Flowers perfect. Petal.s delicate, spreadiug, incised, soon marcescent. Stamens 6, in pairs opposite each sepal. Ovaries 6 to 10. 1 to several-ovuled, attached by their short ventral side to the conical receptacle. Aeheiies with long erect beak, radiatel.y whorled and divergent. — Species 4, 3 in Europe, Asia, Africa and Australia, antl 1 in California. (Name of uncertain origin.) 1. D. californicum Torr. Stems erect, slender, 8 to 16 inches high, arising from tuljerous perennial rootstocks ; leaf-blades ovate to la'nceolate, 3 to 5- nerved, 1 to li/4 inches long, long-petioled ; panicle simple, with 2 to 4 verticils of 3 to 10 flowers ; petals almost orbicular, 4 to 5 lines long, larger than the sepals ; ovaries 1-ovuled ; achenes ribbed on back, with long subulate beak. Pools and shallow shores: Petaluma, Congdon; Sacramento Valley (College City. Emma Wilkins, Sutter Co., Copeland) ; northern Sierra Nevada from lone Valley. 500 feet alt., Bigelow, to Sierra Valley, Lcmmon, Big ileadows, Plumas Co., Mrs. M. M. Austin, Honey Lake Valley, alt. 4000 feet, Darij. and north to Egg Lake, Modoc Co., Baker. Kefs. — Dam.^sonium californicum Torr. in Bcnth. PI. Hartw. 341 (1857), type from Sacra- mento Valley (neighborhood of Chico), Eartweg ; Torr. Pac. E. E. Sur. 4: 142, pi. 21 (1857) ; Wats. Eot. Cal. 2: 200 (1880). AUsma culifornica JVIieh. in DC. Monogr. Phan. 3: 34 (1881). Marliacrocarpvs californirvt Small. N. .Vm. Fl. 17": 44 (1909). 3. ECHINODORUS Rich. Annual or perennial herbs witli the habit of Sagittaria. Stem scapose, with the perfect flowers on short pedicels in umbel-like whorls. Stamens 6 to 12 or more. Ovaries 1-ovuled, many to numerous, crowded on a globose receptacle, attenuate into the terminal style. Achenes sharply ribbed. — Species 18 or 20, North and South America, Europe, Africa. (Greek eehinos, hedgehog, and doros, utricle, or leather bottle, in reference to the prickly fruit.) 1. E. cordifolius Griseb. Annual ; leaf-blades ovate, 5 to 9-nerved, obtuse, truncate or cordate at base, 11/^ to 6 (or 8) inches long, long-petioled; scapes erect, 1^4 to 2 feet high ; umbels distant, 3 to 12-flowered, proliferous and form- ing a sparingly branched panicle; corolla 4 to 5 lines broad; stamens 12; fruiting heads globose-ovate, 3 lines long ; achenes 1 line long, strongly several- ribbed, with a conspicuous erect straight beak. Borders of pools and streams, southern California : Garvanza, Davidson; Ramona; Elsinore Lake, Parisli : Lakeside, Uall. Eastward to Florida and Illinois and south into Mexico and Lower California. Also lower San Joaquin River, 7i. Brandegee, Sept., 1907. Eefs. — ECHINODOBUS CORDIFOLIUS Griseb. Abh. K. Ges. Wiss. Gbtt. 7: 257 (1857). AUsma cordifolium L. Sp. PI. 343 (1753). Erliinodorvn ro.iiwhis Eiigelm. in Gray, Man. 460 (1848); Wats. Bot. CaL 2: 201 (1880). 4. LOPHOTOCARPUS T. Durand. Closely allied to Sagittaria. Leaves sagittate, sometimes with entire blades or reduced to phyllodes. Flowers polygamous (perfect and staminate). Sepals accrescent, erect and appressed in fruit. Stamens 9 to 21. Fruiting pedicels recurved. — Species 5 or 6, North and South America, .Java, IMadagascar. (Greek lophos. crest, and karpos, fruit.) 1. L. calycinus J. G. Sm. Aquatic ; leaves submerged, floating or erect ; scapes simple, bearing 3 to 5 whorls of flowers. Stockton ; Los Angeles Co. : east to the Atlantic. 80 AI.IS.MACEAE Refs. — LoPHOTOCARPUS CALYCINUS J. G. Sm. Eep. Mo. Bot. Gard. 11: 147 (1899). Sagit- taria vahicinu Engelm. in Toir. Bot. Mex. Bound. 212 (1859). Lophotoraipus calif ornicns J. G. Sm. Rep. Mo. Bot. Gard. 11: 14(3. pi. 54 (1899), type from Coyote Creek. Los Angeles Co., Parish Bros. 1136. L. fluitans J. G. Sm. Rep. Mo. Bot. Gard. 11: 145, pi. o.S (1899). 5. SAGITTARIA L. Arrow-iiead. Marsh or aquatic perennial lierbs with thiclveued or tuberous rootstocks, fibrous roots and milky juice. Leaves sheathing the stem at base; earlier leaves (phyllodia) destitute of blades, later producing small entire blades or most commonly sagittate blades. Flowers pedieeled, borne in whorls of 3 on the upper part of the stem, with membranous bracts. Flowers monoecious (rarely dioecious), the staminate above. Petals longer than the sepals. Sta- mens numerous, inserted above the receptacle. Ovaries indefinitely numerous, crowded on a globose receptacle. Achenes flat, winged or margined, beaked by the short .style. — Species about 25, mostly North and South America, a few in Europe and Asia. (Latin sagitta. an arrow, referring to the shape of the leaves. ) Sepals of pistillate flowers reflexed or spreading, not accrescent. Pedicels of pistillate flowers slender, ascending; leaves (or some of tliem) with .sagittate lobes. Basal lobes equaling or shorter than tlie terminal one; aclienes without wings or crests on sides. Achenes with prominent horizontally oblique beak 1. S. latifolia. Achenes with minute erect beak 2. S. arifolia. Basal lobes longer than terminal one; achenes almost beakless. the sides with a prom- inent wing-margined depression 3. S. greggii. Pedicels of pistillate flowers much thickened, reflexed in fruit; leaves not sagittate 4. 5. saiifordii. Sepals of the pistillate flowers erect and accrescent 5. S. montevidensis. 1. S. latifolia Willd. Tule Potato. Leaf-blades sagittate, very variable in outline and size. 2 to 12 inches long; basal lobes lanceolate to broadly ovate, acuminate, commonly divaricate, y^ to as long as the terminal lobe; scape sim- ple or branched, 14 to 3 feet high ; flowers monoecious or dioecious ; stamens 20 to 25; achene JVo lines long, with somewhat swollen dorsal Aving and long horizontally obli(|ue beak. Rivers and deltas of the Sacramento and San Joaquin valle.vs, especially abundant on the river islands ; swamps and meadows in the Sierra Nevada to 6000 feet. Los Angeles north to British Columbia. Almost throughout North America. The edible tubers are used by the Chinese of the lower Sacramento. Refs.— S.\GITTARIA LATiroLiv Willd. Sp. PI. 'l: 409 (1S06); Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 105 (1901); Abrams, Fl. Los Ang. IS (1904). S. variabilis Engelm. in Gray, Man. 4(;i (1S48); Wats. Bot. Cal. 2: 201 (1880). 2. S. arifolia Nut t. Very near the preceding ; leaf-blades sagittate, 2 1/2 to 7 inches long; terminal lobe ovate to lanceolate or nearly linear; basal lobes narrower than the terminal ; scapes as long as the leaves or commonly shorter ; flowers monoecious; achenes obovate. 1 to 1^2 lines long, winged all around. I>earing a minute erect beak. San Bernardino Jits, through the Sierra Nevada to Lassen Co.. north to British Columbia and east to New Mexico and Nova Scotia. Refs.— Sagittakia .\rifolia Nutt.; J. G. Sm., Rep. Mo. Bot. Gard. G: ."iL'. pi. 1 (1894).. S. cuneala Sheldon, Bull. Torr. Club, 20: 283, pi. 159 (1893). 3. S greggii J. G. Sm. Plants 2 to 4 feet high; leaf-blades S to 16 inches long, on long petioles; basal lobes lanceolate, acuminate, widely divergent, longer than the lanceolate or ovate, acuminate terminal one; submersed leaves HYDEOCHAEITACEAE 81 with an entire lanceolate blade 1% or 2 inches long, or the blade wholly obso- lete; whorls numerous; pedicels 4 to 12 lines long; petals orbicular with truneatish or broadly subcordate base, 7 to 10 lines broad, broader than long; stamens 22 to 30, the filaments about as long as the anthers, dilated at base; achenes with acute margins, the sides with an ear-shaped depression margined by a narrow wing and with one or two tube-like passages in the spongy peri- carp near the ventral angle. Lo\ter San Joacjuin River islands and shores: Lathrop {K. Brandegee, Sept. 1907, fls. & fr.) to Stockton.- Ri'fs.— S.\c;iTTARiA UKEGGII J. G. Sm. Eep. Mo. Bot. Gard. 6: 43, pi. 12 (189-t), type loc. Stockton, Sanford, July, 1893; Smith, 1. c, says that a plant collected by Dr. J. Gregg at Zanioni, Michoaean, Mexico, seems to be the same as the C'alifornian plant. ■i. S. sanfordii Greene. Leaves 2 to 3 feet long; petioles obtusely trique- trous, 1,2 to 1'/- iuches thick at the base; blades linear- to oblong-lanceolate, 4 or 5 inches long, tapering into the spongy petiole, or almost obsolete in sub- mersed plants; scapes stout, ly^ feet high or more; whorls of flowers usually few ; sepals ovate, 2 to 3 lines long ; achenes 1 line long, winged on both the inner and outer margins, the sides reticulated; beak nearly erect, short, tri- angular. Sloughs and pools, lower San Joaquin River. About 100 acres of pure growth occurs just below the San Joaquin Bridge near Banta. Refs.— Sagitt.\ria saxfordii Greene, Pitt. 2: 1.58 (1890); J. G. Sm. Rep. Mo. Bot. Gard. 6: 57. pi. 2S (1S94) ; K. Brandegee, Zee, 4: 103 (1893). 5. S. montevidensis C. & S. Stout; leaves sagittate, strongly many-ribbed; flowers 1 to I14 iuches broad; petals white, with a brownish purple spot at base; fruiting heads of achenes very large, % to' I14 inches in diameter. IntToiluced at Stockton and Penryn. Refs. — S.^gittaria montevidensis C. & S. Linnaea, 2: 156 (1827) ; J. G. Sm. Rep. Mo. Bot. Gard. 6: 57, pi. 29 (1S95) ; Eastwood, Erythea, 7: 150 (1899). HYDROCHARITACEAE. Frog's Bit Family. A(iuatic herbs with dioecious or polygamous regular flowers from a spathe. Stamens 3 to 12. Ovarj' 1 to 3-celled, inferior; .stigmas 3 or 6. Fruit maturing under water, many-seeded, indehiscent. — Genera 14, all continents. 1. ELODEA Michx. i'crcnnial herbs. Leaves opposite or whorled, crowded, sessile, pellucid. Flowers polygamo-dioecious, solitary and sessile, arising from a tubular 2-cleft axillary spathe. Staminate flowers minute, with 6-parted perianth (3 sepals, 3 petals), and 9 short stamens. Pistillate flowers with 3 calyx-lobes and 3 petals, its long calyx-tube at base coherent with the ovary; ovar.y 1-celled, with 3 parietal placentae; style capillary, coherent with calyx-tube; stigmas 3; stamens 3 (sometimes rudimentary) or 6. — Species about 5, North and South America. (Greek elodes, marshy.) 1. E. canadensis ilichx. Watee-weed. Stems slender, elongated, sub- merged, 1/4 to 2 feet long, varying according to depth of the water; leaves lanceolate to ovate or linear, 1 to 3 lines long; staminate flowers breaking off in anthesis, rising to the surface and shedding their pollen around the pistillate ones; pistillate flowers rising to and expanding on the surface by means of the elongated (2 to 10 inches long) calyx-tube. Rare in California : Mendocino Co., ace. Bot. Cal. ; Truckee, K. Brandegee; Egg Lake, Jlodoc Co., Baker. Nearly throughout North America. Refs. — Elodea canadensis Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 20 (1803); Anacharis canadennis Planchon; Wats. Bot. Cal. 2: 129 (1880). Jepson, Fl. Cal. vol. 1, 'pp. 65-81, Apr. 22. 1912. 82 GRAMINEAE GRAMINEAE'. By A. S. Hitchcock, Systematic Agro.stologist. U. S. Department of Agi-iciilture. Mostly herbaeeous plauts, with usually hollow stems (culms) closed at tlie nodes, and 2-ranked leaves. Leaves consisting of two parts, the sheath and the blade, the sheatli enveloping the culm with the nuirgins usually overlapping, the blade with parallel veins, usually narrowly lihear; at the junction of the sheath and blade on the inside, a membranaceous or hyaline appendage, the ligule. Inflorescence paniculate or contracted into racemes or spikes, the branches usuall.v bractless. Flowers usually perfect, small, without a distinct periantli. arranged in spikelets consisting of a shortened axis (raehilla) and 2 to many distichous bracts, the lowest pair (the glumes) empty, each succeed- ing bract (the lemma) including a single flower and. with its back to tiie raehilla, a 2-nerved bract or prophyllum (the palea), the flower and its lemma and palea being called the floret. At the base of the flower, between it and the lemma, two small hyaline scales (the lodicules). rarely a third lodicule between the flower and the palea. Stamens usually 3, with delicate filaments and 2-celled versatile anthers. Pistil 1. with a 1-eelled 1-ovuled ovary, usually 2 styles and usually plumose stigmas. Friiit a caryopsis with starchy endo- sperm and a small embryo at the liase, on the side opposite the hilum. Grain usually inclosed at maturity in the lemma and palea, free or adnate to the palea. The stems are woody in bamboos (cultivated in California for ornament) and in a few other groups, and are solid in corn, sorghum and some other large grasses. The sheath is sometimes grown together at the margins, as in Melica and Glyceria. The blade in some tropical grasses is broad or even cor- date, and there is occasionally a short petiole above the sheath. The flowers may be monoeciotis as in the cultivated corn, or dioecious, as in Distiehlis and Monanthochloe. One or both of the glumes may be wanting, as in Paspalum and Leersia. The lemma may be sterile, that is, it may contain oidy stamens, or only the palea, or the latter ma.v be reduced or wanting, or the lemma itself nuiy l)e variously modified or reduced, as in the upper florets of Melica, or Bouteloua. The stamens are rarely 1, 2. or 6. and the styles ai'e rarely 1 or 3. The seed is free from the thin pericarp in Sporobolus, Eleusine, Crypsis and Heleoehloa. — A large family of about fiOO genera distributed throughout the 'This article is iiublislierol()nged lieliiiid the ])alea of the uppermost floret Tribe VI. Aveneae. .\\vn. when i)resei!t, terminal, usually straight (the apex of the lemma bifid in Bromus, and in certain species of Festuca and Meliea) : glumes usually shorter than the first floret Tribe VIII. Festuceae. 84 GRAMINEAE Spikelets sessile or nearly so, in spikes, 1 to several-flowered. Spikelets in 1-sided spikes, usually closely imbricated; spikes digitate or racemose Tribe VII. Chlobideae. Spikelets sessile on opposite sides of a more or less zigzag jointed channeled rachis, form- ing a terminal spike; leaf-blades bearing at base a more or less well-marked pair of auriculate appendages Tribe IX. Hordeae. Tribe I. Andropogoneae. Spikelets in pairs (or the terminal in 3 's) on the usually articvdate rachis of a spike-like raceme, one sessile and fertile, the other pediceled and perfect, staminate, neuter or reduced to a rudiment. Glumes more or less indurated. Lemmas smaller than the glumes, hyaline, that of the fertile florot usually awned. Spikelets awnless 1. Imperata. Spikelets awned. Spikelets in pairs, in racemes, these aggregated in a dense infloresconcr. . .3. An'dropogon. Spikelets in 3 's, in an open panicle 2. HoLCUs. Tribe II. Zoysieae. Spikelets in groups, each group falling as a whole from the axis; glumes firmer than the lemma, the first usually larger than the second; spikelets 1 or 2-flowered, perfect or with staminate spikelets intermixed. Only one genus, Pleuraphis (no. 4), in California. To this tribe belongs the Korean lawn grass (Zoysia pungens Willd.), uccasionally cultivated for lawns 4. Pleubaphis. Tribe III. Paniceae. Spikelets all alike, the first glume when present, shorter than the floret, the first or lower lemma similar to the glumes in texture, enclosing a staminate flower, or only a palea, or entirely empty, the second or upper lemma and palea indurated, en- closing a perfect flower and persisting as a covering to the fruit. Spikelets not surrounded by bristles. Fruit cartilaginous-indurated, the margins of the lemma not inroUed; inflorescence of slender, more or less digitate, spike-like racemes; our species annual... 5. Diuit.ibia. Fruit indurated, the margins inrolled; inflorescence paniculate or spike-like, not digitate in our species. Spikelets plano-convex, imbricated in spike-like racemes 6. P.4SP.\I.UM. Spikelets not conspicuously planoconvex. Fertile palea included at tip; fruit not pointed; inflorescence paniculate. .7. Panicum. Fertile palea free at tip; fruit pointed; spikelets in racemes, these in panicles 8. ECHINOCULOA Spikelets subtemled or surrounded by bristles (sterile branchlets) 9. Set.\bi.\. Tribe IV. Phalarideae. Spikelets with 1 terminal perfect floret and a pair of sterile florets below, the group articulated above the glumes and falling entire; sterile florets sometimes staminate, but usually small, or reduced to mere rudiments or pedicels. Glumes strongly compressed, boat-shaped; sterile lenmias empty, narrow, bristle-form or scale-like, much shorter than the indurated fertile lemma 10. Phalabis. Glumes not strongly compressed or boat-shaped ; sterile lemmas ovate or oblong, longer than the fertile lemma. Sterile lemmas, empty, dorsally awned; inflorescence spike-like 11. Anthoxanthum. Sterile florets staminate; inflorescence a somewhat open panicle 12. Hieeochloe. Tribe V. Agrostideae. Spikelets 1-flowered, the raehilla sometimes prolonged behind the palea as a naked or pUmiose bristle; glumes usually as long as or longer than the lemma. Lemma indurated, usually long-awned. a well marked cnllus at base. Awn trifid 13. Aristida. Awn simple. Awn geniculate and twisted, usually more than i^ inch long 14. Stipa. Awn straight or curved, less than li iuch long 15. Obyzopsis. Lemma membranaceous (rather firm in Muhlenbergia), usually more delicate than the glumes. Inflorescence a flat-topped head, subtended by 2 inflated sheaths 17. Cbypsis. Inflorescence sometimes capitate but not flat-topped. Lemma awned or mucronate from the tip 16. Muhlenbergia. Lemma awnless or dorsally awned. Glumes conspicuously compressed-carinate; spikelets in dejise spike-like panicles. Lemma awnless ; glumes abruptly aristate 18. Phleum. Lemma awned below the middle; glumes not aristate 19. Alopecurus. GRASS FAMILY 85 Glumes not conspicuously compressed. Pericarp loosely enclosing the seed ; inflorescence an open panicle . . 20. Sporobolus. Pericarp adherent to the seed; inflorescence open or contracted. Glumes long-awned 22. Polypogon. Glumes awnless, or short-awnod. Inflorescence a long slender dense spike-like panicle 21. Epicampes. Inflorescence often contracted but not conspicuously elongated. Palea l-nerved, or apparently so 23. Cinna. Palea plainly 2-nerved (sometimes nerveless or wanting). Glumes pliunose-ciliate ; inflorescence an ovoid head 28. Lagdrus. Glumes not plumose. Glumes saccate at base, much longer than the lemmas. .25. Gastridium. Glumes not saccate at base. Rachilla not prolonged behind the palea (except in A. thurberiana) ; callus hairs short or none (except in A. hallii) . . . .24. Agrostis. Rachilla prolonged behind the palea as a usually hairy bristle. Lemma awned from the back; callus hairs long 26. Calamagrostis. Lemma avrnless; callus hairs short 27. Ammophila. Tribe VI. Aveneae. Spikelets 2 to several-flowered, in open or contracted panicles; rachilla prolonged behind the uppermost floret (except in Aira) ; glumes usually longer than the first floret; 1 or more of the lemmas awned on the back or from the teeth of the bifid apex (usually awnless in Koeleria and Sphenopholis) ; callus and usually the rachilla joints hairy. Rachilla not prolonged; spikelets 2-flowered, perfect 30. Aira. Rachilla prolonged behind the uppermost floret ; spikelets 2 to several-flowered. Articulation below the glumes, the spikelets falling entire or the glumes and lowest florets together. Glumes much exceeding the 2 florets; spikelet awned 29. Notholcu.s. Glumes exceeded by the upper floret; spikelet awnless 33. Sphenopholis. Articulation above the glumes. Awns wanting or but a mueronate tip 34. Koeleria. Awns present. Awns from between the teeth of the bidentate apex of the lemma, flattened, twisted. 36. Danthonia. Awns dorsal, not flattened. Lemmas more than % inch long 35. Avena. Lemmas less than % inch long. Lemmas keeled; awn from above the middle 32. Tbisetum. Lemmas convex; awn from below the middle 31. Deschampsia. Tribe VII. Chlorideae. Spikelets 1 to several-flowered, sessile in 1-sided spikes; spikes digitate or racemose; lemma awnless or awned from between teeth; spikelets usually compressed and closely imbricated (more distant and often slightly pediceled in Lep- tochloa). Spikes digitate. Plants perennial, extensively creeping 37. Cynodon. Plants annual, more or less spreading but not creeping. Perfect florets 2 or more, awnless 42. Eleusine. Perfect floret 1 (long-awned) 39. Chloris. Spikes racemose. Spikelets 1-flowered. Glumes narrow, unequal 38. Spartina. Glumes broad, boat-shaped, equal 41. Beckmannia. Spikelets with more than 1 floret. Lemmas 3-awned; spikelets imbricated, with only 1 perfect floret 40. Bouteloua. Lemmas 1-awned or awnless; spikelets somewhat distant, with 3 to several perfect florets 43. Leptochloa. Tribe VIII. Festuceae. Spikelets 2 to many-flowered, pedicellate in racemes or in open or contracted panicles (spikes in Orcuttia; solitary in Monanthochloe) ; glumes usuallj 86 CiRAMINEAE shorter tliau the first lemma; lemmas aimless or with a straiglit (rarely bent) avvn. terminal or from between the teeth of a bidentate apex. Spilielets of two kinds in the same inllorescence, perfect and sterile; spikelets fasciculate in 1-sided panicles 57. L.\m.irckia. Spikelets all alike in the same inflorescence. Plants dioecious; perennials with creeping rhizomes or stolons (a few species of Poa are dioecious). Spikelets solitary, concealed in the axils of short crowded rigid leaves 44. MONANTHOCHLOE. Spikelets in exserted panicles 54. Distichlis. Plants not dioecious. Eachilla or lenunas provideil with long hairs exceeding the glumes in length; tall reeds. Hairs on lemmas, the raehilla naked 4(). Arundo. Hairs on the raehilla only 47. Phr.\gmites. Bacbilla and lemmas naked or the hairs shorter than the glumes. Spikelets sessile, in short terminal spikes; lemmas 5-toothed; low annual 45. Orcuttia. Spikelets in racemes or in open or contracted panicles. Lemmas 3-nerved. Lemmas pilose on the nerves, longer than the glumes; callus densely villous. 48. Tridens. Lemmas sometimes pubescent but not pilose on the nerves; callus not villous. Glumes equaling or exceeding the spikelet 49. Dissanthelium. Glumes shorter than the first floret .50. Eragrostis. Lemmas 5 to many-nerved. Spikelets nearly sessile in dense 1-sided clusters at the ends of the few panicle branches 56. Dactylis. Spikelets not in dense 1-sided clusters. Lemmas flabelliform. many-nerved, petal-like 51. ANTHOciiLnA. Lemmas not flabelliform. Palea appendaged on the keels; inflorescence a simple raceme 53. Pleuropogon. Palea not appendaged. Spikelets very broad, much compressed, cordate; lemmas cordate 55. Briza. Spikelets not broad and cordate. Lemmas keeled, awnless (keeled in some species of Bromus but the bifid tip acuminate or awned) 58. PoA. Lemmas convex or keeled only at summit. Glumes large, mendiranaceous or papery, scarious-margined ; upper 2 or 3 lemmas empty, convolute around each other. .52. Melica. Glumes not scarious-margined; upper lemmas not empty and con- volute around each other. Nerves of lemmas 5 to 9, parallel, prominent 59. Glvceria. Nerves of lemmas not prominent, or not equally so. Lemmas obtuse, awnless, scarcely nerved 60. Puccin'ellia. Lemmas acute or awned, or, if obtuse, awned between the teeth of the bifid apex. Lemmas entire, acute or awned from the apex (very narrow teeth in P. elmeri etc) 61. Pestuca. Lemmas bifid at apex (except B. brizaeforniis), the awn if present from between the teeth 62. Bromus. Tribe IX. Hordeae. Spikelets 1 to several-flowered (the uppermost floret imperfect), sessile on opposite sides of a flattened or channeled rachis forming a spike; glumes sometimes small or wanting, sometimes placed in pairs in front of the spikelet; auricular appendages borne at the top of the sheath on each side at base of blade. Spikelets solitary at each joint of the rachis (occasionally double in Agropyron). Spikelets placed edgewise to the rachis, the lateral ones with a single glume. ■ Spikelets several-flowered 63. LoLiuM. Spikelets 1-flowered 64. Monbrma. GRASS FAMILY 87 Spikelets placed flatwise to the rachis, all with 2 glumes. Spikelets several-tlowereil 67. Agropyron. Spikelets l-flowered; spikes very slender. Lemma awnless 65. Lepturus. Lemma awned 66. Scribnebia. Spikelets, at least some of them, in 2 "s or 3 's at each joint of the rachis. Spikelets 1-flowered, not all alike, in 3's, the lateral pair pediceled 68. Hordeum. Spikelets 2 to 6-flowered, all alike, usually in 2 's. Glumes minute or wanting; spikes loose 71. Hystrix. Glumes about as large as the lemmas; spikes dense. Axis of spike continuous, not disarticulating at maturity; glumes broad or narrow but not greatly elongated 69. Elymus. Axis of spike disarticulating at maturity; glumes usually setaceous and elongated. 70. SiTANION. Trike I. ANDROPOGONEAE. 1. IMPERATA Cyrillo. Spikelets 1-flowered. in pairs, nil alike, iiiieqnally pedicellate, articulated with the pedicels, densely clothed with long silky hairs. Ghime.s 2, membranaceous, long-villous. Sterile and fertile lemmas membranaceous, glabrous, the latter narrow, its palea broad, truncate, toothed, surrounding the ovary. Erect perennial grasses with densely villous spike-like terminal panicles. — Warm re- gions of the world, about 5 species. (The Italian naturalist Ferrante Imperate.) 1. I. hookeri Kupr. Culins erect from creeping rhizomes, 3 to 5 feet high, glabrous; sheaths glabrous; ligule long-villous; blades elongated, the lower narrowed at the long conduplicate base, 4 to 6 lines wide, acuminate, glabrous, the upper shorter, the uppermost much reduced; panicle dense, 6 to 12 inches lono: pale or tawny, or somewhat rose-tinted, soft, silky; spikelets about II/2 lines long, clothed Avith hairs twice as long. Desert regions, from southern California to New Mexico and sovith into Mexico. Locs. — Tulare Co., Palmer 2748 in 1892; Inyo Co., Coville 4' Funston 219, 240; San Ber- nardino, Parish Bros. 1031; Colorado Desert, Wilder 1077. Ref. — Tmperata hookeri Rupr.; Andersson, Of v. Vet. Akad. Forh. 12: 160. 18.55. Ere.mochloa leersioides Hack, in DC. Monogr. Phan. 6 : 264. 1889. Ischae- tiiiim leersioides Munro, Proe. Am. Acad. 4: 363. 1860; Thurb. in Wats. Bot. Cal. 2: 262. 1880. Thurber states that this was "collected in San Francisco, near a Chinese Warehouse, Bolander." It is a native of China and has not since been collected. 2. HOLCUS L. Spik-elets in 3's, terminating the branchlets of the panicle, the central spike- h'l l-tlowere-hispid ; blades 4 to 10 inches long, I/4 to V2 inch wide; panicle large and diffuse, often % the length of the entire plant, included at the base until maturity, the whole panicle finally breaking away and rolling before the wind ; spikelets about 1 line long, elliptic ; first glume acute, 1/. as long as spikelet, 5 to 7-nerved. Open ground, cultivated soil, and river banks, a common weed in Eastern n. S. Pinegrove, Amador Co., TJansen 599, the only specimen seen from Cali- fornia. Refs. — Panicum capillare L. Sp. PI. .'SS. 1753. The species described under this name in western floras is usually P. barbipulvinatuin. 4. P. barblpulvinatum Nash. Closely resembling P. capillare of which it is the western ri'iircseiitative, but differing in its stouter habit, shorter, less pubescent blades crowded toward the base of the plant, and especially in the larger spikelets, about W^ lines long. Open ground and cultivated soil at moderate altitudes throughout the state and extending from Rritish Columbia to Texas. 92 GRAMINEAE Kefs. — Panicum barbipulvinatum Nash in Rydb. Mem. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 1 : 21. 1900. Thia species is described under P. capillare in: Thiirb. in Wats. Bot. Cal. 2: 25S. 1880; Davy in Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 32. 1901; Abrams, PI. Los Ang. 24. 1904. 5. P. hirticaule Presl. Annual, erect or nearly so, i/o to 2 feet high, more or less papillose-hispid throughout, especially on the sheaths; blades 2 to 6 lines wide, often sparsely hispid toward the often cordate base ; panicle 3 to 6 inches long, scarcely Vs the height of the entire plant, open, the branches ascending; spikelets about l^/a lines long, acuminate, usually reddish bro-svn. Sierra Nevada, Lemmon in 1875; San Diego Co. (Jamaeha, Canhy in 1894) to Texas and Central America. Bef.— Panicum hirticaule Presl, Eel. Haenk. 1 : 308. 1830. 6. P. miliaceum L. Annual, as much as 3 feet high ; culms and leaves more or less papillose-hispid; panicle 4 to 12 inches long, usually nodding, rather compael, the numerous branches ascending, scabrous, spikelet-bearing toward the summit; spikelets about 2i/o lines long, ovate, acuminate, strongly many- nerved; first glume i/o the length of tlie spikelet, acuminate. A native of the Old World, cultivated in the U. S. under the name of Hog Millet and Broom-corn Millet. Scattered specimens, introduced or escaped from cultivation, are found throughout the U. S. Locs. — Kenwood, Smith in 1898; Sacramento, Williams in 1906; Riverside, Seed 3112. Ref. — Panicum miliaceum L. Sp. PI. 58. 17.53. P. AGROSTOiDES Spreng. PL Pugill. 2: 4. 1815; Thurb. in Wats. Bot. Cal. 2: 258. 1880. In the National Herbarium is a specimen of this species collected by the Wilkes Exploring Expedition, "On the Sacramento." This is far out of its range and the species has not since been collected in California. 7. P. urvilleanum Kunth. Plants robust, 2 to 3 feet high, perennial from creeping rhizomes ; culms solitary or few in a tuft, the nodes densely bearded but usually hidden by the harshly villous sheaths ; blades 2 to 3 lines wide, flat, tapering to a long involute-setaceous point; panicle about a foot long, open; spikelets 3 t-o 314 lines long, densely silvery or tawny- villous ; first glume acuminate, % to nearly as long as spikelet. Sandy deserts, southern California and Arizona, appearing again in Chile and Argentina. Locs. — Barstow, Chase 5766; Hesperia, Abrams 2164; Palm Springs, Wilder 1082; Edom, Chase 5519. Refs.— Panicum urvilleanum Kunth, Rev. Gram. 2: 403. pi. 115. 1830; Thurb. in Wats. Bot. Cal. 2: 259. 1880. Var. longigluine Scribn. U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Bull. 17. (ed. 2.): 49. 1901, type from San Jacinto, Parish Bros. 887. B. Subgenus Dich.vnthelium Hitchc. & Chase. Tufted perennials, producing winter rosettes of leaves different in appearance from the culm leaves ; vernal culms slender, simple, bearing small open, comparatively few- flowered, terminal panicles; autumnal culms much-branched, presenting a distinct aspect, because of the numerous reduced branches, leaves and panicles. 8. P. lindheimeri Nash. Vernal culms stiffly ascending or spreading, 1 to 2 feet high, glabrous, or the lower portion somewhat pubescent ; leaves glabrous except the ciliate margin of the lower part of the blades; ligule a ring of cilia 2 to 2% lines long ; panicle 2 to 3 inches long, open ; spikelets % line long, obo- vate, obtuse, turgid, pubescent; autumnal form stifBy spreading or radiate-pros- trate, with tufts of short appressed branches at the nodes; blades reduced, involute-pointed, often conspicuously ciliate at the base. GRASS FAMILY 93 Open ground, chiefly in the Eastern States from Maine to Texas. Rare in California: Sacramento, Michencr 142: Three Rivers, Coville & Funston 1286. Refs.— Panicum lindheimeri Nash, Bull. Torr. Club 24: 196. 1897. P. funstoni Scribn. & Merr. U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Circ. 35: 4. 1901, type Coville # Funston 1286. 9. P. huachucae Ashe. Vernal form usually stiffly upright, more or less harsh-pubescent throughout; culms 1 to 2 feet high, the nodes bearded; ligule of stiff hairs about 2 lines long; panicle 2 to 3 inches long, the axis and usually the branches pilose; spikelets about % line long, obovate, turgid, pubescent; autumnal form stiffly erect, the reduced branches fascicled, the crowded blades ascending. Open ground, chiefly in the Mississippi Valley, rare in (California. San Ber- nardino IMts., Ahrams 2737. Ref. — Panicuh huachucae Ashe, Jour. Elisha Mitchell Soc. 15: 51. 1898. 10. p. occidentale Scribn. Vernal form yellowish green; culms slender, 6 to 12 inches high, spreading, sparsely pubescent; leaves tending to be clus- tered toward the base; sheaths sparsely pubescent; ligule ciliate, about 2 lines long; blades glabrous or nearly so above, appressed-pubescent beneath; panicle 2 to 3 inches long, open; spikelets % line long, pubescent; autumnal form branching from the lower nodes, forming a spreading tussock; leaves and panicles reduced. Peat bogs and moist sandy soil. San Diego Co. to British Columbia. Loes. — Crescent City, Davy 5971; Mendocino, Davy 6092; New York Falls, Hansen 1723; Yosemite Valley, Brewer 1646; Merced River, Torrey 587; San Diego, Orcutt 540. Refs. — Panicum occidentale Scribn. Rep. Mo. Bot. Gard. 10: 48. 1899. P. puhescens [Lam. misapplied by] Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1: 306. 1830. 11. P. pacificum Hitchc. & Chase. Vernal form light green, more or less papillose-pilose throughout, 1 to 2 feet high; ligule ciliate, about 2 lines long, spikelets % to 1 line long, obtuse, pubescent; autumnal form pi'ostrate-spread- ing, repeatedly branching from the upper and middle nodes. Sandy shores and slopes, and moist crevices in rocks. San Bernardino Mts. to British Columbia. The commonest species of the genus in California. Dis- tinguished from P. occidentale by the more copious pubescence throughout, more leafy culms, and, in the autumnal form, by the branching habit. Loes. — Requa, Davy ij'- Blasdale 5S94 ; RedS'. (/lauf'a. Bristles green or j)urple, 1 to 3 below eaeli spikelet 2. S. viridis. 1. S. glauca Beauv. Annual : eulnis branching at the base, compressed, iTect or ascending-. 1 to 2 feet high; blades flat, with a spiral twist; panicle dense, oblong, 1 to 3 inches long; bristles 5 or more, 2 to 4 lines long, tawny- yellow ; spikelets 1VL> lines long; fruit undulate-rugose. A native of Europe, connnonly introduced into the U. S. A weed in fields and waste places. Rare in California: Riverside. M'ihlcr 10-13. 1127; Sacra- iiietito. ace. Thurber; Fresno, ace. Davy; Los Angeles, ace. Abrams. Refs.— SET.VKl.iv GI..\UCA Beauv. Ess. Agrost. 51. 1812; Thurb. in Wats. Bot. (';il. 2; 200. ISSn. Panicum glaucum L. Sp. PI. .57. 1753. Chuetochloa glaiicn Scribn. IT. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Bull. 4: 39. 1897; Davy in Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 33. 1901; .Abrams, Fl. Los Ang. 25. 1904. 2. S. viridis Beauv. Annual; culms 1 to 2 feet high; blades flat, not twisted; panicle ol>long-ovate, 1 to 2 inches long; bristles 1 to 3, slender, 3 to () lines long, green or purple; spikelets 1 line long; fruit faintly wrinkled. Introduced from Eiu\)pe; a common weed in the Eastern vStates, rare in California (Rialto, Parish 2112. the only specimen seen). Refs. — Setaria viridi.s Beauv. Ess. .\grost. "51. 1812. Panicum viride L. Syst. Nat. ed. 10. 2: 870. 1759. ChaetocMoa viridis Scribn. U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Bull. 4: 39. 1897. 3 S. gracilis IT.B.K, Perennial; culms erect, 3 to 4 feet high; blades I'liingMtcd. narr(i\v, 1 to 2 lines wide, flat or folded; panicle slender, linear. 3 to 4 inches long, about 11^4 lines thick; bristles 5 to 8. twice as long as spike- let. pale or tawn.v ; spikelets 1 line long; fruit undulate-rugose. Fresno. GriffHJix 4717; Riverside. Rccfl 1186; east to Florida and south into ^lexico. Refs. — Set.\ria gracilis H. B. K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 1: 109. ISlfi. Cliactnrhloa fimcilis Scribn. & Merr. U. S. Dept. Agr. Div, Agrost. Bnll. 21: 15. 1900. S. 7MBERBIS Roem. & Scliult. (Chaetochloa imhrrhif: Scribn.) is reported from lios Angeles. Santa .\na. and San Bernardino liy Abrams (Fl. Los Ang. 25. 1004). [ PENXisETr.M vii.i.osuir R. Br. A perennial with culms 1 to 2 feet high, \illous below the panicle, and dense soft feathery terminal spikes, I to 3 inclics long; spikelets surrounded by an involucre of several slender plumose bristles about an inch long, the cluster falling from the axis entire. — A native of Abyssinia, cultivated for ornament and occasionall.v escaped from gardens. Santa Barliara Co., Easfirnod in 1008. Chnsf r)60n. Leersia orvzoides Swartz. Prodr. 21. 1788; Thui'b. iu Wats. Bot. Cal. 2: 2fi2. ISSO I'hnlnrix ori/zoidcs L. Sji. I'l. .'')."). 17.'i3. Ifomalocpnchruf! oryzoidcs Poll. Tlist. PL Palat. 1 : 52. 177(i. Cach<' Creek. Lake Co.. Bnlandrr (no. 2418 in the Gray Herbarium i. "introduced." San i>ernai-(lino. I'arixh in 1885, "probably intrndnccil. "' 96 GKAMINEAE Tribe IV. PHALARIDEAE. 10. PHALARIS L. Spikelets with 1 perfect flower, laterally tiatteued. Glumes equal, boat- shaped, exceeding the florets. Sterile lemmas 2, small and narrow, appearing like hairy scales attached to the fertile floret. Fertile lemma indurated and shining in fruit, enclosing a faintly 2-nerved palea. Annuals or perennials, with flat blades and dense spike-like panicles. — Species about 10, mostly natives of southern Europe. (An ancient Greek name for a grass.) Spikelets in groups of 7, 1 fertile surrounded by fi sterile 1. i'. parailoxa. Spikelets single, all alike. Plants perennial. Rhizomes absent; paniele dense, ovate or oblong 2. P. calif ornica. Rhizomes present ; panicle spreading during anthesis 3. P. arundinacea. Plants annual. Glumes broadly winged; paniele ovate or short-oblong. Sterile lemma solitary; fertile lemma llo lines long 4. P. minor. Sterile lemmas in pairs; fertile lemma 2 to 3 lines long. Sterile lemma % line long o. P. hrachystachys. Sterile lemma i^ as long as fertile 6. P. canarieiisis. Glumes wingless or nearly so; panicles oblong or linear, dense. Glumes acuminate; fertile lemma turgid, the acuminate apex smooth. . . .7. P. lemmoni. Glumes acute; fertile lemma less turgid, villous to the acute apex. Paniele 1 to 2 inches long; sterile lemmas % as long as fertile. . . . S. P. caroliniana. Panicle 2 to 5 inches long; sterile lemma % as long as fertile 9. P. angusta. 1. P. paradoxa L. Annual; culms cespitose, more or less spreading at base, 1 to 2 feet high ; panicle dense, oblong, narrowed at base, 1 to 2 inches long, often enclosed at base in the uppermost enlarged sheath ; spikelets finally fall- ing from the axis in groups of 7, the central fertile, nearly sessile, the others sterile, .sleyder-pediceled ; glumes of sterile spikelets narrow, with faint lateral nerves, the keel prominently winged above, the wing extending into a more or less well-marked tooth, the apex of the glume narrowed into an acuminate point or awn. the glumes of the 4 outer sterile spikelets in the lower part of the panicle more or less deformed; glumes of fertile central spikelet lanceolate, 3 to 4 lines long including awn, the lateral nerves prominent, the wing on the keel more tooth-like, the apex of the glume narrowed into an awn aliout 1 line long; fertile lemma smooth and sliining, Vj. lines long, the sterile lemmas obsolete. Occasional in grain fields; a native of the Old World, introduced on the Pacific Coast: Richmond, Congdon. Var. praemorsa Coss. & Dur. Sterile spikelets short-pediceled. the 4 outer much rednrcd, the apex deformed or variousl.v incurved; fertile spikelet some- what indurated, several-nerved at base, acuminate, the wing fin-like in appear- ance. — Introduced from Etirope. Apparently the commoner form in Califor- nia : Princeton, Berkeley Hills, Davy; San Diego, Brandegee. Kef s.— Ph.\l.«is P-lRADOX."^ L. Sp. PI. ed. 2. 2 : 16(5.5. 1763 ; Davy in Jepsou. Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 35. 1901, the description applies to the variety. Var. praemorsa Coss. & Dur. Expl. Alg. 2: 24. 1854. P. pnirmnrsa Lam. Fl. Fram;. 3: 566. 1778. 2. P. californica II. & A. Perennial ; culms erect or somewhat geniculate at base; blades flat, rather lax. 3 to 6 lines wide; panicle ovoid or ol)long, 1 to 2 inches long, % to 1 inch thick, often purplish tinged ; glumes about 3 to 3% lines long, narrow, graduall.v narrowed from below the middle to an acute apex, smootli or slightly' scabrous on the keel, the lateral nerves somewhat (iKASS FAMILY 97 nearer the margin than the keel; fertile leinina ovate-iaiieeolate, about 2 lines lonir, rather sparsely villous, often exposing the palea. the sterile lemmas about i/o as long. Ravines and open ground, ("oast Ranges from llendorino Co. to San Luis Obispo Co. Locs. — irendoeiuo, McMurpJni 4r>6; Sherwood, Hitchcock 2707; Ft. Bragg, Davy .f Bla.ulalc ()165; Sail Rafael, Blankin.thip 58; San Francisco, Bolander 1.')L'9; Los Gates, HcUcr 8568; Monterey, Bolander 665; Pacific Crovc, Bcllcr 6677; Nipoma. Brewer 418. Kefs. — I'liALARis c.\i.iFORN'K'.\ H. & A. Bot. Beecli. 161. 1841, type from San Francisco or Monterey. P. amethystina [Trin. misapplied by] Tliurb. in Wats. Bot. Cal. 2: 265. 1880; Davy in Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 36. 1901. Dr. Stapf, who has examined the type specimen of 1'. calif ornica at Kew, informs me that it is the species that has been called Phalaris amethys- tina by California botanists, but which he considers distinct from that species, the type of wliich is from Chile. I have examined tlie type specimen of P. amethystina in the Trinius Herbarium and agree with Dr. Stapf tliat it does not belong to tlie same species as our Cali- fornia plant. The glumes are shorter and scabrous. (F. ameihysUna Trin. Mem. Acad. St. Pctersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 1: 56. 1835, tlie ty|ie specimen from Loona Rancagua, Chile, Birlcro, no. 354.) 3. P. arundinacea L. Pei-ennial, with creeping rliizomes; culms erect, 2 to 5 feet high; paniele .'? to 7 inches long, narrow, the branches spreading during anthesis. the lower as much as 2 inches long; glumes narrow, 2 lines long, ahiui)tly narrowed to an acute apex, the keel scabrous, not winged, the lateral nerves about midway between margin and keel ; fertile lemma lanceolate. 1^/4 lines long, shining, sparsely villous; sterile lemmas vilhnis, '/o line long. Swamps and moist places, occasional in mirthern and central California; com- mon throughinit X\\c nortliern parts of North America. Eui'ope and Asia. A form with variegated leaves is cultivated under the name of Ribbon-grass. Ager, Brandegee 25; Warner Mts., Gri/Jifhx d: Hunter 407; Bouldin Island, Comjdon. Refs.— Phalaris arundixacea L. Sp. PI. 55. 175:!; Thurli. in Wats. Bot. Cal. 2; 265. 1880; Davy in Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 36. 1901. 4. P. minor Retz. Armual ; culms erect. 1 to 3 feet high ; panicle ovate- oblong til oblong, 1/^ to 2 inches long; glumes oblong, 2 to 3 lines long, strongly winged on the keel as in P. cajiariensis, the green stripe less conspicuous, the wing scabrous on margin and more or less toothed; fertile lemma ovate, acute, villous but less so than P. canariensis, about li/o lines long, the sterile lemma solitary, about Vi; line long. Near the coast from Nornian {Davy 4265) and Vacavillc {Jcjjsdh 4248) to San Bernardino (I'arisli 47.")lh ;nid San Diego (Orcuit 523). A native of the Mediterranean region, iiat nr.-dizcd im tlic Pacific Coast, occasional in the Eastern States. Refs.— Phalaris minor Ret/.. Obs. Hot. 3: 8. 1783; Davy in .lepsoii, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 34. 1901; .\brams, Fl. Los Ang. 27. 1904. 5. P. brachystachys Link. Annual; culms 1 to 2 feet high; panicle ovate, about an inch long; glumes about 3 lines long, similar to those of P. canari- ensis; fertile lemma 2 to 21/^ lines long, densely short-villous; sterile lemmas short, brown, ovate, eipial, about ' •. line long. A native of tlie Mediterranean region, introduced rarely in .\mci-ica. Nelson. Butte Co., Heller 544(i. tl nly specimen seen from California. Differs from P, canariensis chiefly in the short sterile lemmas. Ref.— Phalaris brachystachys Link, Neu. .Tour. Bot. (Schrail.) F: 134. 1806. 6. P. canariensis Tj. Canary-grass. Annual; culms erect. 1 to 3 feet high ; panicle ovate to olilong-ovate, i{> to IVi: inches long, pale with green markings; 98 GRAMINEAE glumes 31/2 to 4 lines long, oblong but widened above, smooth or sparsely vil- lous, the keel prominently winged above, the wing entire or somewhat sinuous, the keel on each side at base of the white wing marked by a green stripe, the lateral nerves approaching the margin ; fertile lemma elliptical, acute, densely short-villous, 2'/2 to 3 lines long; sterile lemmas about V2 as long as fertile. A native of the Mediterranean region, introduced occasionally in America. Rare in California: Yreka, Butler 488; Pasadena, Grant 2648. Refg.— Phalaris canariensis L. Sp. PI. 54. 1753; Thurb. in Wats. Bot. Cal. 2: 264. 1880; Davy in Jep.son, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 34. 1901. 7. p. lemmoni Vasey. Annual ; culms erect, 1 to 3 feet high ; panicle dense, 2 to 4 inches long; glumes about 21 o lines long, narrow, acuminate, the lateral nerves about midway between margin and keel ; fertile lemma ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, dark-colored at maturity, villous except the acuminate tip. 1% lines long; sterile lemmas less than % as long. Central and southern California, mostly near the coast. Locs. — Nelson, Heller 5447; Chinese Camp. Bioletti 5; Newark, Davy 1093; Oakland, Bolander 1530 in part; Saratoga, Pendleton 1500; Santa Cruz, Anderson; Tulare Lake, Davy 3123; Los Angeles, Grant 3839; Inglewood. Jhramt: 3234; San Diego, Baker 3425; Santa Catalina Island, Trask. Refs. — Phalakis lemmoni Yasey, Contr. Nat. Herb. 3 : 42. 1892, type from Santa Cruz, "Lemmmi 403 ; U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Bot. Bull. 13' : pi. 5. 1892 ; Davy in Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 35. 1901; Abrams, Fl. Los Ang. 27. 1904. 8. P. caroliniana Walt. Annual ; culms erect, 1 to 2 feet high ; panicle oblong, 1 to 2 inches lony'; glumes 2i.j to 3 lines long, oblong, rather abruptly narrowed to an acute apex, the keel scabrous and narrowly winged above from below the middle, the lateral nerves about midway between keel and margin; fertile lemma ovate, acute, densely villous, about 2 lines long, the close- appressed sterile lemmas about I/3 as long. A native of the Southeastern States. Apparently introduced in California where it is rare: Comptche. McMurphii 478; Ojai Valley, TIuhbySd-A. 51; San Clemente. Santa Catalina and San Nicholas islands, Trask. Refs. — Phalaris carolixiaxa Walt. Fl. Carol. 74. 1788 ; Davy in Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 34. 1901. 9. P. angusta Nees. Annual; 3 to 5 feet high, smooth; blades flat, 3 to 4 lines wide; panicle dense, linear-olilong. 2 to 5 inches long, about 4 lines thick; glumes about 2 lines long, narrow, rounded at apex to a mucronate tip, scabrous on keel, nerves, and more or less on the back, especially near the apex, lateral nerves near the margin ; fertile lemma ovate-lanceolate, acute, villous, li/> lines long; sterile lemmas al>out lo as long. California to Louisiana. Locs. — Oakland, Bolander 1530 in part; San Francisco, Bolander 22S7; Santa Cruz, An- derson: Mt. Brewer, Brewer 2801; Visalia. Corille tV' Funston 1282; San Luis Obispo, Lemmon 4669; San Bernardino, Parish 2165, 4729; Fallbrook, Abrams 3344. Refs. — Phalaris angusta Nees, Agrost. Bras. 391. 1829. P. intermedia Bosc var. angusta Chapm. Fl. South. U. S. 568. 1868; Thurb. in Wats. Bot. Cal. 2: 265. 1880. 11. ANTHOXANTHUM L. Spikelets with 1 perfect flower. Glumes unequal. Sterile lemmas 2, 2-lobed, dorsally awned, longer tlian the fertile floret and falling with it. Fertile lemma truncate, awnless, enclosing a faintly 1-nerved palea. Aromatic grasses with narrow spike-like panicles. — Species 4. European. (Greek anthos, flower, and xanthos, yellow.) 1. A. odoratum L. Perennial ; culms slender, erect, 8 inches to 2 feet high ; • GRASS FAMILY 99 panicle li/-; to 3 inches long, pointed; spikelets brownish green, 4 to 5 lines long; glumes sparsely pilose; first sterile lemma short-awned below the apex, the second bearing a strong bent, scarcely exserted awn near its base. A native of northern Europe and Asia. Occasionally, cultivated in the U. S. as a meadow grass, escaped or introduced in the cooler and moister regions. Crescent City, Davy & Blasdale 5954 ; Hiunboldt Bay, Chandler 1106. Refs.— Anthoxanthum odoratum L. Sp. Fl. 28. 17-53; Tliurb. in Wats. Bot. Cal. 2: 266. J 880; Davy in Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. ^6. 1!)01. 12. HIEROCHLOii R. Br. Spikelets with 1 perfect and 2 staminate flowers. Glumes about as long as spikelet, boat-shaped, shining. Sterile lemmas nearly as long as glumes, boat- shaped, indurated, hairy, often awned, each enclosing a 2-nerved hyaline palea and 3 stamens. Fertile lemma similar but smaller, enclosing a 1-nerved palea and a perfect flower with 2 stamens. Fragrant perennials with flat blades and terminal panicles. — Species about 13, temperate and arctic regions of both hemispheres. (Greek heros. sacred, and chloe, grass.) 1. H. macrophylla Thurb. Culms few, erect, 2 to 3 feet high; sheaths sca- brous ; blades crowded toward base, flat, rather stiffly upright, scabrous above, glaucous beneath, acuminate-pointed, 3 to 7 lines wide; panicle somewhat open, 3 to 5 inches long, the lower branches spreading or drooping. 1 to 2 inches long; ghimes 2 lines long. Redwood belt from Monterey northward into Oregon. Locs. — Hydesville, BlaniinsMi> 22; Hubbard Sta., Davy 4' Blasdale 5400; Harris, Davy 4- Blaidale 5361; Duncan's Mills, Davy 1637; Marin Co., Jepson, Davy 691; San Mateo Co., Buttei 306, Baler 247; Wrights, Elmer 4742; Santa Cruz, Anderson; Santa Lucia Mta., Plaskett 20. Refs. — HiEROCHLOE MACROPHYLLA Thurb. ; Boland. Trans. Cal. Agr. See. 1864-65: 132. 1866, "Redwoods of the Coast Range, especially in Marin County," type Bolander 6070; Thurb. in Wats. Bot. Cal. 2: 265. 1880; Daxy in Jepson. Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 37. 1901. Savastana macrophylla Beal, Grasses N. Am. 2: 187. 1896. Hieroehloe borealis [Roem. & Schult, mis- applieil ijy] Torr. U. S. Rep. Expl. Miss. Pacif. 4: 154. 1857. Tribe V. AGROSTIDEAE. 13. ARISTIDAL. Spikelets 1-flowered, in narrow or open panicles. Glumes narrow, acute, acuminate or short-awned. Lemma with a hard obconical pubescent callus, somewhat indurated, convolute, including the thin palea, terminating in a usually trifid awn. Tufted annuals or perennials with narrow blades. — Species about 100, in the warmer regions of the world. (Latin arista, an awn.) Plants annual. Awns about 5 lines long; panicle closely many-flowered 1. A. bromoides. Awns 1 to 2 inches long; panicle loosely few-flowered 2. A. oligantha. Plants perennial. Glumes about equal. Neck of fruit twisted, exserted from glumes 3. A. palmeri. Neck of fruit straight, not exserted from glumes. Branches of panicle. horizontally spreading 4. A. divarirata. Branches of panicle ascending or appressed 5. A. parishii. Glumes strongly unequal, the first much shorter than the second. Neck of fruit jointed 6. A. ealif arnica. Neck of fruit not jointed. Fruit scabrous 7. A. purpurea. Fruit smooth. Panicle many-flowered, narrow, strict 8. A. reverchoni. Panicle few-flowered, loose 9. A. fendleriana. 10(1 (IRAMINEAE 1. A. bronioides 11. U.K. Annual; culms iinK-h-briUiclicd ;il tlic hiisc. 4 to 1'-' inrlu's liniii'. criM-t or often spreading or jirostrate; blades 1 to '_' iiu'lu's long, narrow, usually involute: panicle uari'ow. rather dense. 2 1o :;! inches long, the branches short, fascicled: irlunies unequal, smooth excei^t the keel oC the lirst. 1-nerved. the first 2^-, to :! lines long, acutisli. the second 'A\U to I lines long, obtuse or slightly nnicronate: lemma 4 to ."> lint^s long, smooth exi'cpt upper portion of keel, the c-allus w\\h a dense tul'l of short hairs, the aiiex scarcely narrowed; awns iMpial. linally spi-cading, about o lines long, or the lateral .sometimes shorter. Open grouinl. southern Caliroi-nia to New J\Texico anenslon as to the idiiility of A. amcrirdiiii li., •whicli is Boiitrloua amrrirciiia (L.) Si-iilm. :uid md .1. iIi.^[>iimi 'I'riii. \- Unpr.) ; .Miranis l''l. Los Ang. 28. 1904. 2. A. oligantha .Mii-h\. .\iiinial; cnlnis erect, bc'inclu'd .-it base .-ind all the nodes. 1 to '_' fei't high, often woolly at the \vy\ base; blades .'i line wide or less, usually in\olutc. as nuich as (> inches long. s))aringly ]iilose at base, the propliyllum often eonspienous at basi- of branches ;. iianicles narrow, loosely few-llowered. bearing a fe«- scattered lai"ge appresscd sliorl pediceled spike- lets; glumes about 1 ineh long, slightly \ine(pial. long-aw m-cl from a biliil .ipex, the first strongly 7-ner\cil; lemma a little shoi-tci- than the irlimies, the gi'adu- ally narrowed neck s<-ali<'i-nlous. the ivdlns r.itlier iiinnilel\ imbescent ; awns about ei|ual. widely spreading, 2 to 3 incln's long. A native of tiie Southeastern States, probably introduced in ( 'ali foi'nia. ('hico, ('(ipi hiiiil 'A-iSX : Mokelnnnie i-cjion. S.aci'.-inicnl o \'allcy. Fiiiclir: Mended Kails. K('I.s< IJ. Eef.— Akistiua oi.ii;.\.\Tii.\ .Miidix. Kl. P.or. Ami. 1: II. 1S03. 3. A. palmeri Vasey. Perennial: culms cespitose, erect, 1 to 2 feet high; blailes involute. 2 to 4 inches long, a pilose ring at base extending around the collai'; pani(de about ' ._. the entire length of the culm, loose; bi-anehcs mostly in pairs, stihl\' as<'ending or spreading, spikchd -bearing tctwaril the (extremi- ties; glumes acuminate, ncai'ly e(|nal. about o lines lonff. scabrous on tiie keel and t he first also on the obscure latei'al pair of nerves ; lemma o 1o (i lines long, smooth except the (b'lisely i)iU)escen1 callus, gi-adually narrowed above into a twisted neck; awns uncipial, the central spreading, about 4 linos long, the lateral erect, 1 to 2 lines long. San Diego Co, (Hanson's ]\It., Orcull)-. .\ri/.ona and noilliei-n .Mexico, Refs, — Aristida pai.meri Vasey, Hull. Torr. Club 10: 42. 1883. A. Ummoni SiTilm. in Britt. & Koarn. Trans. N. Y. Aoad. Sci, 14: 23, 1894, 4. A, divaricata Ii\imb & lionpl. Perenni:d ; enlnis cespitose, erect. 1 to 2 feet high; blades involute, as much as 6 inches long; paiiiclo usually more than VL' ^'"' length of tlii' entire plant; branches di.stant, mostly in fjairs, divaricately spreading, sj)ikelet-l)earing toward the ends; gluim^s lunirly e(pial, 5 to ti lines long, 1-nerved, short-awned, the first scabrous on the keel; lemma about ;") lini's long, scabrous toward the scarcely narrowed a|)ex; awns about equal, b to 1(1 lines long, somewhat spreading. Southern (';ilifornia to Texas and south on tin- .Mi-\ie;iii iilateau. GRASS FAMILY KH Logs. — Bakersfield, Vary 1895; Los Angeles, llassc ; Pasadena, Jones 3216; Pcilley Sta., Eecd 112S; San Jacinto, Eassc ; San Diego, Orcutt. Bet".— AiusTiDA DiVAlurATA llumb. & Bonpl.; Willd. Enum. PI. 1: 99. 1S09. 5. A. parishii Ilitchc. n. sp. Perennial: eulms tufted. 1 to 2 feet high, sniool li : sheaths smooth, eiliate at the throat ; bhules aseeuding, firm, fiat or more or less involute, scabrous on the upper surface, smooth below or sca- brous toward the tip, i^ to 1 line wide, 6 to 12 inches long; panicle naiTow, about (5 inches long, the branches rather stout, ascending or appressed, the lower 1 to 2 inches long; glumes somewhat luienual, short-awued, smooth or seabrou.s on the keel. 1-nerved or the first 3-nerved, the second a little longer, C) lines long; lemma a little shorter than the second glume, very scabrous on the upper half, the neck rather stout, not twisted, the awns ascending, tlie central about 10 lines long, the lateral a little shorter. — (Perennis, caespitosa. 1-2 ped. alta, glabra ; vagina ore ciliata ; laminae firmae planae vel plus minus involutae, supra scabrae, I/2-I lin. latae, 6-12 poll, lougae; panieula angusta. circa 6 poll, longa, ramis ascendentibus: glumae sid)aefpiales, breviter aristatae. 1-nerviae vel prima 3-nervia ; lemma glumis brevius. parte siiperiore .scaberri- minn. aristis ascendentibus. intermedia circa 10 lin, longa. quam ceteris breviore.) Type in the II. S. National Herbarium, collected by S. B. & W. F. Parish at Agiia Caliente. Colorado Desert. xVpr., 1882 (no. 102!)a). Other specimcMis referred to this species are: San Diego, Clevelaiid : Oohnila Creek. San Jacinto For. Res., Leiberg 3188; Jurupa Hills, M'ilder 10471/^. Differs from A. divari- cata chiefly in the shape of the panicle, the branches being short and appressed instead of long and divaricate. (). A. californica Thurb. Perennial; culms cespitosc nuich-branehed at i>ase, 6 inches to 1 foot high; blades short, involute, sharp-pointed, i/o to V,-, inches long ; panicles numerous, loose, 1 to 2 inches long, the few branches few- flow(>red : gliunes smooth or tlie first slightly scabrous near apex, 1-nerved. awnless, une(|ual, the fir.st -t lines long, the second about twice as long; lennna 3 lines long, smooth, except the short-pubescent callus, nearly 1 line long, the narrowed apex articulated M-ith the slender, spirally twisted, 9 lines long neck of the awns; awns equal, spreading, about 1 iiudi long. Deserts of southern California, Arizona and norlborn ^Texii'o. The Needles, Jo)ir.s flat or involute, 2 to 5 inches long; panicles 4 to 6 inches long, rather loose; branches and j)edicels slender, more or less rcvnn-ved ; ghnnes unequal, smooth, ■short-awned, 1-nerved, the first 3 lines long, the second about twice as long; lemma about 6 lines long, purple, strongly scabrous in lines, the apex some- what narrowed, flattened and sliglifl>- twisti^l: ;i\viis equal, atiout l^'i inches long. Plains and deserts, southern California to Texas and northern Mexico. Locs. — San Bernardino, Parish 212:5, 3668; Mcntone, Leiberg 3295; Jurupa Hills, IVilder 1047; The Needles, Jones 64a: Riverside, Seed 1129; San .Tacinto, Parish Bros. 1549; Fall- brook, Parish 2242. Eefs. — Akistida purpurea Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 5 : 145. 1837. A. aequiramea 102 GRAMIXEAE Scheele, Linnaea 22: 343. 1S49. A. Jilipenilula Buckl. Proc. Acad. Phila. 1862: 93. 1862. A. purpurea Nutt. var. californica Vasey, Contr. Nat. Herb. 3: 47. 1892, type Lemmon .5474, Capay Valley, Yolo Co., but locality out of range and may be an error. A. fasciculaia Torr. var. californica Vasey; Beal, Grasses N. Am. 2: 207. 1896. A.' purpurea Nutt. var. aequiramea Merr. U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Circ. 34: 7. 1901; Abrams, Fl. Los Ang. 29. 1904. 8. A. reverchoni Vasey. Perennial ; culms densely cespitose, erect, 1 to 2 feet high; blades involute, more or less flexuous, as much as 6 inches long; panicle narrow, 4 to 6 inches long; branches short, appressed; glumes unequal, awnless, smootli, or the first scabrous on the upper part of keel, the first about 3 lines long, the second about 5 lines long; lemma 5 to 6 lines long, smooth except the minutely pubescent callus, narrowed above but not twisted; awns equal, about 10 lines long. Deserts and plains, southern California (Newberry, Chase 5788) to Texas. Eef.— Aristid.\ reverchoni Vasey, Bull. Torr. Club 13: 52. 1886. 9. A. fendleriana Steud. Perennial ; culms densely cespitose, erect, usually less than 1 foot high, blades crowded at base of culms forming a curly tuft, involute, arcuate, sharp-pointed, pilose at base, usually 1 to 2 inches long, but sometimes longer; panicle narrow, 2 to 4 inches long, bearing a few, mostly short-pediceled, loosely arranged, more or less appressed spikelets; glumes unequal, smooth, awnless, 1-nerved, the first about 3 lines long, the second 5 to- 6 lines long; lemma 4 lines long, seaberulous and slightly narrowed above; callus minutely pubescent, Yo line long; avnas equal, about 1 inch long, as-^ eending. Deserts and plains, southern California to Texas. San Bernardino Mts., Parish 3299, 3828. Refs. — Aristida fendleriana Steud. Syn. PI. Glum. 1: 420, 1854. A. purpurea Nutt. var^ fendleriana Vasey, Contr. Nat. Herb. 3: 46. 1892. A. fasciculata Torr. var. fendleriana Soribn. in Britt. & Kearn. Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 14: 23. 1894. A. longiseta Steud. var. fendleriana Merr. U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Circ. 34: 5. 1901. 14. STIPA L. Spikelets 1-flowered, in terminal, open or narrow panicles. Glumes narrow,, acute or bristle-tipped. Lemma with a bearded sharp-pointed callus, pubescent, indurated, convolute, including the small palea. terminating in a simple, usu- ally stout, geniculate twisted awn. Kather coarse tufted perennials with nar- row or involute blades. — Species about 100, throughout the tropical and tem- perate regions of the world, especially on plains and deserts. (Greek stupa, tow, referring to the feathery awns of some of the species.) Awn above second bend about 3% inches long, flexuous 1. S. comata. Awn above second beud not over I'o inches long, usually much sliorter. Awn plumose. Awn with one bend, very plumose below bend 2. S. speciosa. Awn with two bends, plumose to second bend. Ligule 1% to 3 lines long 3. S. thurheriana.. Ligule very short. Sheaths glabrous 4. S. occidentalis. Sheaths pubescent 5. S. elmeri. Awn only scabrous or puberuleut. Lemma clothed with copious long hairs 2 lines long. Awn with two bends; plants 3 feet or more high 6. S. coronata. Awn usually with one bend; plants 1 to 1^4 feet high 7. S. parishii. Lemma more or less hairy, the hairs not over ij line long. Panicles loose, the branches spreading. Terminal segment of awn about 1^^ inches long 8. S. setigera. Terminal segment of awn about % inch long 9. S. emincns.. GRASS FAMILY 103 Panicles narrow, the branches erect. Sheaths hairy at the throat. Glumes 7 to 8 lines long 10. S. stillmanii. Glumes 5 lines long or less. Glumes thin and papery, obscurely nerved; panicle slender. . .11. S. calif ornica. Glumes firm, the first plainly 5 to 7-nerved; panicle rather stout. . .12. S. vaseyi. Sheaths not hairy at the throat. Glumes 6 lines long, broad 13. iS. lemmoni. Glumes 3 to 4 lines long. Leaves mostly basal; blades capillary-involute 14. S. lettermani. Leaves scattered; blades flat or involute; culms stouter 15. S. minor. 1. S. comata Trill. & Rupr. Culms 2 to 4 feet high, smooth; sheaths smooth ; ligule 2 to 3 lines long; blades becoming involute, elongated; panicle loose, open, 6 to 10 inches long ; branches slender, ascending, or, in anthesis, spread- ing, the lower 3 to 4 inches long, bearing usually 2 spikelets toward the extremi- ties; glumes nearly an inch long, gradually narrowed into an awn, smooth, 5-nerved, thin, papery; lemma 5 to 6 lines long, rather sparsely appressed- villous; callus li/^ lines long; awn very long, the first section % to II/2 inches long, closely twisted, appressed-villous but becoming nearly smooth, the second like the first but shorter, the third section, as long or longer than the other two, more or less flexuous but not twisted, scabrous, very slender. From Lake Tahoe {Hitchcock 3125) to Argus Mts. {rurpus 5461) ; British Columbia to ]\Iexico, east to Great Plains. Refs.— Stipa comata Trin. & Rupr. Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 5': 75. 1842; Thurb. in Wats. Bot. Oal. 2: 285. 1880. 2. S. speciosa Trin. & Rupr. Culms numerous, cespitose, 1 to 2 feet high; sheaths smooth, or lower pubescent or even felty at the very base, the throat densely short-villous ; ligule short; blades elongated, involute-filiform, mostly basal, more or less deciduous from the outer and older persistent sheaths; panicle narrow, dense, 4 to 6 inches long, not much exceeding the leaves, white or tawny, feathery from the plumose awns; glumes smooth, 7 to 8 lines long, 3-nerved, long-acuminate, papery; lemma 31-2 to 4^/2 lines long, narrow, densely short-pubescent, the callus sharp and smooth below; awn with one sharp bend, the first section ^/^ to % inch long, densely long-pilose on the lower V2 or %, the hairs 3 to 4 lines long, the remaining portion of the awn scabrous, the second section about 1 inch long. Central California to Colorado, south into Mexico ; also Chile, the type locality. Especially characteristic of the Colorado and Mohave deserts and the deserts north to :\roiio Lake {Bolaiidcr 6117) ; also occurs at Adobe Valley, Stanislaus Co., Elmer 4349, and San Luis Obispo, Lemmon 5470. Refs. — Stipa speciosa Trin. & Rupr. Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 5': 45. 1842; Thurb. in Wats. Bot. Cal. 2: 284. 1880; Abrams, Fl. Los Ang. 31. 1904. S. chrysophylla Dcsv. in Gay. Fl. Chil. 6: 278. pi. 76. f. 2. 1853; Thurb. in Wats. Bot. Cal. 2: 285. 1880. 3. S. thurberiana Piper. Culms 6 inches to ly^ feet high ; sheaths smooth or somewhat scabrous, mostly basal; ligide long, about iv. to 2 lines long, acute; blades involute, scalirous: panicle 2 to 4 inches long, often subtended by an enlarged sheath ; glumes about 6 lines long, acuminate, 3-nerved; lemma 31/2 lines long, appressed-pilose, the callus acute; awn about II/2 inches long, indistinctly twice-geniculate, short-pilose to the second bend. In the mountains, central California to "Washington. Locs.— Yrcka, Butler 1271; Modoc Nat. For., i/af/o/i / Sierra Nevada. Lemmo7i; S Cal G. R. Tascy in 1880. 104 (iUAMINKAK Rcfs. — Stipa TiiLiiti'.KKiAXA Piper, U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Cire. 27: 10. 1900. S. Occident alin [ Thur)). iiiisappliea iu] Wilkes, U. S. Exj)!. lOxped. 17: 483. 1874; Tliurb. in Wats. Bot. (lal. 2:'28.'5. ISSO. 4. S. occidentalis Thui-b. Culms slender, eespitose, 1 to 2 feet high ; sheaths smooth; lij^ule [-^ line long; blades narrow, involute; pauiele iiaiTow, 4 to ti inches long; glumes 4 to 5 lines long, acuminate, 3-nerved, smooth; lemma 3 lines long, long-pilose, the callus sharp; awn about 1 inch long, twice-geuicu- late, piloses to the second bend or throughout, the tirst section 3 to 4 lines long. Sierra Nevada, frimi Alt. Shasta {Ilitchfock 2938), southward, also in southei-n Coast Ranges (Ml. Wilson, Ahranis 2ay8) ; north to AVashington and east to Wyoming. ■|{efs.— Stu'A ()orir)E.\TAi,is Tluirl).; Wats. U. S. Oeol. E.\plor. 40tli Par. 5: 380. 1871. jS. stricta Vascy, Bull. Torr. Club 10: 42. lS8;i. Viir. sparsiflora Vasey, Contr. Nat. Herb. ;! : .jl. 1892, type liolaiidir 5038 (from Yosemifc Park). S. occitlentaUs Thurb. var. montana Merr. & Davy, TIniv. Cal. Publ. Bot. 1 : 62. 1902, type [inlander .5038. S. orcf)onensis Scribn. IT. .S. Dept. A'^r. Div. Agrost. Bull. 17: 130. f. 420. 1H99. .''). S, elmeri Piper & Brodic. Culms 2 to 3 feet liigli. more or less pnberu- lent, especially at tlie nodes; sheaths pubescent; ligule very sliiui ; blades flat oi- becoming involute, jxibesccnt on the upjicr surface, oi- lliosc nf the innova- tions also on the lower surface; i)anii-h' naiTii\\-. fl to 1"( iucln^s long, leather loose; glumes 3-nerve(l, gradually acuminate, thin, papery, 6 to 7 lines long, the first a little the longer; lemma about 3'., lines long, appr(>ssed-pubesceut. th(! callus 1/2 liiie long, glabrous at the point; awn distinctly twice-geniculate, first sect,ioii 4 to 5 lines long, s(>coud section somewliat slmrler, buth plumose, third section about 8 to 10 lines long, scabrous. in the mountains, southern California to Washington. IjOcs. — Shasta Nat. For., Sainp.soii 171; Upton, (.'otit/doii; Long V'alley, Lasseu Co., Davy; Yosomite Nat. Park, Hitchcock 3247, 3336; Mt. Tallae, IHlchcoch 3124; Mill Creek Falls, San Bernardino Co., I'arixlt 2491; San Jacinto Mts., Hall 2.'337. llefs.— Stu'A elmeri Piper & Brodie, U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agro.st. Bull. 11: 40. 1898. .S'. viridula Trin. var. puhcsccns Vascy, Contr. Nat. Herb. 3: 50. 1892. (). S. coronata Thurb. Culms stout, 4 to 6 feet high, as much as '4 iiieii thiclc at base, snu)oth or pubescent below the nodes; sheaths smooth, tiie margin and thi-oat villous; ligule al)out 1 line long, ciliate-margined; blades very long. flat, with a slender involute point; x>anicle narrow, dense, stout, purplish, 1 to 11/^. feet long; glumes gradually acuminate, 3-nerved, smooth except the sca- l)r()us keel of the first, unequal, the first about 10 lines long, the second 1 to 2 lines shorter; lemma about 4 lines long, densely villous with long appressed hairs; awn twice-geniculate, first section about 5 lines long, twisted, scabrous but not villous, second section similar but sliortcr, third section about as long as the other two, straight. Coast Ranges, ATonterey ('o. southward, extending into Lower (Jalil'ornia. lyocs. — Cone Peak, Monterey (To., Vary 7716; Pico Blaueo, Vary 7345; Tassajara Hoi Springs, Elmer 3302; San Bernardino Co., I'liri.sli 3665; Los .\ngelcs Co., Abrams 623, 1305, l.ciberg 3336; Riverside Co., liaker 5282, Hall 2078; San Diego Co., Abrams 3360, Orcutt 1068. Ijofs.— Stipa coronata Thurb. in Wats. Bot. Cal. 2: 287. 1880; Abrams, PI. Los Ang. 30. 1904. 7. S. parishii Vasey. Culms stout, 1 to 2 feet high ; slu'atiis smootli, villous at the throat; ligule siiort, ciliate; blades firm, flat, with a slender involute point, very scabrous above, about 2 lines wide; panicle (> to 8 inches long, narrow, dense, i)urple-tinged ; glumes smooth, 3-nerved, long-acuminate, un- equal, tlie first 7 lines long, the scH-ond a line shorter; lemma 3t{. lines long. GKASS FAMILV 105 densely loiig-villous. especially above; awn al)i)ut- an iin-h long, once-genioulate, twisted liclow. slraiglit above, uearly smooth. Soutliern Calii'oi'iiia, and western Nevada,. Locs.— San Beriuinlino Mts., Hall 7580, rari.sh Bros. 1079, 1079a, Parish 2487, 3287, Wilder 1127; San Jacinto Mts., Hall 2309; Jamacha Hot Springs, Ahrams 3637. Refs. — Stipa PAKisiui Yasey, Bot. Gaz. 7: 33. 1882, type Parish Bros. 1079; Abranis, Fl. Los Ang. 30. 1904. 8. S. setigera IVesl. Culms 2 to 3 feet liigli : hlailcs long and narrow. Hat or involute; ligule about Vi; line long; paniele al)out (i in(du,'s long, loose, the branehes spreading, slender, some of the lower 1 to 2 ineluss long; glumes nar- row, long-acuminate, purplish, 3-nerv(!d, unequal, the first about 10 lines long, the seeoiul 1 or 2 lines shorter; lemma 4 lines long, sparingly pilose, the callus sharp; awn 2 to 'i inelies long, short-pubescent to the second bend, the first section !/> to -^ inch long, the second shorter, the third slciuh'r and flexuoiis. ^Mostly in the ("oast Ranges, Walker Valley {Davtj & Jila.sdale 5041) to San Diego {Baker 833) and Santa Barbara Islands (Ti-ask). eastward to Susanville (Brandcgcc). Amador Co. {nanscn KifiS), Northfork (Griffiths 4601), and Win- chester {Hall 2!)21) ; east to Texas and south into Mexico. Historic specimens re- ferred here are: Bolandcr 4802, Biyclow (Whipple Expl.), Brewer 12G2, Ilarlweg 2028, Kellogg & Ilarfurd 1096, Lcmmon 5452, 5455. 5472, Parish Bros. 1550, 1554, Parish 2038, Torrey 759. Kefs.— Stipa setioera Presl, Kol. Plaonk. 1: 22fi. 1830; Thurl). in Wats. Bot. Gal. 2: 286. 1880; Davy in Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Gal. 38. 1901; Abrams, Fl. Los Ang. 31. 1904. S. neesiana [Trin. & Eiipr. misapplied by] Torr. U. S. Rep. Expl. Miss. Pac'if. 4: 154. 1857. 9. S. eminens Cav. Culms slender, puberuleid below the nodes, 2 to 3 feet high; sheaths smooth, sparingly villous at throat; ligule very short; blades flat, narrow, 1 to 2 lines wide, iiubescent on upper surface near base; panicle rather loose and open, usually 6 to 8 inches long, but sometimes more than 1 foot long, the branches distant, slender; glumes 3-nerved, smooth, umupial, acuminate, the first 3 to 5 lines long, the second about 1 line shorter; lemma about 3 lines long, sparingly villous, nearly glabrous toward the hairy-tid'ted apex; awn indistinctly tAvice-geniculatc, about 1 to iy_, inches long, scabrous but not villous. Coast Ranges from Berkeley Hills (Davg 4235) to San Diego {Orcutt 1065), east to San Berniu-dino {]'arish 2055) ; south into Lower California and east to Texas and Mexico. Var. andersoni Vasey. Differs from S. eminens chiefly in the slender invo- lute blades. This form is, on the average, a snuiller plant, the culms being shorter, the panicles narrower and few-flowered, the spikclets usually smaller. — Confined to California, where the range is about the same as that of S. eminens but extending north to Mt. Shasta {Jepson in 1895). Befs.— Stipa eminens Cav. Icon. PI. 5: 42. pi. 467. f. 1. 1799; Thurb. in Wats. Bot. Cal. 2: 286. 1880; Abrams, Fl. Los Ang. 30. 1904. Var. ander.soni Vasey, Contr. Nat. Herb. 3: 54. 1892, type from Santa Cruz, A7iderson, according to the label on tl^^ type specimen in the National Herbarium (tlie type locality, " Lower California", as published, evidently an error); Davy in Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 38. 1901. S. hassci Vasey, Contr. Nat. Herb. 1: 267. 1893, type from Santa Monica, Uasse, a specimen deformed by smut; Abrams, Fl. Los Ang. 29. 1904. S. I'HiNGLEi Scrihn. ( 'ulms 2 to 3 feet high ; blades flat, firm, smooth, coarsely nerved; ligule 1 line long; panicle open, the branches few-flowered; glumes 5 lines long; lemma nearly as long as glumes, sparingly pdose; awn about % inch long, twice-geniculate, incurved, nearly smooth. — There are two specimens of 106 GRAMINEAE this species collected by Lemmon. one in 1882, marked "California," the other in 1884. no. 394, the locality not given. It is doubtful, however, if this species occurs in California. These specimens are probably from Arizona. 10. S. stillmanii Boland. Culms stout, 2 to 3 feet high; sheaths smooth, puberuleut at the throat and collar; ligule very short; blades scattered, folded or involute, firm, the .uppermost filiform; panicle narrow, dense or interrupted at base, the branches short, fascicled ; glumes equal, papery, minutely sca- brous, acuminate into a scabrous awn-point, 7 to 8 lines long, the first 3-nerved, the second 5-nerved; lemma 4i/^ lines long, short-pilose, the callus short; awn about 1 inch long, once or indistinctly twice-geniculate, scabrous. Only known from the collection of Bolander, -from Blue Caiion, Placer Co. (the type). Three other sheets in the National Herbarium, presumably of the same collection, are labeled from the Sierra Nevada, altitude 4000 feet. Refs.— Stipa stillm.\nii Boland. Proe. Cal. Acad. 4: 169. 1S73; Tlmrb. in Wats. Bot. Cal. 2: 287. 1880. 11. S. calif ornica ilerr. & Davy. Culms 2 to 5 feet high, smooth, or the nodes pubescent; sheaths smooth, villous at the throat; ligule very short; blades flat, becoming involute, especially at the long slender point; panicle narrow, usually 1 to IV2 feet long; branches fascicled, short, appressed, or some of the lower as much as 5 inches long; glumes thin and papery, equal, about 5 lines long, smooth, 3-nerved, the lateral nerves rather indistinct; lemma about 3 lines long, appressed-villous : awn twice-geniculate. the first section 3 to 5 lines long, closely twisted, villous, the second section shorter, 2 to 3 lines long, twisted, villous, the third section 5 to S lines long, straight, scabrous only and lighter in color. Sierra Nevada from Mt. Shasta to Yosemite, and in the San Jacinto Mts. Locs.— Mt. Shasta, Hitchcock 2948; Castle Crag, Hitchcock 3064; Shasta Eetreat, Heller 7936; Conner Lake, Torrey 578; Mt. Tallac, Hitchcock 3121, 3159; Yosemite Nat. Park, Bolander 6109, Hall 4- Bahcock 3336. Refs. — Stip.\ c.\lifoknic.\ Merr. & Davy, Univ. Cal. Puhl. Bot. 1: 61. 1902, tj-pe from the San Jacinto Mts., Hall 2556. This appears to be the species described under S. viridula Trin. by DaN^y in Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 39. 1901, and Abrams, Fl. Los Ang. 31. 1904. 12. S. vaseyi Scribn. Culms 2 to 3 feet high ; sheaths somewhat hairy at the throat; blades elongated, involute; panicle about 1 foot long, dense, the branches and branchlets numerous, many-flowered; glumes narrow, acumi- nate, sccibrous. the first a little longer, rather strongly 5 to 7-nerved, 5 lines long ; iennua about 3 lines long, appressed-pilose, the callus short, pilose ; awn twice- geniculate, about 1 inch long, minutel.y puberulent. Texas to Colorado and Arizona, south into Mexico. There is but one .specimen of this from California (San Nicholas Island, Trask), consisting of a panicle and one leaf, which differs from the type from Texas, in having a longer awn and a more distinctly nerved glume. Kefs. — Stipa VASEYI Scribn. U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Bull. 11: 46. 1898. S. viridula Trin. var. robusta Vasey, Contr. Nat. Herb. 3; 50. 1892. 13. S. lemmoni Scribn. Culms 2 to 3 feet high, sometimes pubescent below the nodes; sheaths smooth; ligule about i-j line long; blades usually flat, pubescent on upper surface ; panicle narrow, the branches 1 to 2 inches long, appressed : glumes nearly equal, rather broad, scarious, acuminate, 3 to 5- nerved, 6 lines long; lemma 31/2 lines long, rather thinly appressed-pilose, the callus short; awn about 1 inch long, twice-geniculate. appressed-pilose to the second bend. GRASS FAiMILY 107 In the Sierra Nevada (Moffat Creek, Siskiyou Co., Buthr 830) to Tehachapi {Chase 5731) and in the Coast Ranges (Red Mt., Humboldt Co.. Bolander 6469) to Mendocino Co. {Davy tf- Blasdah 5287) ; north to Washington. Var. jonesii Seribn. Differs in the more slender firm involute blades, and smaller spikelets ; glumes about 4 lines long ; lemma about 3 lines long, the awn % inch long, tending to be incurved, the pubescence shorter. ^Washington and Idaho to California. Yreka, Butler 810; Sierra Nevada as far south as Mariposa Co. {Bolander 4865) ; also in the mountains of San Diego Co. {Bran- degee 129). Eefs.— Stipa lemmoni Scribn. U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Circ. 30: 3. 1901. S. pringlei Seribn. var. lemmoni Vasey, Contr. Nat. Herb. 3: 541. 1892, type from Plumas Co., Lemmon 545(). Var. jonesii Scribn. U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Circ. 30: 4. 1901, type from Emi- grant Gap, Jones 3298. 14, S. lettermani Vasey. Culms cespitose, slender, 1 to lyo feet high; sheaths smooth; ligule very short: blades crowded at base of plant, short, slender, involute; panicle narrow, 3 to 8 inches long; glumes narrow, acum- inate, 3-nerved, about 4 lines long; lemma narrow, 2i/2 lines long, pilose; awn very slender, about Vi; inch long, nearly smooth, twice-geniculate, the first section short, about l^A lines long. California to Idaho and Colorado. Locs. — Lincoln Valley, Sierra Co., Kennedy tj- Doten 21.5; Truckee, Eitchcoel- ; San Ber- nardino Mts., Parish Bros. 1.552. Befs. — Stipa lettekmani Vasey, Bull. Torr. Club 13: 53. 1886. 5. viridula Trin. var. lettermani Vasey, Contr. Nat. Herb. 3: 50. 1892. 15. S. minor Scribn. Culms few in a cluster, 2 to 3 feet high ; sheaths smooth; ligule very short; blades flat or becoming involute, narrow, as much as 1 foot long; panicle narrow, 6 to 8 inches long; glumes 3 lines long, 3-nerved, slightly scabrous on the keels; lemma narrow, pilose, 2yo lines long; awn about % inch long, nearly smooth, twjce-geniculate, theJirst section II/2 lines long. High Sierra Nevada of central California; probably also in Mexico. Differs from S. lettermani only in being larger, the blades more scattered, flat or tardily involute, and the panicles longer. Locs.— Summit Valley, Fringle ; Tosemite Nat. Park, Bolander 5078, Bitehcock 3304, 3324; Farewell Gap, Hitchcock 3393. Kefs. — Stipa minor ScrHin. U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Bull. 11: 46. 1898. S. viridula Trin. var. minor Vasey, CoBtr. Nat. Herb. 3: 50. 1892. S. viridula as described by Thurb. in Wats. Bot. Cal. 2 : 288. 1880, appears to include -S. minor, S. lettermani, S. calif orniea and S. lemmoni. 15. ORYZOPSIS Michx. Spikclols 1-flowered, in narrow or open panicles. Glumes rather broad, obtuse or a))ruptly acute. Lemma with a short obtuse callus, convolute, some- what indurated, including the rather large palea, terminating in a simple slen- der, usually short, deciduous awn. Perennials. — Species about 15 in temperate regions of the nortliern hemisphere. (Greek orusa, rice, and opsis, appearance.) Lemma smooth; spikelets numerous, 1^/^ lines long; blades flat 1. 0. miliacea. Lemma pilose; blades involute. Branches of panicle and capillary pedicels divaricately spreading 2. 0. hj/menoides. Branches of panicle and pedicels erect or ascending. Glumes about 2 lines long; lemma sparingly pilose 3. 0. kingii. Glumes 4 to 5 lines long; lemma densely long-pilose. Awn 3 lines long; culms 6 inches to 1 foot high 4. 0. webheri. Awn f) lines long ; culms 1 to 2 feet high 5. 0. bloovieri. ]()g GRAIIINEAE 1. 0. niiliacea Beutli. & Hook. Cnlnis erect from a decumbent base, 2 to 3 feet hii;-b; .slieaths smootb ; ligule about 1 line long: blades flat, 4 to 5 lines wide; panicle as much as a foot long, loose, tlie branches spreading; glumes li/> lines long, smooth, etiual ; lemma smooth. 1 line long, the deciduous straight awn about 2 lines long. A native of Europe, introduced in a few localities in California, t'ahto, Men- (h)cino Co., Davy 6624; Santa Barbara. Grant 53SS ; Los Angeles, McClatchie 1222. Kefs. — Okyzopsis miliace.4. Bentli. & Hook.; Aschers. & Sebweinf. Mem. lust. Egypte 2: 169. 1887. Aflrostia miliacea L. Sp. PI. 61. 1753. 2. 0. hymenoides Ricdcer. Culms eespitose. 1 to 2 feet high ; sheaths smooth or minutely scabriuis: ligule about 3 lines long, acute; blades slender, elon- gated, nearly as long as the culms; panicle diffuse, 3 to 6 inches long, the slender branches in pairs, the branchlets dichotomous, all divaricately spread- ing, the ultimate pedicels capillary, tiexuous, enlarged below the spikelets; glumes equal, about 3 lines long, puberulent. papery, ovate, 3-nerved. abruptly narrowed into an awn-like point; lemma fusiform, tnrgid, about 1X<> lines long, nearly black at maturity, densely long-pilose with hairs IVi; lines long; awn when present about 2 lines long, straight, readily deciduous. Deserts and plains of the southern portion of the state, rai-e northward to Mt. Shasta {Ilall lO Bahvock 4093) ; Washington to i\Ianitoba, south to ilexico. 'Rets. — Oryzopsis hymenoides Bicker; Piper, Gontr. Nat. Herb. 11: 109. 1906. Stipa hymenoides Roera. & Schult. Syst. Veg. 2: 2.'59. 1817. Eriocoma cv.ipidata Nutt. Gen. 1: 40. 181S; Tliurb. in Wats. Bot.Cal. 2: 283. ISSO. 3. 0. kingii Beal. Culms tufted, sleniler, 8 to 15 inches high; blades numer- ous at the base of the plant, involute, capillary; ligide about 14 line long; panicle narrow, h)ose, the short slender branches appressed or ascending, few- flowered ; glnmes broad, papery, nerveless, obtuse, pm-ple at base, unequal, the fir.st about 1% Hues long, the second a little longer; lemma elliptical, ly^ lines long, rather sparingly appressed-pubescent, the callns short; awn more or less sickle-shaped, bent in a wide curve or indistinctly geniculate below the middle, not twisted, minutely pubescent, not readily deciduous, about I/2 iuch long. Only kno^^'n from the high central Sierra Nevada. Locs. — Upper Tuolumne, Bolander 6097; Lyell Fork Canon, Hiichcock 32S9; Clouds Rest, Congdon; Black Mt., Fresno Co., Hall 4~ Chandler 601. Eefs. — Oryzopsis kixgii Beal, Grasses N. Am. 2: 229. 1896. Stipa kingii Boland. Proc. Cal. Acad. 4: 170. 1872, t3'pe from Mt. Dana, Bolander 6097 (the number given with the original description is 6076, but all the oi-iginal specimens distributed under Stipa kingii are numbered 6097, and this is the number found in Bolander "s Field Book for the Mt. Dana collection of Stipa kiniiii); Thurb. in Wats. Bot. Cal. 2: 287. 1880. 4. 0. webberil'.cnth. (_'ulms eespitose, erect, 6 inches to 1 foot high ; blades involute, filiform, scabrous; panicle narrow, 1 to 2 inches long, the branches appressed; glumes equal, narrow, obscurely 5-nerved, minutely seaberulous, acuminate, about 4 lines long ; lemma narrow, 3 lines long, densely long-pilose, the awn about 3 lines long, straight or bent, not twisted. Deserts and plains; Lassen Co. (Smoke Creek, Griffiths lO Hunter 48.5) to Colorado. Refs.— Oryzopsis webberi Benth.; Vasej-, Grasses U. S. 23. 1SS3. Eriocoma tvehbcri Thurb. in Wats. Bot. Cal. 2: 283. 1880, type from Sierra Valley, Bolander. 5. 0. bloomeri Rieker. Culms tufted, 1 to 2 feet high, glabrous: sheaths glabrous ; ligule about i/o line long ; blades crowded at the base, involute, nar- GRASS KAMn,\' 10!) row, linn ; paiiicK' ;i to (i iiiclics loiifX. Iln' Iiimiic-Iics slender, rather stil'lly asceiiil- iiiK. tlie longer 2 to -i iiielie.s loiip:. bearing spikelets from alxmt. the niiihlle; gliunes (•oni])arati\(')y broad, indistinetlj' ^5 to 5-nerved, smooth, rather abrnpll.v acuminate, i'i(iial. -1 to ."> lines long; lemma elliptical, 21/^ lines long, densely loiig-villous; awn about ',,^> inch long, tardily deeiduoiis, once-geincu- late, the first section alioni :i lines long, slightly twisted, appressed-villous, indistinctly bent or llexuoiis. the second section straight, minutely scabrous. Dry I'egioiis, Wasiiington to Manitoba and south to New Mexico. ijocs. — Moultiiii, Moml)raHaceons, l5-nerved, acute, mucroii- ate, or ol'leii awned I'rom tlie tip or rr(nii between tiio teeth of the bidentate ape.x. i'ajea tiiin, aliout as long as b'lnnia. .\nnnal m- usually perennial grasses, the inlloi-(?sceiice varying from an open and diffuse, to a narrow and spike-liki! panicle. — Species about (iO. mostly .\merican. especially abundant on the Mexican plateau. (Rev. Dr. Ibiu-y .Mnhhiiberg. a distinguished Ameri- can botanist, 1753—1815.) Hairs at hase of floret at least half .us Imif; as body of lenuna; pauicli' narrow; perennials. Hairs at base of floret copious, as long as boity of lemma 1. M . eanidla. Hairs at base of floret not over t{> as Ion;; as boily of lemma. Panicle loose; upper ji-lunie ii-tontlied; hlailes involute 2. M. riraeiliK. Panicle close; ghunes entire; blades Hat. Blades narron-, about 1 line wide ?.. M. lemmoni. Blades broad, l'/-! to 2i/> lines wide 4. M. californiaa. Hair.s at base of floret minute or wanting. (Jlumes erosc-toothed ; culms erect; plants perennial, without rliizomes 7. M. jnnrsii. Illumes entire; culms mostly decuudieut or spreading; plants penimi.'il with rhizomes, or annual, licmnui awned. the awn :i lines long ur more. Plants annual; panicle narrow; awn 5 to 7 lines long 5. M. microupci'mn. Plants i)erenni.'il ; ])anicle diffusely spreading; awn :! liiu's long 6. M. porteri. Lenuna unawned, nuicronate; panicles narrow. Cidnis capill;iry; ])lants lax ami soft, no ciceping rootstoeks, often annual; blades flat 8. M. ptiffirmis. Culms stouter, r.-itlier woody (jr wiry; rootstoeks creeping; blades involute. I'lants widely s])reatling or creeping; glumes ■j'l line long 9. M. repcns. Plants erect or decumbent at base; glunn^s lo line long 10. M. squarroaa. 1. M. comata 'riiurb. i*erenni;il. willi imnierous scaly rhizomes; culms erect or sometimes spre.-nliiig. siiiooth below. sc;dn-ous ;ibo\'e, pubescent about the nodes, 1 ' i; (o •! I'cet liii;h : slie;illis snionth nr slightly scabrous, keeled; ligulc y-2 line long, meiid)ranaceous. short-ciliate ; blades flat, 1 to '■'• lines wide, sca- brous; p;iniclcs narrow, spike-li!ted, often ]»urple t inged, :; In ti inches long; gluiiK's narrow, acuminate, 1-nerved, smooth, ciliatc-scabrons on the keels, 1 ' •_. to 2 liix's long; lenuna 1'^ lin(!S long, gradually narrowed into ;i cai)ill;iry awn 2 to 4 lines long, the hairs at base of floret copious, 1 to 1 ' -j lines long. ]\rt. Shasta south through the Sii'i-iM \i'\;id;i to the S;iii In'mardino .Mts. In IIk- inonntains \vi>\\\ Washington to Wyoming and south to Colorado. 110 GRAMINEAE Locs. — Mt. Shasta, Fringle ; Castle Crag, Hitchcock 3078; Sierra Valley, Lemmon 5475; Mono Lake, Bolander 6094; Yosemite Nat. Park, Bolander 6094a, 6101, Hitchcock 3213; Mt. 0ana, Bolander; Sequoia Nat. Park, Hitchcock 3376, 3377; San Bernardino Mts., Abrams 2906. Refs. — MUHLENBERGIA COMATA Thurb. ; Benth. in Jour. Linn. Soc. Bot. 19: 83. 1881. Vaseya comata Thurb. in Gray, Proc. Acad. Phila. 1863: 79. 1863; Thurb. in Wats. Bot. Cal. 2: 278. 1880. 2. M. gracilis Trin. Perennial ; culms densely cespitose, erect from a short decumbent rluzomatous base, smooth or scabrous above, 6 to 18 inches high; sheaths smooth or scabrous; ligule 2 to 3 lines long; blades crowded at base, involute, scabrous, sharp-pointed ; panicles narrow, loose, 2 to 4 inches long ; glumes broad, oblong, sparsely pubescent, 1 line long, obtuse or more or less erose at apex, the second ;j-toothed; lemma li/j lines long, sparselj' pubescent at base and margins, gradually narrowed into a slender, more or less liexuous awn y^ to % inch long. Dry ground, middle Sierra Nevada (Yosemite Valley, Bolander 6093; Mt. Tallac, Hitchcock 3143) to Wyoming, south into Mexico. Refs. — MuHLENBERGiA GRACILIS Trin. Gram. Unifl. 193. 1824; Thurb. in Wats. Bot. Cal. 2: 277. 1880. Podosaemum gracile H.B.K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 1 : 131. 1816. 3. M. lemmoni Scribn. Perennial, from a creeping branching woody rhi- zome; culms slender, wiry, erect or ascending, 1 to 2 feet high; blades flat or somewhat involute, 1/2 to 1 line wide ; panicles narrow, interrupted, the branches short ; glumes narrow, gradually acuminate, including the awn about li/o lines long; lemma 1% lines long, acuminate into an awn as much as 3 lines long, the callus hairs rather sparse, about \'-2 as long as body of lemma. Deserts from southern California (Jamacha, Canby 58) to Texas and northern Mexico. Ref. — MuHLEXBERciA LEMMONI Scribn. Contr. Nat. Herb. 1: 56. 1890. 4. M. californica Vasey. Perennial, the base more or less creeping and rhi- zomatous ; culms erect, somewhat woody below, smooth, puberuleut about nodes, 1 to 2 feet high ; sheaths scaberulous, keeled ; ligule scarcely 14 line long; blades flat, 2 to 3 lines wide, scabrous, usually short; panicles narrow, spike-like or interrupted, 3 to 6 inches long; glumes narrow, acuminate or awn- pointed, li/o to 2 lines long, scabrous on the keels; lemma about IVi; lines long, scabrous, the callus hairs rather sparse, about V2 as long as lemma ; awn a line long or less. Confined to southern California. Locs. — Mt. Lowe, Chase 5555; Rialto, Parish 2113; San Bernardino Mts., Parish Bros. 1076, 1628; San Diego, Orcutt. Refs. — MuHLENBEROiA CALirORNiCA Vasey, Bull. Torr. C^lub 13: 53. 1886; Abrams, Fl. Los Ang. 32. 1904. M. glomerata Trin. var. Irevifolia Vasey, Bot. Gaz. 7: 92. 1882, type Parish Bros. 1028. M. iiarishii Vasey, Bull. Torr. Club 13: 53. 1886, type Parish Bros. 1076 (the glumes extended into awns % line long). M. sylvatica Torr. var. californica Vasey, Bot. Gaz. 7: 93, 1882, type Parish Bros. 1076. 5. M. microsperma Trin. Annual, often purple ; culms spreading, 6 to 15 inches high, scaberulous especially below the nodes; sheaths smooth or sca- berulous; ligule I/O line long; blades 1 to 2 inches long, % line wide, flat, scabrous; panicles narrow, loose. 1 to 3 inches long; glumes ovate, obtuse or emarginate, 1-nerved, luiequal, the second the longer, i/o line long; lemma narrow, acuminate, 3-nerved, IV2 lines long, appressed-pubescent on margins and callus; awn terminal, capillary, 5 to 7 lines long. — Cleistogamous spike- lets are developed at the base of the lower .sheaths. These are solitary or few in a fascicle in each axil, each spikelet included in the indurated thickened, GRASS FAMILY 111 tightly rolled prophylluiii. The glumes are wantiDg and awn of the lemma reduced, but the grain is larger than that of the spikelets in the terminal intiorescence, being about the same length (1 line) but much thicker. The prophyllum enclosing the spikelet is narrowly conical and readily disarticu- lates from the plant at maturity. Open ground from middle and southern California to Arizona and northern Mexico. Carmel Bay {Elmer 5085) and San Luis Obispo {Brewer 466) south- ward, extending east to Kern Canon {Heller 7654) and The Needles {Chase 5792). Eefs. — MUHLENBERGI.\ MICR0SPERM.\ Trin. Gram. Unifl. 193. 1824 (by inference only) ; Kunth, Rev. Gram. 1: 64. 1829. Tricliochloa microsperma DC. Cat. PI. Monsp. 151. 1813. Uuhlenbtrgia debilis Trin. Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 4': 29.J. 1840; Thurb. in Wats. Bot. Cal. 2: 277. 1880; 4brams, Fl. Los Ang. 32. 1904. Podosaemum debile H.B.K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 1: 128. 1816. 6. M. porteri Scribn. Perennial ; culms woody or persistent at base, numer- ous, wirj^ widely spreading or ascending through bushes, scaljerulous, more or less branched from all the nodes, 1 to 3 feet long or more; sheaths smooth, spreading away from the branches, the prophyllum conspicuous; blades small, flat, 1 to 2 inches long, early deciduous from the sheath ; panicles 2 to 4 inches long, open, the slender branches and branchlets brittle, widely spreading, bear- ing rather few. long-pediceled spikelets ; glumes narrow, acuminate, slightly unequal, the second longer, about 1 line long; lemma purple, acuminate, minutely pilose, II/j to 2 lines long, the awn about 3 lines long. Rocky deserts from southern California (San Felipe, San Diego Co., Parish Bros. 1529) to Texas and northern Mexico. Ref. — MuHLEN'BERi;i.\ PORTERI Scribn. ; Real, Grasses N. .\ni. 2: 259. 1896. 7. M, jonesii Hitchc. n. comb. Perennial ; culms cespitose, erect, slender, about 1 foot high ; blades mostly basal, involute, flexuous, scabrous ; panicles narrow, loose, 2 to 3 inches long; glumes equal, obtuse, toothed at apex, a little more than % line long; lemma 2 lines long, acuminate, awn-pointed. Only known from northeastern California. Locs. — Mt. Shasta, Palmer 2640 in 1892; Warner Valley, Austin 1230; Silver Lake, Baker 4' Nutting; Prattville, Jones; French Meadows, Placer Co., Kennedy cj' Doten 408. Refs. — MUHLENBERGIA JONESII Hitchc. Sporobolus jonesii Vasey, Bot. Gaz. 6: 297. 1881, type from Soda Springs, Jones in 1881. 8. M. flUformis Rydb. Annual or sometimes apparently perennial, rather soft and lax, spreading from a cluster of fibrous roots or with decumbent creep- ing, apparentl.v perennial bases; culms capillary, a few inches to as much as a foot high, often depauperate; blades fiat, usually less than an inch long; pani- cles narrow, interrupted, few-flowered, an inch long or less; glumes ovate, i/u line long; lemma lanceolate, acute, nuicronate, 1 line long, minutely pu- bescent, scaberulous at tip. Mountain meadows from Siskiyou Co. {Butler 1768) south through the Sierra Nevada to Sequoia Nat. Park {Hitchcock 3420), San Bernardino Mts, {Parish 2101, 3293), and San Jacinto Mts. {Hall 2290) ; Washington to Mon- tana and southward in the mountains to Arizona. Refs. — MUHLENBEROIA FILIFOBMIS Rydb. Bull. Torr. Club 32: 600. 190."). Vilfa depauprrata Torr. var. fiUformis Thurb.; Wats. King's Expl. 376. 1871. V. graeilUma Thurb. in Wats. Bot. Cal. 2: 268. 1880 (based upon two specimens. Sierra Nevada, Brewer, and Yosemite Valley, Bolandrr), not Muhlenbergia gracillima Torr. 18.56. Sporobolus fiUformis Rydb. Contr. Nat. Herb. 3: 189. 1895. 9. M. repens Hitchc. n. comb. Perennial from wood.v crcei)ing rhizomes; 112 GRAJIINEAE culms slender, wiry, widely spreading or ereepiug. 6 to 1") inelies long, tiower- beariug branehes ascending; blades involute, arcuate, 1/2 to li/o inches long; panicles narrow, interrupted, few-tiowered, ^4 to 1 inch long; glumes ovate, ac-ute. % line long, smooth; lemma exceeding the glumes, about 1 line long, smooth or spar.sely pubescent, acute or mucrouate. Deserts of Inyo Co. (Funeral ]\[ts.. CoviUc d- Fitiiston 22S). and of Arizona and northern ilexico. Eefs. — MuHLEXBER(iiA REPEXS Hitcbc. Sporvbolus rtpeiis Presl, Bel. Haeiik. 1 : 241. 1830. 10. M. squarrosa Rydb. Perennial from numerous hard creeping rhizomes; culms wiry, erect or deciuubent at base, from a few inches to as much as 2 feet in height; blades flat or usually involute, i/o to 2 inches long; panicle narrow, interrupted, or sometimes rather close and spike-like, 1 to 6 inches long; glumes ovate, Vi; Hue long; lemma lanceolate, acute, mucronate, 1 line long. Dry ground, from Lake Tahoe region (Doiuier Lake. Hrlln- 7040) to San Jacinto ^Its. (Hall 786, 2477) ; Washington to [Montana, south to Mexico. Eefs. — JIrHLEXBERf;i.\ squarros.'I Rydb. Bull. Tuvv. Club .Ifi: .5.'?1. 1909. Vilfa squarrosa Trin. Mem. Acart. St. Petersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 4': inil. 1S4(1. I'. drpoKiHrrita Torr.; Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 2.57. 1840, not Muhlenhcrriia depaiipernta Scvihn.; Tlmi'b. in Wats. Bot. Cal. 2 : 267. ISSO. SiJorohohis depauperatiis Scribn. Bull. Tovr. Club 10: 63. 1883. 17. CRYPSIS .\it. Spikelets 1-tiowered. in close depressetl heads, subtended by 2 inflated sheaths with thorn-like l)lades. Ghunes obtuse. Lemma and 1-nerved palea, white, membranaceous, longer than the ghunes. ^lucli branched, spreading annual. — Species 1, ^Mediterranean region, introduced elsewhere. (Greek krupsis. hiding, from the partially concealed intlorescenee.) 1. C. aculeata Ait. Plants prostrate, a foot in diameter, or often depau- perate, oidy an inch or two wide: glumes about IVL' lines long, minutely hispid. :d)out e((ual in length, the tirst narrower; lennna about as long as the glumes, scabrous on keel. In overflowed land of the interior ^•alley; Xoriuan. ( "olusa Co.. Davy: Stock- ton. A'. Brandcgec. Eefs. — Crypsis acule.\ta Ait. Hurt, Kew. 48. 17S9. Schoeiins acidcalus L. Sp. PI. 42. 1753. 18. PHLEUM L. Spikelets 1-rtowered. flattened, in dense cylindrical spike-like panicles. Glumes equal, ciliate on the keels, abruptly awn-pointed. Lemma shorter thau the glumes, truncate, hyaline. 5-nerved. Palea narrow, about ecjualing the lemma. Erect perennials with flat blades. — Species 10, temperate and cool regions of tlie world, 1 a native of America. (Greek phleos. a kind of reed.) Heads cylindrical, several times longer than wide I. 7'. pratcnse. Heads ovoid or oblong, I'j to 2 times as long as broad 2. P. alpuium. ^. P. pratense L. Ti.-mothv. Culms 2 to 4 feet high, from a swollen or bulb- lik-e liase: panicles long-cylindrical, 1 to 4 inches long: awn of glumes 1/2 line long. Commonly escafted from cidtivation. along roadsides and in flelds and waste places. Eefs.— Phlevm pr.atex.se L. Sp. PI. .59. 1753; Tburb. in Wats. Bot. Cal. 2: 202. 1880; Davy in Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 39. 1901 ; Abrams, Fl. Los Ang. 33. 1904. 2. P. alpinum L. Culms 8 inches to IVo feet high, from a dei-umbent. some- GRASS FAMILY 113 what creeping base; panicles ellipsoidal or short-cylindrical; awn of glumes 1 line long, giving the head a bristly appearance. Common in mountain meadows, bogs and swamps, in the high Sierra Nevada, and in the Coast Ranges as far south as Mendocino Co. ; also in the San Jacinto Mts. Througliout the cooler regions of Eurasia and North America and extend- ing soutli in the mountains to Mexico and South America. Eefs. — Phleum alpinum L. Sp. PI. 59. 1753; Thurb. in Wats. Bot. Cal. 2: 263. 1880; Davy in JepsoD, PI. W. Mid. Cal. 40. 1901. 19. ALOPECURUS L. Spikelets 1 -flowered, flattened, falling from the axis entire, in dense cj'lin- drical spike-like panicles. Glumes equal, awnless, usually connate at base, cili- ate on the keel. Lemma broad, obtuse, 5-iierved, about as long as glumes, bearing a slender erect dorsal awn from beloM' the middle, the margins connate near the base. Palea none. Slender annual or perennial, grasses, with flat blades and soft panicles. — Species about 20, temperate regions, mostly the north- ern hemisphere. (Greek alopex, fox, and oura, tail.) Spikelets l^A lines long; panicle oblong, 3 lines wide 1. ^^l. calif or nicu$. Spikelets 1 line long; panicle narrow, linear 2 liiifs wide Awn scarceh' protruding 2. A. arisiulatus. Awn protruding about 1 line 3' A. geniculatus. 1. A. californicus Vasey. Culms 6 inches to 2 feet high; sheaths inflated; panicles oblong, 1 to 2 inches long, about 3 lines wide; glumes 1^2 lines long; lemma sparsely pilose on the sides, the awn exsertcd about 1^4 lines. Meadows and wet places, mostly in the Coast Ranges from "Willits (Davy 6556) to San Diego (Braiidegee 3677) ; also in Pierced Co. (Congdon). Alaska to Mon- tana and the mountains of Arizona. Refs. — ALOPECURUS californicus Vasey, Bull. Torr. Club 15: 13. 1SS8, type from Santa I ruz, Anderson in 1887; Davy in Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 41. 1901. A. pratensis [L. mis- applied by] Thurb. in Wats. Bot. Cal. 2: 263. TSSO. A. PRATENSIS L.. the cultivated Meadow Fox-tail, is reported by Davy •Tepsoii, Fl. AV. Mid. Cal. 40. 1901) as being occasionally naturalized. It ■resembles A. californicus but has larger spikelets, about 3 lines long. 2. A. aristulatus ilichx. Culms erect or spreading, 6 inches to 2 feet high: panicles narrow-cylindrical, 1 to 3 inches long, about 2 lines wide; glumes 1 line long; awn of lemma short, scareel}'^ exserted. In water and wet places throughout the California mountains; common in the cooler parts of North America. Refs. — ALOPECURUS abistul.atus Miehx. Fl. Bor. .\in. 1; 43. 1803; Thurb. in Wats. Bot. <;il. 2: 263. 1880. A. (jeninilattis L. var. aristnlalits Torr. Fl. North. & Mid. U. S. 97. 1823; Havy in Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 41. 1901. 3. A. geniculatus L. Difi'ers from A. ari.stulatus in being more ov less decumbent at base, and in having a longer- awn exserted about 1 line. In water and wet places, the cooler parts of America and Eurasia, rai-e in Cali- fornia. San Diego, Abrams 3448. Refs.— ALOPECURUS geniculatus L. Sp. PI. (!0. 1753; Thurb. in Wats. Bot. Cal. 2: 269. 1880; Davy in Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 41. IPOl ; Abrams, Fl. Los Aug. 33. 1904. 20. SPOROBOLUS R. Br. Spikelets 1-flowered, in narrow or o])en panicles. Glumes awnless, nearly or quite nerveless, usually unequal. Lemma equaling or exceeding the glumes, awnless. Pnlca equaling or exceeding the lemma. Grain readily falling from the spikcli'l. the pericarp loosely enclosing the seed, often thin and evanescent. 114 GRAMINEAE Annuals or perennials with sniiill spikelets. — Speeies about SO. mostly Ameri- can, from the warmer regions. (Greek spora, seed, and bolos. throwing.) Plants annual ; spikelets \-2 line long 1. S. confusua. Plants perennial; spikelets 1 line long or more. Plants densely cespitose, erect; without rhizomes '2. S.' airoides. Plants not cespitose, decumbent-spreading; rhizomes present 3. jS. asperifoliux. 1. S. confusus Vasey. Annual; culms slender, 6 to 8 inches high, often de- pauperate; blades mostly less than an inch long; panicles oblong, diffuse, often more than !/•> the length of the entire plant, the branches capillary, spreading, 1 to 1% inches long; spikelets V2 to ^ line long, the glumes about i^ as long, equal, obtuse, sparsely pilose. Open sandy or gravelly, usually moist ground, mostly near streams or lakes in the Sierra Nevada. Washington and Montana to Texas, Mexico and Lower Cali- fornia. Donner Lake, Hclhr: ^lonn Lake. Bolnndcr 6096; Yosemite Talley, Ilifchcock 3218. Refs. — Sporobolus confusus Vasey. Bull. Torr. Club 1.') : 293. 1S8S. Filfa confusa Fourii. Mex. PI. 2: 101. 1880. Sporobolus ramulosus [Kunth, misapplied by] Thurb. in Wats. Bot. Gal. 2: 269. 1880. 2. S. airoides Torr. Perennial; culms densely cespitose. forming large tus- socks, smooth, stout, spreading at base, 1 to H feet high ; .sheaths smooth, sparsely pilose at the throat ; blades involute, elongated, the upper short ; panicles diffuse, finally about % the length of the entire plant; spikelets % to 1 line long, obtuse; glumes unequal, the first oval, i-j as long as spikelet, the second as long as spikelet. Bottomlands and valleys, often in saline or alkaline soil; Amador Co. {Brauii- ton 1229") to Tia Juaiui (Abrams 3-lii7). east in the ^lohave (Newberry, HoU 6120) and Colorado (//«// 5885) deserts. Oregon to South Dakota, south into Mexico. Refs. — Sporobolus airoides Torr. U. S. Rep. Expl. Miss. Paeif. 7: 21. 18.56; Thurb. in Wats. Bot. Cal. 2: 269. 18S0; Abrams, Fl. Los Aug. 34. 1904. Agrostis airoides Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. 1: 151. 1824. 3. S. asperifolius Nees & Eleven. Perennial from creeping rhizomes; culms 1 to 2 feet long, ascending from a creeping or decumbent base ; sheaths smooth, keeled; blades flat, 1 to 2 inches long, about 1 line wide, scabrous; panicles diffuse, tardily exserted from the uppermost sheath, oval, 4 to 6 inches long; spikelet % line long, the ghunes slightly unequal, a little shorter than the spikelet. Meadows and wet places, especialh' in alkaline soil, from Lassen Co. {Davy) to Death Valley {Coville d- Funston 246), Riverside {Reed 1950) and northern Ventura Co. (Elmer 3973 •. British Columliia to North Dakota, south to Texas and ^lexico. Refs. — Spoeobolus aspkrifolius Nees & Meyen. Acta .\cad. Leop. Cur. 19: 141. 1843; Thurb. in Wats. Bot. Cal. 2: 269. 1880; Abrams, Fl. Los Ang. 34. 1904. Vilfa axpcrifoUus Nees & Meyen; Trin. Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. VI. S.-i. Xat. 4': 9."i. 1840. 21. EPICAMPES Presl. Spikelets 1-tlowered, in elongated, narrow or spike-like panicles. Glumes 2, membranaceous. Lemma 3-nei-ve(l. of same texture as glumes and as long or longer, mucronate or short-awned. Palea alunit as long as lennna. Tall per- ennial bunch-grasses with pale many-flowered panicles and long narrow usu- ally involute blades. — Species about 12. soutborii California to the Andes. (Greek epicampes. curved.) GRASS FAMILY 115 1. E. rigens Benth. C'uhiis erect, 3 to 4 feet high; sheaths smooth or slightly scabrous, eoveriug the nodes; ligule Iruiieate, \-j to 1 Hue loug; blades scabrous, elongated, involute, tapering into a long slender point; panicle spike-like, slender, a foot long or more; gliimes 1 to 1% lines long, oblong, obtuse or somewhat arose, puberulent, convex, scarcely keeled, striate; lemma slightly exceeding the glumes, seaberulous, sparsely pilose at base, ^-nerved toward the nari'owed summit, awnless. Dry or open ground, hillsides, gullies and open forest: Butte Co. (Deep Creek Cafion, Brewer 1468) to Santa Barbara {Elintr 3743), San Diego (Orcutt 520) and San Jacinto Mts. {Hall 2427) ; east to New Mexico and south into Mexico. Refs. — Epicampes rigens Benth. Jour. Linn. Soc. Bot. 19 : 88. 1881 ; Abrams, Fl. Los Aiijj. 35. 1904. Ciinia macroura [Kunth, misaprliecl by] Thurb. in Wats. Bot. Cal. 2: 276. ISSd. 22. POLYPOGON Desf Spikelets ]-Howered. in dense terminal panicles. Glumes 2, ending in a long slender straight awn. Lemma much shorter than the glumes, hyaline, short- awned. Annual or perennial, spreading weedy grasses, with flat blades and bristly panicles. — Species about 10, mostly in the Avarmer regions of the Ohl World. (Greek polus, much, and pogon, beard.) Avnis 1/4 to lt{> lines long; panicle somewhat lobcd 1. P. lUtorali.i. Awns 3% to 5 lines long; panicle compact 2. P. monspelicnsis. 1. P. littoralis Smith. Perennial; culms geniculate at base. 1 to 21/2 feet high; sheatlis s<'aln-ous; ligule 1 to 2 lines long or the uppermost longer; panicles oblong, 2 to 6 inches long, more or less interrupted or lobed; glumes equal, scabrous on back and keel, 1 to IV2 lines long, terminated by an awn as long ; lemma smooth and shining, lA line long, minutely tootlied at the truncate apex ; awn about as long as the glumes. Introduced from Europe, from Vancouver Island to New Mexico. In Califor- nia in waste places, especially along irrigating ditches at moderate altitudes, from Siskiyou Co. (Butler 481) to San Diego. Refs.— PoLYroGON littob.\lis Smith, Comp. Fl. Brit. 13. 1800; Thurb. in Wats. Bot. Cal. 2: 270. 1880; Davy in Jepson, Fl. W, Mid. Cal. 42. 1901; Abrams, Fl. Los Ang. 36. 1904. Agrostis littoraUs With. Arr. Brit. PI. erl. 3. 2: 129. 1796. 2. p. monspeliensis Desf. Annual ; culms erect or decumbent at base, sca- brous below panicle, depauperate or as much as 3 feet loug; sheaths smooth, the ligule large ; panicles dense and spike-like, 1 to 6 inches long, i/^ to 1 inch wide, tawny-yellow; glumes obtuse, hispidulous. 1 line long, terminating in an awn 3 to 4 lines long; lemma as in P. littoralis. Introduced from Europe; common throughout California in waste places and along irrigating ditches at moderate altitudes; occasional in Atlantic States, common on Pacific Coast from Alaska to Jlexico. Refs. — PoLYPOGON MONSPELIENSIS Desf. Fl. Atlant. 1: 67. 1798; Thurb. in Wats. Bot. Cal. 2: 270. 1880; Davy in Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 42. 1901; Abrams, Fl. Los Ang. 3.5. 1904. Agrostis monspeliensis L. Sp. PI. 61. 17.53. 23. CINNA L. Spikelets 1-flowered, articidated below the gliunes, in rather loose panicles. Glumes 2, slightly unequal, acute. Lemma similar to the glumes, 3 to 5- nerved, mucronate from between the minute teeth of the bifid apex, raised on a short naked stipe, the rachilla prolonged behind the palea as a short smooth bristle. Palea apparently 1-nerved, the 2 nerves close together. Stamen 1. 116 GRAJIINEAE Tall perennials with flat blades and nodding panicles. — Species 3, northern regions of Europe, Asia, and America. fGreek kinna, a name used by Dioscorides for a kind of grass.) 1. C. latifolia Griseb. Culms 2 to 4 feet high; blades 5 to 7 lines wide; panicle 6 to 12 inches long, the flexuous capillary branches spreading or droop- ing; glumes about equal, scabrous, 2 lines long; lemma about equaling the glumes short-awned ; palea 2-nerved, the nerves close together. In moist places in woods and along streams, extending southward in the southern Sierra Nevada ; also in cooler regions of North America and Eurasia. Locs. — Mt. Tallac, Bitchcocl: 3130; Yosemite Nat. Park, Bolander 6090; Sequoia Nat. Park, Alta Meadow, UUchcock 3370, Redwood Meadow, Eitchcock 3379. Eefs. — CiNNA LATIFOLIA Griseb. in Lcdeb. Fl. Ross. 4: 435. 1853. Agrostis latifolia Trev. ; Goepp. Beschr. Bot. Gaert. in Breslau 83. 1830. ■ Cinna penchila Trin. Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 4': 280. 1840. C. arundinacea L. var. pendula Gray, Man. ed. 2. 545. 1856; Thurb. in Wats. Bot. Cal. 2: 276. 1880. C. holandcri Scribn. Proc. Ao.ad. Phila, 1SS4: 290. 1884, type Holandir 6090. 24. AGROSTIS L. Spikelets 1-flowered, in narrow or open panicles. Glumes subequal, acute or acuminate. Lemma shorter than the glumes, thin, obtuse, awnless or awned from the back. Palea small, minute, or wanting. Rachilla (except in sect. Podagrostis) not prolonged. Annual or usually perennial, slender grasses with small spikelets. — Species about 100, distributed over the entire world, espe- cially in the north temperate zone. (An ancient Greek name of a forage grass, from agros, a field.) Racliilla prolonged behind the palea (Section Podagrostis Grisel).) 1. A. thurberiana. Racbilla not prolonged. Palea evident, 2-nerved. Palea about % the length of lemma; panicle contracted 4. A. glomerata. Palea as much as >■• the length of lemma; panicle open or contracted. Panicle contracted, lobed or verticillate; glumes scabrous on keel and back 2. A. stoloiiifera. Panicle open or contracted, but not lobed; glumes scabrous on keel, smooth on back. . . . 3. A. alba. Palea wanting or .'i small nerveless scale. Lemma provided with a slender awn 2i[; lines long; annual 5. A. e.rifnia. Lemma awnless or short-awned; perennials. , Plants spreading by rhizomes (cf. A. lepida with short rhizomes). Tuft of hairs at base of lemma % to 1 line long 6. A. hallii. Tuft of hairs minute or wanting. Panicle contracted 7. A. pollens. Panicle open , 8. A. foliosn. Plants tufted, not producing rhizomes or only very short ones. Panicle narrow, usually a part of the lower branches spikelet-bearing from base. Panicle strict, branches short and appressed; plant low and eespitose 9. A. breviculmis. Panicle narrow but nut strict. Lemma with an exserted awn. . Glumes awn-pointed; panicle narrow and rather compact. . .10. A. mirropliylla. Glumes acute but not awn-pointed; panicle more open and verticillate 11. A. anipla. Lemma awnless or the awn included. Panicle 2 to 12 inches long; a taller plant of low altitudes. . .12. .1. e.rarata. Panicle short, 1 to 2 inches long; a dwarf plant of high altitudes 13. .4. ros.iae. Panicle open, sometimes diffusely spreading; usually no short branches in lower whorls of branches. GRASS FAMILY 117 Lemma awneil; panicle purple; ligule 2'^ to 4 lines long 18. A. longiligula. Lemma awnless; ligule usually short. Panicle very diffuse; spikelets clustered toward end of branchlets 14. A. hiemalis. Panicle open, but not conspicuously diffuse. Plants producing short rhizomes 17. A. lepida. Plants not producing rhizomes. Plants delicate, 4 to 12 inches high 15. A. idahoensis. Plants taller, over l^^ feet high 16. A. schiedeana. 1. A. thurberiana Ilitchc. Culms slender, erect, 8 to 15 inches high; pani- cle narrow, lax, more or less drooping, 2 to 3 inches long; spikelets green or pale, rarely purple, 1 line long; lemma nearly as long as glumes, the palea about % as long ; rachilla prolonged behind the palea as a minutely hairy pedicel, % line long. Bogs and moist places in the high Sierra Nevada, north and east to British Columbia and Montana. Locs. — Siskiyou Co., Butler 1767; Pine Creek, Lassen Co., Baker ^ Nutting; Calaveras Co., Hillebrand 2251; Lake Chiquita, Congdon ; Mariposa Co., Bolandcr 6102; Yosemite Nat. Park, Hitchcock 3269, 333S; Northfork, Griffiths 6652; Sequoia Nat. Park, Hitchcoclc 3366, 3407, 3473. Eefs. — Agrostis thubberi.\na Hitchc. U. S. Dept. Agr. Bur. PI. Ind. Bull. 68 : 23. pi. 1. f. 1. 1905. A. aequivalvis [Trin. misapplied by] Thurb. in Wats. Hot. Cal. 2: 271. 1880. 2. A. stolonifera L. Culms usually decumbent at base, sometimes with long creeping and rooting stolons; panicle contracted, lobed or verticillate, especially at base, li/o to 4 inches long, light green or rarely purplish, the branches spikelet-bearing from the base; glumes equal, obtuse, scabrous on back and keel, 1 line long; lemma Vo line long, awnless, truncate and toothed at apex ; palea nearly as long as the lemma. — Resembles in habit Polypogon littoralis, which differs in having awned glumes. Moist ground, especially along irrigation ditches, at low altitudes from Mendocino Co. south, near the coast, and from Mariposa Co. and Inyo Co. south, e.specially abundant in the irrigated regions of the southern part of the state -. southeast to Texas and Mexico. Introduced from Europe. Eefs. — Agrostis stclonipeba L. Sp. PI. 62. 1753. A. verticillata Vill. Prosp. 16. 1779; Thurb. in Wats. Bot. Cal. 2: 272. 1880; Davy in Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 43. 1901; Abrams, Fl. Los Ang. 36. 1904. 3. A. alba L. Redtop. Culms erect or decumbent and rooting at base, 1 to 3 feet high, sending out from the base rhizomes or stolon-like stems; panicle loose but not diffuse, 2 inches to 1 foot long, the lower branches in whorls; glumes acute, 1 to 1^4 lines long, scabrous on keel but not on back; lemma a little shorter than the glumes, obtuse, rarely awned on back; palea 1/2 to % as long as lemma. Cultivated as a meadow grass and frequently escaped along roadsides and in waste places ; apparently not native in California. Var. maritima JMeyer. Differs from A. alba in having decumbent rooting base and often widely spreading short-bladed stolons, and narrow contracted panicles. — Along the coast of Europe and North America; Pacific Coast from ■Sonoma Co. north to British Columbia. Upon the moist sand dunes the stolons Are conspicuous. Logs. — Crescent City, Davy # BUsddle 5044; Ft. Bragg, Davy 4- Blasdale 6124; Euss Eaneh, Davy # Blasdale 6203; Guerneville, Davy . caespitosa. I'lants slender; blades capillary; brandies of panicle erect 3. D. eloiujata. 1. D. danthonioides IMunro. Annual; culms slender, erect, 6 to 15 inches high: blaeles few. short and narrow: panicle open. 3 to 6 inches long, the branches capillary, stiffly ascending, naked below, bearing a few spikelets toward the ends ; glumes 3 to 4 lines long, acuminate, smooth except the keel, longer than the florets; lemmas smooth and shining, somewhat indurated, 1 to 1% lines long, the base of the florets and the raehilla pilose, the awns genicu- late. 2 to 3 lines long. Open ground throughout ('alifornia except in tlu; higher mountains; extends from Alaska to Mexico. Refs. — DESCHAMPSIA DANTHONIOIDES Munro ; Bentli. PI. Hartw. 342. 1857. Aira danthoni- oides Trin. Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. VI. Math. Phys. Nat. 1: 57. 1830 (Jan., apparently earlier than Presl's work); Thurb. in Wats. Bot. Cal. 2: 298. 1880. Danthonia cahjcina Presl, Eel. Haenk. 1: 251. 1830, type from Monterey; Davy in Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 51. 1901; Abrams, PI. Los Ang. 39. 1904. " ' ' 2. D. gracilis Vasey. Annual: culms 1 to 2 feet high; blades usually fili- form; panicle open, 3 to 8 inches long, the branches slender, rather densely flowered toward the ends, naked below; glumes 2 to 3 lines long, the first 3-nerved; lemmas as in D. danthonioides. Damp places: IMendocino Co. southward to Lower California. Sherwood, Hitchaxk 2709: Tulare. Davy 3086. 3088. 3114; San Gabriel. Hasxr : San Diego. lirandegec 3681. Priiifilc in 1882. Refs. — DESCHAMPSIA GRACILIS Vasey, Bot. fia/. 10: 224. 1885, type from San Diego. Orrutl. 3. D. elongata JMunro. Perennial: culms slender, erect. 1 to 4 feet liiizh: 12S GRA.MINEAE blades tiat, narrow, the basal c-liister usually capillary; paniT;le narrow, as much as a foot long, the branches slender, appressed; glumes 2 to 3 lines long; lemmas 1 line long, similar to those jof D. dauthonioides, the awns shorter. Open ground, common in the Coast Ranges south to Santa Cruz and in the lower Sierra NcA'ada, occasional in southern California; extends from Alaska to Arizona. Refs. — Deschajipsia elongata Muino; Bcnlli. PI. Hartw. 342. 18.57; Davy in Jepson, Fl. W. MUl. Cal. .51. 1901. Aira elongata Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 243. pi. 2S8. 1840. Descliampsia elongata J[unro var. ciliata Vascy; Beal, Grasses N. Am. 2: 371. 1S96; Davy in Jepson, Fl. W. ma. Cal. 51. 1901. Var. tenuis Vasey; Davy in Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 51. 1901, type from Santa Clara Co., Davy 213. 4. D. caespitosa Beauv. Perennial; culms erect, 2 to 4 feet high; sheaths smooth ; blades flat or folded, scabrous above ; panicle loose, drooping, 4 to 8 inches long, the slender scabrous branches spikelet-bearing toward the ends; spikele-t 2 lines long, the florets distant, the raehilla y^ the length of the lower sessile floret; lemmas smooth, erose-truncate ; awn from near the base, but little longer than the lemma, straight, articulated at the base, deciduous. Common in mountain meadows and bogs in the Sierra Nevada and in the high mountains of southern California. The only specimens seen from the Coast Ranges are: Sherwood, Davy lO Itkisdulc 5180,5181. Northern regions of the northern hemisphere and southward in the mountains to Mexico. Refs. — Descuampsia caespitosa Beauv. Ess. Agrost. 91. pi. 18. f. 3. 1812. Aira eaespitosa h. Sp. PI. 04. 1753; Tluirb. in Wats. Bot. Cal. 2: 297. 1880. Descliampsia eaapitosa Beauv. var. confinis Vasey; Beal, Gra.sses N. Am. 2: 369. 1896, type from California, I'tilmer 231. 5. D. holciformis Presl. Perennial : culms cespitose. 2 to 4 feet high, rather stout; l)lades tightly folded, or involute, firm, mostly basal, smooth or some- what scabrous e.specially toward the tip. the cauline blades short; ligule 2 to 3 lines long; panicle narrow, rather deuse. mostl>" dark or bronze-color, 6 to 8 inches long. Marshes, bogs, and moist places near the coast, from Del Norte Co. to ilou- terey Co. Loes.— Smith River, Davij futt. var. typica Domin forma glabra Domin, San Diego, Orcutt in 1884, S. E. Calif. Palmer in 1876. K. nitida var. typica forma pubescens Domin, Thomas Meadows, Hall in 1901. it. nitida var. californica Domin, San Diego, Pringle in 1882. it. nitida var. californica subvar. transiens Domin, San Diego, Brandcgee in 1903, BaLer 3678. K. nitida var. californica subvar. muUiflora Domin, San Bernardino Mts., Parish Bros. 855. it. nitida var. californica subvar. vestita Domin, "Cusamacca Mts.," Palmer in 1875. 35. AVENA L. Spikelets 2 to 6-fiowered. in open panicles. Rachilla bearded below the florets. Glumes subequal, membranaceous, many-nerved, longer than the lem- mas and usually exceeding the uppermost floret. Lemmas indurated except toward the summit, 5 to 9-nerved. bidentate at apex, bearing a long dorsal twisted awn (often straight or wanting in cultivated forms). Annuals or per- ennials with large spikelets.— Species about 50 in the temperate and cooler regions of the world, the California species all annuals, introduced from Europe. (The classical Latin name.) Lemmas glabrous or nearly so. Spikelets usually 2-flowered ; awn usually wanting, or if present weakly geniculate 2. A. sativa. Spikelets usually 3-flowered; awn present, strongly geniculate. .. .1. A. fatua var. glabrata. Lemmas pubescent with long, usually brown hairs. Teeth of lemmas acute not awned 1- ^- fattia. Teeth of lemmas awned 3. A. barhata. 132 GRA.MINEAE 1. A. fatua L. Wild Oat. Cnlius 1 to 3 feet high, ereet, stout ; pauit^'le loose and open, the slender branches usually horizontally spreading; spikelets usu- ally 3-Howered; glumes about 1 inch long; raehilla and lower part of the shin- ing lemma clothed with long stiff brownish hairs; florets readily falling from the glumes; lemma nerved above, about 10 lines long, the teeth acuminate but not awued; awn stout, geniculate, red-brown, tv,'isted below, about 11/2 inches long. A native of Europe, a common weed on the Pacific Coast. Fields and waste places, especially in southern California. Var. glabrata Peterm. Differs in having nearly or quite glabrous lemmas. — Introduced rroiii Europe, in similar situations with the species. Eefs.— AvENA FATUA L. Sp. PI. 80. 1753; Thurb. in Wats. Bot. Cal. 2: 295. 1880; Davy in Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 53. 1901; Abrams, T]. Los Ang. 39. 1904. Var. glabrata Peterm. Fl. Bein. 13. 1841. Var. glahresccns Coss. Fl. Alg. 113. 1867; Davy in .Jepson. PI. W. Mid. Cal. 53. 1901; Abrams, Fl. Los Ang. 40. 1904. 2. A. sativa L. Cultivated Oat. Similar to A. fatua; florets not readily separating from the glumes; spikelets usually 2-flowered; lemma glabrous; awn straight, often M'anting. Connnonl.v cultivated and occasionally escajied. Kefs.— AvENA SATIVA L. Sp. PI. 79. 1753; Davy in Jepson, Fl. \V. Mi.l. Cal. 54. 1901. 3. A. barbata Brot. Similar to A. fatua ; spikelets somewhat smaller, mostly 2-tlowered, the pedicels curved and capillary; lemma clothed with stiff red hairs, the teeth acuminate and ending in fine awns 2 lines long. A native of Europe, introduced on the Pacific Coast; a common weed in fields and waste places. Refs.— AvENA B.VRBATA Brot. Fl, Lusit. 1: lOS. 1804; Davy in .leps,)n, Fl. W. Mi.l. Cal. 54. 1901. Arriienatheruji elatius Beauv. Tall Oat Grass. This has been collected at Agricultural Station, Amador Co., by Hansen (no. 1737) and in the Berkeley Hills by Davy. It is a native of Europe, often cultivated in the Eastern States as a meadoAV grass and freciuently escaped along roadsides and into waste places. As yet it appears to be rare in California. It can be recognized by the 2-flowered spikelet, the upper perfect and awnless or nearly so, and the lower staminate and dorsally awned. A tall perennial with flat blades and long nar- row panicles. (See also Davy in Jepson. Fl. "\V. ^lid. Cal. .54. 1901.) 36. DANTHONIADC. Spikelets several-flowered, in narrow or open panicles, the uppermost floret reduced. Ghnnes 2, subequal, much longer than the lemmas and usuall.v ex- ceeding the uppermost floret. Lemmas convex, 2-toothed at apex, with a twisted awn from between the teeth, the awn flat, formed bj^ the extension of the 3 middle nerves of the lemma. Tufted perennials with numerous basal inno- vations and few-flowered simple panicles. — Species about 100 in the temperate and warmer region of both hemispheres, only about 8 in North America. (Etienne Danthoine, a Frendi botanist.) Sheaths pubescent. Spikelets 2 to 4 , 1. D. amerirana. Spikelets solitary 2. D. unUpicata. Sheaths glabrous. Spikelets on spreading pedicels 3. D. calif oriiica. Spikelets on short erect pedicels, fonniiig a narrow spike-like panicle 4. D. intermedia. GRASS FAMILY 133 1. D. americana S(ril>u. Culms 1 to 2 feet high, smooth, teudiug to dis- artic'uhite at the nodes; sheaths pilose; blades short, flat, or those of the inno- vations involute; panicle bearing 2 to 5 spikelets, the pedicels usually about i/o inch long, spreading or somewhat reflexed ; glumes Yo to % inch long, smooth, acuminate, al)out 7-nerved; lemmas 21/2 to 31/2 lines long, smooth and convex on the back, pilose at base and margins, broad, abruptly contracted into 2 teeth with awns 1 to 3 lines long, the dorsal awn from between these teeth, geniculate, flat and twisted below, straight and divei*gent above, exserted. Wet meadows and moist places in rocks, British Columbia to Wyoming, south to the San Bernardino Mts. Also in Chile. Locs.— Siskiyou Co., Butler 1660; Humboldt Co., Chandler 1239; Mt. Tallae, Hitchcock 3158; Lake Tahoe, Beecl 4' Pendleton 1776; San Francisco, Davy 4211; Crystal Springs Lake, Elmer 4707; Monterey, Davy 7237 in part, 7260; Kawcah Meadows. Purpus 5247; San Ber- nardino Mts., Davidson 2319, Parish 3295. Eefs. — D.^NTHONIA AMERICANA Scribn. U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Circ. 30: 5. 1901, based on D. grandiflora Phil. (1873) from Chile, not Hoehst. (1851). Merathrepta americana Piper, Contr. Nat. Herb. 11 : 123. 1906. Piper assimies that the type species of Danthonia DC. is D. decumhens, which is not congeneric with D. spicata and its allies. I believe, how- ever, that D. spicata should be taken as the type of Danthonia. in which case the latter name is retained for the California species. 2. D. unispicata ]\[unro. Ctdms short, 6 to 8 inches high, about as long as the numerous basal leaves; sheaths and blades pilose; panicle reduced to a single spikelet, the pedicel about y2 inch long, flexuous, pubescent above, the joint at base bearing 1 or 2 bracts; spikelets aliout as in D. americana, the lemma more gradually acuminate into awns. Kocky hills, Modoc and Lassen cos., and from Oregon to Wyoming. Locs. — Modoc Co., Baler # Nutting in 1894; Egg Lake, Davy; Loon Valley, Davy; Bed Clover Valley, Heller 4' Kennedy 8705. Eefs. — Danthonia unispicata Munro ; Thurb. in Wats. Bot. Cal. 2 : 294. 1880, as synonym under D. calif ornica Boland. var. iinispicata Thurb. in Wats. Bot. Cal. 2: 294. 1880. 3. D. californica Boland. Kesembles D. americana; culms 2 to 3 feet tall; sheaths smooth or somewhat j)ilose at the throat ; blades scabrous above, longer, especially those of the less numerous innovations; teeth of lemma more gradually acuminate. Dry hills, Coast Kanges as far as San Luis Obi.spo, apparently rare in the Sierra Nevada ; extends north to British Columbia and east to Montana and Colorado. Locs. — Ukiah, Davy 4' Blasdale 5056; Mendocino Co., McMurphy 405; Sherwood, Hitchcock •2693, 2727; Lovelock, Leiherg 5058; Mt. Tamalpais, Chase 5675, Piper 6313; San Francisco, Bolander 1533; Monterey, Elmer 3306; Pacific Grove, Heller 6647; Yosemite Valley, Hitch- cock; San Luis Obispo, Jones 3248. Eefs. — Danthonia californica Boland. Proc. Cal. Acad. 2: 182. 1863, type from vicinity of San Francisco, Bolander; Thurb. in Wats. Bot. Cal. 2: 294. 1880; Davy in Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 55. 1901; Abrams, Fl. Los Ang. 40. 1904. 4. D. intermedia Vasey. Culms 6 to 15 inches high ; sheaths smooth ; blades becoming involute, more or less pilose; panicle narrow, compact, often 1 -sided, 1 to 2 inches long, the pedicels short and appressed; glumes about 1/2 inch long; lemmas similar to those of D. americana, the teeth more gradually acuminate, the awns shorter, the dorsal awn flat, tightly twisted below, slightly twisted above. Mountain meadows in the high Sierra Nevada; extends from British Colum- bia to Quebec and south to New Mexico. Locs.— Mt. Tallae, Hitchcock 3144; Yosemite Nat. Park, Ostrander's, Bolander 6104; ] 34 GRAMINEAii Tuolumue River, Lcmmon ; Lyell Fork, HitchcocJc 3286; Sequoia Nat. Park, Crabtree Meadow, Hitchcock 3440, Little Kern, Hitchcock 3469. Refs. — D.^NTHONIA INTERMEDIA Vasey, Bull. Torr. Club 10: 52. 1883. D. sericca [Nutt. misapplieO byj Thurb. in Wats. Bot. Cal. 2: 294. 1880. Tribe VII. ClILORIDEAE. 37. CYNODON Rieh. Spikelets 1-flowered, compressed, awnless. sessile in 2 rows along 1 side of a continuous racliis. Glumes unequal, narrow, acute, keeled. Rachilla pro- longed behind the floret as a blunt pedicel. Lemma broad, boat-shaped, obtuse, ciliate on the keel. Palea as long as lemma, the prominent keels close together, eiliolate. Low perennials with creeping rhizomes or stolons, and slender digi- tate luiilateral spikes. — Species 4, warm regions. (Greek kuon, a dog. and odous, a tooth.) 1. C. dactylon Pers. Bermuda Grass. Culms flattened, wiry, glabrous; ligule a conspicuous ring of white hairs; spikes 4 or 5, 1 to 21/2 inches long; spikelets imbricated, 1 line long, the lemma longer than the glumes. A native of the warmer parts of the Old World, now widely Ciiltivated in the western hemisphere from Virginia to Argentina. Not uncommon in California, especially along irrigating ditches; from Sacramento {Michoicr 147) and Cala- veras Co. {Davy 1458) south to Santa Catalina Island {Trask) and Yuma Res. {Chase 5516). Abundantly escaped in the southern part of the U. S. Refs.— Cynodon dactylon Pers. Syn. 1: 85. 1805; Thurb. in Wats. Bot. Cal. 2: 292. 1880,- Davy in Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 56. 1901 ; Abrams, Fl. Los Aug. 41. 1904. Panicwn dactylon L. Sp. PI. 58. 1753. Capriola dactylon Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 2: 764. 1891. 38. SPARTINA Schreb. Spikelets 1-flowered, laterally compressed, articulated below the glumes, sessile and closely imbricated in 2 rows on 1 side of a continuous rachis, the unilateral spikes scattered along a common axis. Glumes unequal, keeled, acute or bristle-pointed. Lemma thin, obtuse, 1-nerved, usually shorter than the second glume. Palea equaling or exceeding the lemma. Coarse perennials with strong rhizomes, rigid culms and long tough blades. — Species about 10, mostly maritime, in temperate regions of Europe and America. (Greek spar- tine, a cord, referring to the tough leaves.) Spikes closely approximate, forming a cylindrical inflorescence ; glumes smooth ; blades wide,. flat below 1. S. foliosa. Spikes distinct; glumes ciliate; blades narrow and soon involute 2. S. gracilis. 1. S. foliosa Trin. Culms stout, as much as I/2 inch thick at base, usually rooting from the lower nodes, 1 to 4 feet high, somewhat spongy in texture ;^ blades 4 to 6 lines broad at the flat base, gradually narrowed to a long involute tip, smooth on surface and margin ; inflorescence dense, spike-like, aljout Q inches long ; spikes approximate, numerous, close-appressed, 1 to 2 inches long ; spikelets indurated, very flat, about I/2 inch long ; glumes ciliate on keel, acute but not awned, the first narrow, about % as long as second, smooth, the second sparingly hispidulous and striate-ncrved; lemma hispidulous on sides, smooth on keel, a little shorter than the second glume ; palea thin, longer than the lemma, 1-keeled, 2-nerved. Salt marshes along the coast from San Francisco Bay southward. Useful in reclaiming marsh land. Locs. — Reclamation, Eastwood in 1897; Oakland, Blankinship 18; San Francisco, Bioletti 124, Bolander 1556; Newport, Parish Bros. 1602; San Diego, Orcutt 569, Palmer 274 in 1888. GRASS FAMILY 135 Refs. — Spaktixa foliosa Trin. Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 4' : 114. 1840, type from California (without collector or locality) ; Davy in Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. ed. 2. 58. 1911; Abrams, Fl. Los Ang. 42. 1904. S. stricta [Roth, misapplied by] Thurb. in Wata. Bot. Cal. 2: 290. 1880. Var. glabra [Muhl. misapplied by] Davy in Jepson, Fl, W. Mid. Cal. 56. 1901. S. GLABRA Muhl. is Said to grow at Wilmington (Abrams, Fl. Los Ang. 42. 1904). 2. S. gracilis Trin. Culms 2 to 3 feet high ; blades flat, becoming involute, 6 to 8 inches long, very scabrous above ; spikes few, 4 to 8, closely appressed to the axis, % to 1 inch long; spikelets much flattened laterally, about 3 lines long; glumes smooth, except the ciliate keel, l-nerved, acute but not awned, the first about 1/2 as long as the second ; lemma about as long as second glume, ciliate on keel ; palea as long as lemma, obtuse, 2-nerved, but compressed- keeled between the nerves. Alkaline meadows, Washington to Saskatchewan, south to eastern California (Inyo Co., Coville & Funston 1002) and Arizona. Refs.— Spaktina gracilis Trin. Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 4': 110. 1840; Thurb. in Wats. Bot. Cal. 2: 290. 1880. 39. CHLORIS Swartz. Spikelets with 1 perfect flower, sessile in 2 rows along 1 side of a continuous raehis. Gliunes 2, unequal, narrow, acute, keeled. Raehilla prolonged behind the fertile floret, bearing 1 or more rudimentary awned sterile lemmas. Lemma 1 to 3-nerved, often ciliate on the back or margins, the midnerve usually pro- longed into a slender awn. Usually perennial grasses with flat blades, com- pressed sheaths, and digitate unilateral spikes. — Species about 40, in the warmer regions of the world. (Latin Chloris, the goddess of flowers.) 1. C. elegans H.B.K. Annual; culms erect or spreading, 1 to 3 feet high, smooth ; sheatlis smooth, much compressed, especially the basal, the upper- most often inflated around the base of the inflorescence; spikes several, 6 to 12, pale or dark-colored, 1 to 3 inches long ; spikelets imbricated, the glumes per- sistent on the raehis after the falling of the florets; glumes l-nerved, the sec- ond about li'o lines long, awn-pointed; lemma somewhat fusiform, about 1 line long, 3-nerved, short-pilose at base and along the lower half of the keel, long-pilose on the margins near the apex, with a slender straight awn about 5 lines long, from .just below apex; rudiment reaching about to tip of fertile floret, truncate, the awn somewhat shorter. , Fields and waste places, southern California to Texas and Mexico. Locs. — Riverside, Beed (Parish, Bull. S. Cal. Acad. 8: 7. 1909); Ft. Yuma, Newberry; Colorado River, Schellenger. Ref . — Chloris elegans H.B.K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 1 : 166. 1816. ScHEDONNARDUs PANicuLATUs Trelcase ; Branner & Coville, Rep. Geol. Surv, Ark. 1888-*: 236. 1891. Lepturus paniculatits Nutt. Gen. 1: 81. 1818; Thurb. in Wats. Bot. Cal. 2: 322. 1880. This species is found on the Great Plains from Canada to northern jNle.xico and as far west as \ew Me.xic". but probably does not occur in California. Thurber (1. c.) gives one locality in the latter state, "Mon- terey (Dr. Canfield)," and in the Grav ITorharinni are two specimens labeled "California Nuttall." 40. BOUTELOUA Lag. Spikelets with 1 perfect flower, sessile in 2 rows along 1 side of a flat raehis, the latter usually projecting beyond the spikelets. Glumes unequal, keeled. 136 GEAMINEAE Rachilla prolonged beyond the perfect floret and bearing a sterile (rarely stam- inate) floret, a second or third rudiment often present. Lemma broader, 3 to 5-nerved, 2 to 4-toothed or cleft, usually awned between the teeth. Palea about as long as the lemma, bidentate, the 2 keels scabrous. Sterile floret sometimes reduced to awns, rarely obsolete. Annuals or usually perennials with narrow blades and few or numerous short spikes scattered along a common axis. — Species about 30, all American, mostly of the Mexican plateau. (Tbe brothers Claudio and Esteban Boutelou, Spanish gardeners.) Spikes coutaining 1 to 3 spikelcts, numerous along a main axis. Plants perennial 1. B. curtipendula. Plants annual ' 2. B. aristidoides. Spikes usually few, containing numerous spikclets. Plants annual. Awns about ll-. lines long; spikes 2 to 4 3. B. arenosa. Awns barely protruding ; spikes 4 to 6 or more 4. B. barbata. Plants perennial. Spikes several. Spikes narrow, strictly l-sided; spikelets numerous 5. B. rothrocMi. Spikes broad, loose, irregularly 1-sided; spikelets few 6. B. radieosa. Spikes usually 1 to 3. Eacliis not prominently produced; glumes sparsely hairy 7. B. gracilis. Rachis produced beyond the spikelets as a naked point; glumes prominently papillose- hispid 8. B. hirsuta. 1. B. curtipendula Torr. Perennial: culms erect, 1 to 4 feet high; spikes numerous on an elongated rachis, y^ to '}4 ^U'"'' long, reflexed, mostly turned to one side ; glumes narrow, acuminate, scabrous on keel and somewhat so on the back, the second about 21/2 lines long; lemma as long as second glume, ovate- lanceolate, 3-uerved, scabrous toward tip, 3-toothed, the palea about as long; rudiment as long as lemma, 4-lobed, 3-awned between the lobes, the lateral lobes and awns shorter. Plains and rocky hills, Montana and Ontario, south to Mexico. Loc. — Santa Eosa Mt., San Jacinto Eange, Hall 2138. Eefs. — BouTELOUA CURTIPENDULA Torr. in Emory, Mil. Eeconn. 154. 1848. Chloris cur- tipendula Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 59. 1803. Boutelova raremosa Lag. Var. Cienc. 2*: 141. 1805. 2. B. aristidoides Griseb. Annual ; cidms spreading, slender, 6 to 15 inches high ; sjiikes several, slender, about 1/2 inch long, the 1 to 3 spikelets distant, appressed to the rachis, the latter ending in a slender naked point; glumes narrow, acuminate, the first I/2 as long as the second ; lemma narrowly lanceo- late, 3-nerved, the nerves pilose, the lateral ending in awned teeth as long as the central acuminate point; rudiment consisting of a pilose pedicel and 3 awns longer than the spikelet. Open ground, deserts and foothills, southern California to western Texas and south into South America. San Diego, Orcutl in 1890; Colorado Desert, Bran- degee in 1905; Colorado River, Riverside Co., Hall 5962. Eefs. — BoOTELOUA ARISTIDOIDES Griseb. Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 537. 1864; Thurb. in Wats. Bot. Cal. 2: 291. 1880. Diiiebra aristidoides H.B.K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 1 : 171. 1816. 3. B. arenosa Vasey. Annual ; culms spreading or prostrate, about 6 inches long ; spikes 2 to 4, many-flowered, about 1/0 inch long ; glumes 1-nerved, the first 1 line, the second II/2 lines long; lemma a little shorter than the second glume, pilose below, 4-lobed, the lateral lobes short, 3-awned from between the lobes, the awns about ly^ lines long; palea 4-toothed, 2-awned ; rudiment 1/2 line long, triangular-truncate, pilose at base, 4-lobed, with 3 long awns between the lobes. GRASS FAMILY 187 Loose sandy soil, deserts of nortlieni ^fexioo, extending sparingly into the adjoining U. S. Cargo Mueliacho, Colorado Desert, Orcutt. Eef. — BouTELUUA ARENOSA Vasey, U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Bot. Bull. 12': 34. 1890. 4. B. barbata Lag. Annual; culms spreading or prostrate, 6 to 12 inches long; spikes several, usually 4 to 6, about Y^ to ^^ iufh long; spikelets numer- ous, imbricated; gliunes unequal, sealu'ous on keel and somewhat so ou back, awn-pointed from a toothed apex, the second twice as long as the first, l^^ lines long; lemma pilose below, 3-awned, the central between the obtuse sca- brous lobes; rudiment pilose at base, 2-lobed, 3-awned, enclosing an orbicular scale; awns of spikelet about 1 line long. De.serts, Utah to southern California (The Needles, Jones 67a in 1884) and south into Mexico. Refs. — BouTELOUA BARBATA Lag. Var. Cienc. 2' : 141. 1805. B. polystachya Torr. U. S. Eep. Expl. Miss. Pacif. 5: 366. 1857; Thurb. in Wats. Bot. Cal. 2: 291. 1880. Chondrosium polystarhya Bentb. Bot. Voy. Sulph. 56. 1844. 5. B. rothrockii Vasey. Perennial; culms erect or spreading, 1 to 2 feet high : spikes several, usually 4 to 6, i^^ to 1 inch long ; spikelets numerous, imbricated; glumes unequal, scabrous ou keel and back, cuspidate and 2- toothed at apex, the second 11^4 lines long, about twice as long as the first ; lemma pilose below, 4-lobed, 3-awned, the awns equal. V/^ lines long; rudiment pilose at base, consisting of 2 short truncate lobes, 3 eijual awns about 1 line long and an included orbicular scale. Mesas and foothills, Utah to southern California (Jamacha, Canbij) and Mexico. Ref. — BouTELouA ROTHROCKU Vasey, Contr. Nat. Herb. 1: 268. 1893. 6. B. radicosa Griff. Perennial; culms 6 inches to 2 feet high, erect; blades mostly basal, flat; spikes several to many, % to 1 inch long, irregularly 1- sided ; glumes somewhat unequal, rather broad, the second about 3 lines long ; lemma smooth, bearing 3 short awns; rudiment lanceolate, with 3 long awns. Upper foothills and mountains, southern California {Orcutt in 1884) and New Mexico to Mexico. Refs. — BouTELOUA R.\DicosA Griff. Contr. Nat. Herb. 14: 411. 1912. Atlieropogon radicosus Fourn. Mex. PI. 2: 140. 1886. Dinehra hromoides H.B.K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 1: 172. 1816, not Bouteloua hrovioides Lag. 7. B. gracilis Lag. Perennial; culms erect, 6 inches to 1% feet high; sheaths and blades glabrous; spikes 1 to 3, 1 to 2 inches long, usually a little curved, the rachis not produced; spikelets 21/2 to 3 lines long, densely crowded, pectiiuite; glumes narrow, the first about 1/2 as long as the second, the latter sparsely papillose-pilose on the keel ; lemma pilose, 3-eleft, the lateral divisions awned, the terminal 2-toothed, awned between the teeth ; rudiment 3-awned, pilose at base, a second rudimeutarj' scale above. Plains and hills, mountains of southei'n California ; extends fi'om Manitoba to Montana, south to Mexico. Locs. — San Bernardino Mts., Airams 2100, Parish Bros. 1.528, Wilder 744; Santa Ana Canon, Hall 7589; Jamacha, Caniy in 1894. Refs.— Bouteloua gracilis Lag.; Steud. Norn. Bot. ed. 2. 1: 219. 1840. Chondrosium gracile H.B.K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 1: 176. 1816. Bouteloua oligostaehya Torr.; Gray, Man. ed. 2. 553. 1856; Thurb. in Wats. Bot. Cal. 2: 291. 1880. Atheropogon oligostachyum Nutt. Gen. 1: 78. 1818. 8. B. hirsuta Lag. Perennial; culms erect, 8 inches to 11/2 feet high; sheaths smooth; blades sparsely papillose-liairy, especially on the margins; spikes 1 to 4, % to 2 inches long, the rachis produced into a prominent point 138 GRAMINEAE beyond tlie uppermost spikelets ; first glume narrow, setaceous; second glume acuminate, twice as long as first and equaling the floret, conspicuously tubercu- late-hirsute on the back; lemma pubescent, 3-cleft; rudiment of 2 obtuse lobes and 3 equal awns, not pilose at base. ]\Iesas of San Diego Co. (Jamacha, Cauhy) ; extends from British Columbia to Soutli Dakota and Mexico. Ref. — EouTELOUA HIKSUTA Lag. Var. Ciene. 2': 141. 1S05. 41. BECKMANNIA Host. Spikelets 1 or 2-flowered, broad, laterally compressed, articulated below the glumes, closely imbricated in 2 rows along 1 side of the rachis. Glumes sub- etpial, inflated, boat-shaped, chartaceous, the margins scarious. Lemma lance- olate, acuminate. Palea nearly as long as lemma. A tall perennial with flat blades and numerous short appressecl spikes in a narrow terminal, nearly simple panicle. — Species 1, cooler parts of the northern hemisphere. (Johann Beck- mann, 1739 — 1811, professor of botany at Gottingen.) 1. B. erucaeformis Host. Plants light green ; culms 1 to 3 feet high ; pani- cle 4 to 10 inches long; spikelets nearly circular, 1% lines long; glumes trans- versely wrinkled, the acuminate apex of the lemma protruding. Swamps and ditches, San Francisco Bay north to Yreka and east to Honey Lake Valley; also in the cooler parts of the northern hemisphere. Bet's. — Beckmannia erucaeformis Host, Gram. Axistr. 3: 5. 1805; Tburb. in Wats. Bot. Cal. 264. 1880; Davy in Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. C'al. 57. 1901. Phalaris erucaeformis L. Sp. PI. 55. 1753. 42. ELEUSINE Gaertn. Spikelets several-flowered, sessile and closely imbricated in 2 rows on 1 side of a continuous rachis, the latter not extending beyond the spikelets. Glumes 2, unequal, shorter than the florets, compressed-keeled, obtuse. Lemmas broader, with a thickened 5-ribbed keel, the uppermost sometimes empty. Coarse tufted annuals, with digitate or approximate, rather stout spikes. — Species about 6, tropical regions of the Old World, 1 species introduced in the warmer portions of the U. S. (Greek Eleusin, the town where Ceres, the god- dess of harvests, was worshipped.) 1. E. indica Gaertn. Culms flattened, decumbent at base or prostrate- spreading; sheaths loose, overlapping, compressed; spikes 2 to 10, 1 to 3 inches long; spikelets appressed, 3 to 5-flowered, about 21/0 lines long. A eonnnou roadside weed in the warmer parts of America, introduced from the Old World. Los Angeles, Brauntou 1281. Refs. — Eleusine indica Gaertn. Fruct. & Si-m. 1: 8. 17SS. Cijnosurus iiidicits L. Sp. PI. 72. 17.53. 43. LEPTOCHLOA Beauv. Spikelets 2 to several-flowered, the uppermost floret usually imperfect or rudimentary, sessile or nearly so, more or less scattered along 1 side of the rachis. Glumes keeled, 1-nerved. Lemmas keeled, 3-nerved, acute, awned or awnless, sometimes 2 or 3-toothed. Annuals or sometimes perennials with elongated simple panicles of slender spikes scattered along a main axis. — Spe- cies about 20, in the warm regions of both hemispheres. (Greek leptos, slender,, and chloa, grass.) Glumes longer than first lemma; sheaths papillose-hispid 1. L. filiformis. Glumes shorter than first lemma; sheaths smooth. Lemmas awned 2. L. fascicularis. Lemmas awnless 3. L. imbricata. GRASS FAMILY 139 1. L. filiformis Beauv. Culms 1 to 3 feet high, often depauperate; sheaths papillose-hairy; spikes numerous, 1 to 4 inches long, slender, usually purple, the spikelets rather distant, about li/o lines long; glumes more or less mueron- ate, nearly equaling the 3 or 4 awnless florets. Open ground, fields and moist depressions. Imperial Co. (Colorado River, Schellenyer) ; common in the warmer parts of America. Refs. — Leptochloa filiformis Beauv. Ess. Agrost. 71, 166. 1812. Festuca filiformia Lam. Tabl. Encycl. 1: 191. 1791. Leptochloa mucronata Kunth, Eev. Gram. 1: 91. 1829; Abrams, Fl. Los Ang. 42. 1904. Eleusine mucronata Mielix. FI. Bor. Am. 1: 65. 1803. 2. L. fascicularis Gray. Culms erect or spreading, 1 to 2 feet high ; sheatlis smooth ; blades erect, as long or longer than the culms ; spikes numerous, 3 to 5 inches long; spikelets slightly pediceled, 7 to 11-flowered, the florets much longer than the lanceolate glumes ; lemmas hairy-margined toward the base, short-awned from the toothed apex. Ditches and moist, especially alkaline places. Fresno Co. {Griffiths 4729) and Kern Co. {Bayinond) ; east to IMaryland and Florida. Refs. — LEPTOcnLOA fascicularis Gray, Man. 588. 1848; Tliiirb. in Wats. Bot. Cal. 2: 292. 1880. Festuca fascicularis Lam. Tabl. EncycL 1: 189. 1791. 3. L. imbricata Thurb. Resembles L. fascicularis; usually strictlj' erect, the panicle more oblong in outline, with shorter spikes; glumes broader and more obtuse; lemmas apiculate but not awned. Ditches and moist places. San Bernardino Mts. southward to ilexico and east to Louisiana. Locs. — San Bernardino Mts., Wilder 1128, Wright 2118; Riverside, Wheeler in 1908; Salton Basin, Schellenger 55 in 1893; Calexieo, Chase 5518. Ref.— Leptochloa imbricata Thurb. in Wats. Bot. Cal. 2 : 293. 1880. Tribe VIII. FESTUCExVE. 44. MONANTHOCHLOE Engelm. Spikelets 2 or 3-flowered, unisexual. Ihe staminate and pistillate somewhat dissimilar, usually sessile in pairs and concealed within the leaf-fascicles, the upper floral leaves becoming smaller, at length reduced to sheaths, and resem- bling the glumes. Lemmas membranaceous, rigid, obtuse or denticulate. Palea enclosed Avithin the lemma. — Species 1, tropical and subtropical America. (Greek monanthos. one-flower, and chloe, grass.) 1. M. littoralis Engelm. A creeping stoloniferous perennial with wiry stems and short rigid crowded leaves. Salt marshes and mucky or gravelly tidal flats along the coast of tropical seas in the western hemisphere, extending as far north on the Pacific Coast as Santa Barbara. Locs. — Santa Barbara, Hitchcock 2563; San Pedro, Grant 295, 3400; Oceanside, Parish 4449; San Diego, Abrams 3456, Cleveland 829. Refs. — MoN.\NTiiocHLOii littoralis Engelm. Trans. Acad. St. Louis 1: 436. 1859; Abrams, Fl. Los Ang. 44. 1904. 45. ORCUTTIA Vasey. Spikelets several-flowered, compressed, sessile in loose spikes, the lower spikelets more or less remote. Glumes subequal, broadly lanceolate, irregularly 2 to 5-toothed. Lemmas oblong, many-nerved, 5-toothed at the broad apex, the principal nerves extending into the teeth. Low cespitose annuals with short leaves and rather large spikelets. — Species 2, one from Lower California, the other from (Iiico. (C. R. Orcutt, a botanist of San Diego.) 1. 0. greenei Vasey. Culms 6 to 8 inches high, scabrous or appressed-pilose. 140 GRAMINEAE especially at the nodes ; sheaths finely papillose, shorter than the internodes, the ligule very short; blades about an inch long, pilose on the upper surface, inrolled; spike 1 to 3 inches long, pale; glumes and lemmas sparsely long- pilose and more or less papillose, the glumes 2 lines, the lemmas 3 lines long. Only known from the type collection. "Moist plains of the upper Sacramento, near (hico, California, June, 1890, by Prof. E. L. Greene." Bef. — ORCCTTi.i GREENEI Vasev, Bot. Gaz. 10: 146. 1891. 4C. ARUNDO L. Spikelets 3 or i-tlowered in large terminal panicles. Glumes narrow, sub- equal, 3-nerved, smooth, acute or acuminate, about as long as the spikelet, Rachilla smooth. Lemma thin, membranaceous, 3-nerved, 2-toothed at apex, mucronate between the teeth, long-pilose on the back. Tall reed-like grasses, with hollow culms, and broad flat blades. — Species about 6, in the warmer regions of the Old AYorld, 1 introduced in America. (An ancient Latin name.) ]. A. donax L. Giant-reed. Culms stout, as much as 20 feet high, and an inch in diameter at base, from rough knotty branching rhizomes; blades numerous, broad, Hat, 2 to 3 inches wide on the main stem, smaller on the branches, the base cordate and more or less liairy-tufted : panicle large, 1 to 2 feet long ; spikelets about 6 lines long. A native of the Old World, freriuently cultivated for ornament in tropical America. Rather common in gardens in the southern U. S. and escaped along irrigating ditches from Texas to central and southern California. The only Cali- fornia specimen in tlie National Herbarium is from the Alameda marshes, Davy in 1808. Kefs. — Aeundo donax L. Sp. PI. SI. 1753; Davy in .Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. .59. 1901; Abrams, Fl. Los Aug. 44. 1904. 17. PHRAGMITES Trin. Spikelets loosely 3 to 7-Howered, in large terminal panicles. Glumes unequal, lanceolate, acute, shorter than the spikelet. Rachilla clothed with long silky hairs. Lemmas narrow, long"'-acuminate, glabrous, the lowest longer, equaling the uppermost florets, empty or subtending a staminate flower. Tall reed-like perennials. — Species 3, 1 cosmopolitan, 1 in Asia, and 1 in South America. (Greek phragmites, growing in hedges.) 1. P. communis Trin. Common Reed. Culms as much as 12 feet high, from long creeping rhizomes, these sometimes appearing on the surface of the ground as long leafy stolons as much as 30 feet long; blades as much as 2 inches wide, flat, the base somewhat narrowed, not hairy; panicle 6 to 1.5 inches long; spikelets 6 to 7 lines long. Fresh-water swamps, marshes and around springs, through the temperate regions of the world. Locs. — Mendocino, Brottm 943 ; Suisun marshes, Davii 4095 ; Concord, Elmer 4541 ; San Ber- nardino, Parish 5111; Newberry, Chase 5779. Refs. — Phraomites communis Trin. Fiind. Agrost. 134. 1820; Thurb. in Wats. Bot. Cal. 2 : 300. ISSO. P. vulgaris B. S. P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 69. 188S ; Davy in Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 59. 1901. Arundo ■vulgaris Lam. Fl. Fran^. 3: 615. 1778. Phragmites phragmites Karst. Deutsche Fl. 379. 1880. Arundo phragmites L. Sp. PI. 81. 1753. 48. TRIDENS Roem. & Schult. Spikelets 3 to many-flowered, the uppermost staminate or reduced, in open or contracted panicles. Glumes glabrous. Lemmas 3-nerved, more or less bidentate, the middle nerve often produced between the teeth into an awn, the nerves and callus densely villous. Palea shorter than the lemma, long-ciliate GRASS FAMILY 141 on tlie nerves below. Pereuuials with various habit, the above characters r-ov- ering the California species. — Species about 25, mostly American. (Latin tres, three, and dens, tooth.) Inflorescence a naked narrow panicle 1. T. muticus. Inrtorescenee a leafy head or umbel 2. T. pulclielhis. 1. T. muticus Nash. Culms erect, 1 to 2 feet high: blades involute, sca- brous; panicle narrow, '-^ to 6 inclics lont?. exserted, the branches short and appressed; spikelets terete, narrow, ■! to 5 lines long; glumes about 2 lines long, 1-nerved, shorter than the spikelets: lemmas pilose on nerves, obtuse, about 2 lines long, entire or slightly emarginate, awnless. Dry slopes and gravelly banks, central Sierra Nevada (Silver Mt., Brewer 2044), east to Colorado and Texas, Refs, — Tridens muticus Nash in Small, Fl. Southeast. U. S. 143. 190.3. Tricuspis miitirus Torr. II. S. Rep. Expl. Miss, Pacif. 4: 156. 1S.57. 2. T. pulchellus Ilitchc. n. comb. Low and tufted, usually not over 6 inches high ; culms slender, scabrous or puberulous, consisting of 1 long iutei-node, bearing at the top a fascicle of leaves, the fascicle finally bending over to the groiuul, taking root and produc-ing other cidms, the fascicles also producing the intlore.scence ; sheaths striate, papery-margined, pilose at base; blades in- volute, short, scabrous, sharp-pointed, striate; panicles much reduced, usually not exceeding the blades of the fascicle, consisting of 1 to 5 nearlj- sessile spike- lets; glumes subequal, broad, acuminate, awn-pointed, 1-nerved, 3 to 4 lines long, and about as long as the spikelet ; lemmas 2 lines long, long-pilose below, cleft about half way, the awn about as long or a little longer tlian the obtuse lobes. Mesas and rocky hills in the Mohave and Colorado deserts, east to Utah and Texas, and south into JMexico. Logs. — Funeral Mts., Coville 4~ Funston 25S; Panamint Cafion, Hall ij- Chandler 6995; New- berrj', Chase 5789; The Needles, Chase 5791; Colorado Desert, Hall 5961, Wilder 1094. Refs. — Tridens pulchellus Hitchc. Triodia pidchella H.B.K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 1: 155. 1816. Trie-uspis pulchclla Torr. U. S. Rep. Expl. Miss. Pacif. 4: 15(). 1857; Thurb. in AVats. Bot. Cal. 2: 301. 1880. 49. DISSANTHELIUM Trin. Spikelets 2 to 4-flowered, the uppermost reduced to a stipe, arranged in panicles. Glumes narrow, acute, equaling or exceeding the spikelet, the first 1-nerved, the second 3-nerved. Lemma broad, awnless, 3-nerved. — Species 3, 1 in California, the others Mexican and South American. (Greek dissos, double, and anthelios, floret.) 1. D. calif ornicum Benth. Culnis 2 to 3 feet high, smooth : leaves smooth ; ligule membranaceous, 1 to :i lines long; blades flat, lax: panicle narrow, loose, 6 to 8 inches long, the lower clusters of branches rather remote : glumes some- what unequal, the first about 1 to 11/2 lines long; lemmas about 1'^ lines long, minutely villous, especially below. Known only from California: Ta.ssa.iara Hot Springs, Elniir 3317; San Cle- niente Island, 7'rasJ; 324. The specimens at hand are apparently annual. Refs. — DissANTHELiUM CALiFORXicuM Bcnth. in Hook. Icon. PI. III. 4: 56. pi. 1375. 1881. SUiiochloa calif ornica Nutt. Jour. .\cad. Pbila. II. 1: 189. 1848, type from Santa Catalina Island, Gamhel; Thurb. in Wats. Bot. Cal. 2: 315. 18S0. ;-)(). ERAGROSTIS Host. Spikelets 3 to many-flowered, usually strongly compressed, in open or con- tracted panicles. Glumes keeled, much shorter than the spikelets. Lemmas 142 GRAMINEAE 3-nerved, broad, keeled. Palea shorter than the lemma, often persistent ou the raohilla, the strong nerves eiliate. Annuals or perennials. — Species about 100, in warm and temperate regions of both hemispheres. (Greek er, spring, and agrostis, a grass.) Plants perennial. Panicle narrow and compact, more or less interrupted 1. E. secundiflora. Panicle loose and open 2. E. lugens. Plants annual. Spikelets dioecious or polygamous 8. E. liypnoides. Spikelets perfect. Spikelets ovate to oblong-ovate, about IV2 lines wide; keel of lemmas glandular and scabrous 5. E. mcgastachya. Spikelets linear, % to 1 line wide; keel of lemmas scabrous but not glandular. Panicle jjilose in the lower axils. Lower lemmas V2 line wide 7. E. limbata. Lower lemmas M line wide 6. E. pilosa. Panicle glabrous in the axils. Pedicels flexuous and spreading; lower leumias li line wide 4. E. orcuttiana. Pedicels nearly straight, ascending or apprcssed; lower lemmas (a bne wide 3. E. incxicana. 1. E. secundiflora Presl. Perennial; culms ereet or decumbent at base, stiff, 1 to 2 feet high ; sheaths pilose at the throat ; panicles narrow, the branches ascending, compactly flowered, approximate or more or less remote; spike- lets many-tlowered, the florets closely imbricated, usually tinged with red; glumes 1-nerved, the second 1 line long; lemmas prominently 3-nerved, sca- brous on keel, broad at base, the acuminate apex somewhat divergent. Sandy prairies, Kansas to Florida and Mexico and west to southern California. San Diego, Orcutt in 1884. Refs. — Ebagrostis secundiflora Presl, Eel. Haenk. 1 : 27(i. 1830. E. oxi/lcpis Torr. U. 8. Rep. Expl. Miss. Pacif. 4: 156. 18.57. Poa oxylcpU Torr. in Marcy, Expl. Red Eiv. 301. 18.53. F. iiilerniptd Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. IL 5: 196. 1837, not Lam. 1791. 2. E. lugens Nees. Perennial ; culms erect, 2 to 3 feet high ; leaves mostly basal, the blades narrow, involute; panicle large and diffuse, about J^ the length of the entire plant; spikelets 3 to 4 lines long, about % line wide; sec- ond glume 1 line long; lower lemmas 1 line long. % line wide. Sandy prairies. San Diego Co. (Jamacha, Canhy\ to Texas and south to South America. Ref. — Er.vcrostis lugens Nees, Agrost. Bras. 50.5. ISiO. 3. E. mexicana Link. Annual; culms erect or spreading, 1 to 2 feet high; sheaths hairy at the throat; blades often elongated; panicle large and diffuse, glabrous in the axils, 6 to 12 inches long; spikelets 2 to 3 lines long, % line wide, mostly 6 to 12-flowered, the pedicels slender, tlexuous, mostly longer than the spikelet; glumes acuminate, the second about 1 line long; lemmas smooth, the lower 1 line long, i/^ line wide, the lateral nerves not prominent. A weed in fields and waste places, southern California (Los Angeles, River- side) to New Mexico and southward to Mexico. Refs. — Eragkostis mexicana Link, Hort. Berol. 1 : 190. 1827. Poa me.rifha by Thurber (Wats. Bot. Cal. 2: 315. 1880) are all Eragrostis pilosa. 7. E. limbata Ponrn. Resembles E. pilosa. differing in its relatively smaller panicles and l;irger spikelets; lower lemma 1 line long, I/2 line wide. Mesas, San Diego Co. (Jamacha, Canhy) to Mexico. Refs. — Eragrostis limb.4.ta Fourn. Mex. PI. 2: 116. 1886. Mentioned without description by Hemsley (Biol. Centr. Am. Bot. 3: 573. 1885). 8. E. hypnoides B.S.P. Annual, extensively creeping; culms slender, 8 inches to 1 V-; feet long, with short, erect or ascending, panicle-bearing brandies, 144 GRAIIINEAE 2 to 4 iiK-hes high; blades % to 11/2 inches long; jianicles mostly simple, of rather few laneeolate-oblong spikelets, the fertile inflorescence tending to be capitate; spikelets 10 to 35-tiowered. 2yj to 7 lines long, the flowers more or less dioecious. Sand bars and wet shores of ri-\ ers and lakes, throughout the U. S. and south to South America. Loes. — Mendocino, Brown 928; Lower Sacramento, Jepson in 1S91; Latlirop, Biolttti 144; Clear Lake, Prinr/h- in 18S2; Los Angeles, Nevin. Refs. — ER.UiBOSTis HYPNOIDES B.S.P. Prcl. Cat. N. Y. 09. 1S88; Davy in Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 60. 1901. Foci hypiwides Lam. Tabl. Enc.vcl. 1: 185. 1791. Erar/rostis reptans Nees, Agrost. Bras. 514. 1829; Thurb. in AVats. Bot. Cal. 2: 314. 1880. 51. ANTHOCHLOA Nees e^ Meyen. Spikelets several-flowered, in capitate or cylindrical panicles. Glumes small or wanting. Lemmas thin-membranaceous. flabelliform, or petal-like, many- nerved. Palea narrower than the lemma, hyaline. Low cespitose grasses with flat blades aiul panicles partially included in the sheaths. — Species 3, Andes of Bolivia and Peru. 1 in California. (Greek antlios. flower, and ehloa, grass.) 1. A. colusana Scrii)n. Annual : culms ascending from a decumbent base, 3 to 12 inches long; leaves overlapping, pale green, scarious between the nerves, loosely folded around the culm but not differentiated into sheath and blade, about 6 lines wide at the middle, tapering to each end. 2 to 4 inches long, keeled on the back above, plicate, minutely eiliate with raised glands on the margins and nerves ; panicles pale green, cylindrical, at first partially in- cluded, never much esserted, li/o to 3 inches long, 4 to 6 lines wide, the upper portion of the a.xis bearing, instead of spikelets, lanceolate-linear empty bracts 4 lines long: spikelets subsessile. usually 5-fiowered, 3 to 3% lines long, imbri- cated; glumes wanting; lemmas flabellate. very broad, many-nerved, 2\A lines long, ciliolate-fringed. Only known from the type collection, "near Princeton, Colusa County, Cali- fornia, bordering rain-pools on the hai'd uncultivated alkali 'goose-lands,' beside the stage road to Norman; May 26. 1898. ./. Buiit Davy." Refs. — Anthochloa colusana Scribn. U. S. Dcpt. Agr. Div. Agrost. Bull. 17 : 221. f . 517. 1899. Slap-fio colusana Davy, Erythea (i: 110. pi. 3. 1898. Ncostcipfia colusana Davy, Erythea 7: 43. 1899. 52. MELICA L. Spikelets 2 to several-flowered, in panicles. Glumes large, unequal, mem- branaceous or papery, scarions-margined, 3 to 5-nerved, awnless, a little shorter than the florets. Rachilla prolonged beyond the uppermost fertile floret and bearing 2 or 3 gradually smaller empty lemmas more or less convolute and en- closing one another at the apex. Lennnas firm with scarious margins, 7-nerved, awnless, or awned below the bifid apex. Perennials, often bulbous at base, with closed sheaths and usually few-flo'\\'ered panicles. — Species about 30 in tem- perate regions. (An old Italian name for sorghum, from mel. honey.) Spikelets narrow: glumes usually narrow, scarious margined; sterile lemmas similar to the fertile, the latter acute or awned. Lemmas long-awned 1. M. aristata. Lemmas awnless or very short-awned. Culms not bulbous at base 2. M. luirfordii. Culms bulbous at base. Lemmas acuminate; panicle narrow, the branches short 3. M. sahiilata. Lemmas acute, not acuminate; panicle broad, the branches long anil spreading 4. M. gcyeri. GRASS FAMILY 145 Spikelets broad; glumes broad and papery; sterile lemmas small and convolute around each other, more or less hidden in the upper fertile lemmas. Culms bulbous at base. Pedicels capillary, flexuous or rccnrvnl .5. M. spectabilis. Pedicels stouter, apprtssed. Panicle narrow ; branches short, erect 6. M. hella. Panicle open; branches spreading. Spikelets about 3 lines long 7. M. fugax. Spikelets about 6 lines long 8. M. infiata. Culms not distinctly bulbous at base (somewhat bulbous in M. bulbosa). Spikelets large, reflexed 9. M. stricta. Spikelets smaller, not reflexed. Fertile florets 3 or 4 in each spikelet ; spikelets 5 to 6 lines long. Spikelets silvery white; glumes about as long as spikelet; plant tall and somewhat woody 10. M. frutescens. Spikelets tawny or purplish; glumes shorter than spikelet; plant lower, herbaceous... 11. M. bulbosa. Fertile florets 1 or 2 in each spikelet; spikelets 2 to 3 lines long. Fertile lemmas pubescent 12. M. torreyana. Fertile lemmas glabrous 13. M. imperfecta. 1. M, aristata Tliurb. Culms erect or decnnibent below, not bulbous at base, smooth. 2 to 3 feet high; sheaths scabrous or pubescent; blades flat, more or less pubescent; panicle narrow, the l)ranches short and appressed; glumes narrow, 5-nerved, 5 to 6 lines long; lemmas 5-nerved, scabrous, bifid at apex, awned, the awn 3 to 5 lines long. Dry woods, slopes and meadows. Washington, southward in the Sierra Nevada to Fresno Co. Locs.— Siskiyou Co., Butler 811; Mt. Shasta, Hitchcock 2944; Grizzly Hill. Leiherg 5121; Emigrant Gap, Jones in 1882; Lake Tahoe, Reed 4- Pendleton 1726; Mt. Tallae, Hitchcoclc 3163; Pioneer, Hansen 1849; Yosemite Valley, Hitchcock 3349; Northfork, Griffiths 4581, 6670; Pine Ridge, Hall 4- Chandler 314. Refs. — Melica aki.st.\ta Thurb.; Boland. Proc. Cal. Acad. 4: 103. 1870, type from Clark's (now Wawona), Bolander 4861; Thurb. in Wats. Bot. Cal. 2; 305. 1880. 2. M. harfordii Boland. Culms 2 to 4 feet high, decumbent below, smooth, not bulbous at base : sheaths smooth ; blades scabrous, firm ; panicle narrow, the branches appressed; glumes narrow, about 3 lines long, obtuse; lemmas 7- nerved, pilose on lower part of margin, the apex emarginate, mucronate or short-awned; awn less than 1 line long. Open dry woods and slopes. Coast Ranges from Jlonterey Co, to Castella and north to British Columbia. Refs. — Melica hakfordii Boland. Proc. Cal. Acad. 4: 102. 1870, three specimens mentioned, Bolander 53, 6464, and one from Bear Valley, Nevada Co., in 1869 ; Thurb. in "Wats. Bot. Cal. 2: 305. 1880. 3. M. subulata Scribn. Culms 2 to 4 feet high, bulbous at base; panicle narrow, the branches appressed ; spikelets narrow, % to 1 inch long, loosely several-flowered : glumes narrow, obscurely nerved, the second about 4 lines long, shorter than tlie lower lemma; lemmas prominently 7-nerved, gradually narrowed to ;iti acuiiiiuate point. Mwiiless. the keel and marginal nerves pilose- ciliate. Meadows, banks and shady slopes, from Siskiyou Co. and Trinity Summit to Lake Tnhoc ( Rrrd & Pendleton lfi86) and Mt. Tamalpais {Piper 6343) ; north to Alaska and east to Wj-oming. Refs. — Melica subulata Scribn. Proc. Acad. Phila. 1885: 47. 1885. Bromus .ek\ slopes and banks. P]agle Lake (Jours) through the Sierra Nevada to Se(iuoia Nat. Park (Hall ct Babcock 5684) and Coso ]\Its. {Coville & Funston 936), and in the Coast Ranges (Tilt. Piuos, Kern Co., Hall 6404) to San Bernar- dino Mts. (Parish Bros. 1553) ; north into Oregon and east to Utah. Refs.— Melica stricta Boland. Proc. Cal. Acad. 3: 4. 1S63; op. cit. 4: 104. 1872; Thurb. in Wats. Bot. Cal. 2: 303. 1880. 10. M. frutescens Scribn. Culms 2 to 6 feet high, rather woody below, not bulbous at base; blades short, especially on the branches and innovations; panicle silvery-shining, narrow, the branches short and appressed ; spikelets about Yo inch long; glumes about as long as the spikelet, prominently 5-nerved; lemmas acute, entire, awnless, 7-nerved. Southern California to Lower California. Loes. — Pauamint Cafion, Hall 4' Chandler 7031; Riverside, Grifpths 78.51; San .Jacinto, Jones 3oo4; Masons, Brandegee 135 in 1896; Bernardo, Ahrams 3361; San Diego Co.. Mcarns 3033. Refs. — Melica frute.scexs Scribn. Proc. Acad. Phila. 1885: 45. 1885, type locality, vicinity of Sau Diego, .several specimens cited, the first being Parry ^- Lemmon 401. 11. M. bulbosa Geyer. Culms 2 to 4 feet high, the base usually decumbent and often more or less bulbous or corm-like; lower sheaths on the older culms persistent, brown and split into numerous fibers ; panicle narrow, rather densely flowered, 4 to 8 inches long, tawny or purplish, not silvery shining; spikelets 5 to 6 lines long, papery, 3 or 4-flowered; second glume about 31/2 lines long ; lemmas rather prominently 7-nerved, awnless. JFountain meadows and rocky woods, Ventura Co. north to Oregon and Nevada. The following specimens are softly pubescent: Northfork. Griffiths 4415; Yo- semite Valley, Chase 5712; Tehachapi, Chase 5734. Eefs. — Melica bulb.^G57 ; Lake Tahoe, McGregor 199 ; San Bernardino, Fwi^Hi-A ^i:tK,ua\qziioa min;) Refs.— Dactylis glomerata L. Sp. PI. 71. 1753; Thurb. in 'WaitSilBoto aaLaaaiSffiluaSSO ; Davy in Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 65. 1901; Abrams, Fl. Los A"I1liHt^h'Wfd^i'|i^feing, gold- en-yellow or purplish, the branches close, short, erect ;' 'peclicels fascicled, somewhat clavate, pubescent, spreading at right angles, the fascicles with a tuft of long whitish hairs at the base; fertile spikelet about 1 line long, the sterile 3 to 4 lines long; glumes narrow, hyaline, 1 line long; lemmas awned from lielow the apex. A native of the ]\Iediterranean region, abundantly naturalized in southern California, rarer northward to Santa Clara Co. ; also in northern Mexico. Eefs. — LAMARCKIA AUKEA Moench, Meth. PI. 201. 1794; Thurb. in Wats. Bot. Cal. 2: 299. 1880; Davy in Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 65. 1901; Abrams, Fl. Los Ang. 49. 1904. Cynosurus aureus L. Sp. PI. 72. 1753. Achyrodes aureum Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 2: 75S. 1891. 58. POA L. Spikelets 2 to several-flowered, the uppermost floret rudimentary, in open or narrow panicles. Glumes keeled, 1 to 3-neryed. Lemmas herbaceous or mem- branaceous, mostly scarious-tipped, acute or obtuse, keeled, awnless, 5-nerved, the intermediate nerves sometimes obscure, keel and marginal nerves sometimes villous, the floret sometimes with cobwebby hairs at base. Annuals or peren- nials with blades ending in a navicular point. — Species niinierous, over 100, in the temperate and cool regions of l>()th hemispheres. (Greek poa, grass or fodder.) Plants annua!. Lenunas villous on nerves below. Panicle pyramidal, open ; sheaths smooth 1. P. annua. Panicle narrow, contracted; sheaths scabrous 2. P. bigelovii. Lemmas not villous on keel and nerves. Sheaths rough; lemmas pubescent on back 3. P. howcUii Sheaths smooth ; lemmas smooth or nearly so 4. P. holanderi. Plants perennial. Creeping rhizomes present. Lemmas not webbed at base. Glumes 4 lines long; spikelets about Vi inch long 5. P. macrantha. 152 GRAMINEAE Glumes 1 to 2 liues long. Panicles open ; glumes 2 lines long 6. P. olneyae. Panicles almost spike-like; glumes 1 line long 7. P. atropurpurea. Lemmas webbed at base, sometimes sparingly so. Culm conspicuously flattened 8, P. cumpressa. Culm terete or nearly so. Lemmas not pilose on keel or nerves. Panicle contracted ; web sparse 9. P. confiiiis. Panicle open ; web abundant 10. P. kelloggii. Leumias pilose on keel and usually also on marginal nerves. Panicle dense and spike-like; plants dioecious 11. P. douglasii. Panicle more or less o]>en ; plants not dioecious. Lemmas 1 \-2 lines lung 12. P. pratensis. Lemmas 2% lines long 13. P. rhizomata. Creeping rhizomes absent. Lemmas villous on keel and marginal nerNCi; Iilades firm, folded. Ligule 21/2 to 3% lines long, acute L-"i. P. longiligula. Ligule short, rounded or truncate 14. P. fendleriana. Lenmias sometimes pubescent near base but not villous on keel and marginal nerves. Lenunas pubescent on lower part. Blades filiform. Panicle spike-like 18. P. nudata. Panicle loose and open 19. P. tenerrima. Blades narrow but not tiliform. Sheaths scabrous; panicle usually narrow 10. P. scabrella. Sheaths smooth; panicle usually comparatively short and open. Blades scattered along culm ; culms loose and decumbent at base ; spikelets 3 to 4 lines long 20. P. alcea. Blades mostly basal. Panicle open; culms decumbent at base 21. P. graciUima. Panicle contracted; culms erect 17. P. sandbergii. Lemmas smooth or scaberulous. Panicle close and spike-like; plants of sea-side cliffs 22. P. unilateralia. Panicle more or less open. Spikelets 1 or 2-flowered; panicle long, open 23. P. thurberiana. Spikelets 3 to several-flowered. Blades filiform. Blades smooth 24. P. hanseni. Blades scabrous 25. P. idahoensis. Blades narrow but not filiform. Sheaths scabrous; panicle long, narrow 26. P. nevadenxis. Sheaths smooth. Panicle narrow, 4 to 8 inches long; culms 1% to 3 feet high 27. P. brachyglossa. Panicle short, 1 to 2 inches long; culms lower; blades involute, firm. Lemmas about 3 lines long 28. P. pringlei. Lemmas 11^ to 2 lines long. Culms 3 to 8 inches high; blades smooth 29. P. leibergii. Cuhns 1 to 2 feet high; blades scabrous 30. P. cottoni. 1. P. annua L. Annual; enlms flattened, decumbent at base, sometimes rooting at the lower nodes ; sheaths loose ; blades soft and lax ; panicle pyra- midal, open, 1 to 3 inches long; spikelets crowded, 3 to 6-flowered, about 2 lines long; lemma not webbed at base, distinctly 5-nerved, the nerves pilose on lower half. Open ground, along roadsides and in waste places, throughout the state, except in the deserts ; extends from Alaska to Mexico ; introduced from Europe. GRASS FAMILY 153 Refs. — POA ANNUA L. Sp. PI. 68. 1753; Thurb. in Wats. Bot. Cal. 2: 311. 1880; Davy in Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 66. 1901 ; Abrams, Fl. Los Ang. 45. 1904. P. iiifirma H. B. K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 1: 158. 1816; Abrams, Fl. Los Ang. .50. 1904. 2. P. bigelovii Vasey & Seribn. Anuual; culms erect, 6 to 15 inches high; panicle narrow, 3 to 6 inches long, the branches short, appressed; spikelets ovate, about 3 lines long; glumes acuminate, 3-nerved, 2 lines long; lemmas 2 lines long, webbed at base, copiously pilose on the lower part of the lateral nerves and keel, villous on lower portion of back between. Open ground, southern California to western Texas, south into Mexico. Loos. — Panamint Canon, Jones; Los Angoles, Davidson; Colorado Desert, Coyote Canon, Hall 2835; Palni Springs, Parish 6139; Laguna Mts., Orcvlt. Refs. — PoA BIGELOVII Vasey & Seribn. in Vasey, Cat. Grasses U. S. 81. 1885. P. annua L. var. stricta Vasey, Bull. Torr. Club 10: 31. 1883. 3. P. howellii Vasey & Seribn. Annual ; culms 1 to 3 feet high ; sheaths re- trorsely scabrous; panicle including Va to 1/2 the plant, open, the branches in rather distant fascicles, spreading, scabrous, naked below, some short branches intermixed; spikelets ly^ to 2 lines long, u.suallj' 3 or 4-flowered; glumes nar- row, acuminate, the first •% line long, 1-nerved or rarel.y 3-nerved, the second 1 line long, 3-nerved ; lemmas webbed at base, 1 line long, ovate, pubescent over the lower i/^ or %, the nerves all rather distinct. Rocky banks and shaded slopes, at moderate altitudes, mostly in the Coast Ranges; north to Vancouver Island. Two specimens from Yosemite Nat. Park {Congdon, Chase 5701) differ in having smooth sheaths and more or less 3-nerved first glume, and may prove to be a distinct species. Eefs. — POA HOWELLII Vasey & Seribn. U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Bot. Bull. 13=: pi. 78. 1893. Var. viicrosperma Vasey, Contr. Nat. Herb. 1: 273. 1893, type from Santa Cruz, Anderson 99. 4. P. bolanderi Vasey. Annual; cidms erect, 6 inches to 2 feet high; sheaths smooth; panicle open, about 1/2 the length of the entire plant, the branches few and distant, smooth, stiffly spreading or somewhat reflexed, naked below; spikelets usually 2 or 3-flowered; glumes broad, the first l-uerved, 1 line long, the second 3-nerved, 1% lines long; lemma scantily webbed at base, smooth, scabrous on the keel, acute, the marginal nerves rather indistinct, the intermediate nerves obsolete. Open ground or open woods, confined to the Sierra Nevada and high southern mountains; north to Washington, east to Alberta and Utah. Locs. — Siskiyou Co., Butler 1747, 1750; Truckee Basin, Davy 3256; Tahoe, Hitchcock 3083; Mt. Tallac, Hitchcock Z15Q; Amador Co., Hansen 2081; Yosemite Nat. Park, Hitchcoclc 3255, 3308, 3315; Madera Co., Congdon; Bald Hill, Leibcrg 5062; Pine Ridge, Fresno Co., Hall 4- Chandler 322; Sequoia Nat. Park and vicinity, Culbertson 4436, Hall 4- Chandler 432, Hitchcock 3367, 3391, 34G6; San Jacinto Mts., Eecd 2486. Refs. — PoA BOLANDEEi Vasey, Bot. Gaz. 7: 32. 1882, type Bolander 6115 (from Ostrander's, Yosemite Park, aec. Bolander 's Field Book). Var. chandleri Piper, Contr. Nat. Herb. 11: 132. 1906. P. howellii Vasey & Seribn. var. chandleri Davj-, Univ. Cal. Publ. Bot. 1 : 60. 1902, type from Schakclford Caiion, Marble Mt., Chandler 1703. 5. P. macrantha Vasey. Perennial from extensively creeping rhizomes; culms erect from a decumbent base, % to V^ feet high, the sterile shoots widely spreading; sheaths smooth, tawny, and papery; blades smooth, in- volute, more or less curved or flexuons ; panicle narrow, contracted, some- times dense and spike-like, 2 to 5 inches long, pale or tawny ; spikelets large, about 14 inch long, about 5-flowered; glumes smooth, 3-nerved, or the second indistinctly 5-nerved, about 4 lines long; lemmas 4 lines long, not webbed at base, short-pilose on the keel and marginal nerves below, slightly scabrous on 154 GRAiJINEAE tlie keel above and sparingly on the back near margins; palea filiate on keels. Sand dunes along the coast, northern California to Washington. Crescent City, Davy d- Blasdale 5966. Rcf.— P0-\ M.iCRAXTHA Vaspy, Bull. Torr. Club 1.5: 11. ISSS. 6. P. olneyae Piper. Perennial from creeping rhizomes; culms 1 to 2 feet high; sheaths smooth, or slightly scabrous; ligule about 1 line long; blades flat or folded, smooth on lower surface; panicle pyramidal, rather open, 1 to 4 inches long, the lower branches 2 or 3 in a cluster, about an inch long, ascend- ing or spreading: glumes 2 lines long, acute: lemmas nearly smooth, sparingly piibescent or scaberulous on keel and marginal nerves, not webbed, the inter- mediate nerves faint. Alpine meadows, open woods, and rockj' banks in the Sierra Nevada and high southern mountains; north to British Columbia and east to Montana. Locs.— Siskiyou Co., Butler 1318; Bierstadt Peak, Vavii 3228 in part; Webber Lake, Ken- nedy 4- Doten 137; Truekee River, ^onne 4; Yosemite Nat. Park, Hall <;- BahcocTc 3.538, 3567^ UitchcocTc 3278, 3319; Black Mts., Hall 4"- Chandler 610; Sequoia Nat. Park, Davidson 2109,. Hitchcock 3438; Griffiu, Ventura Co., Elmer 3970; San Jacinto Mts., Seed 2496, WUdcr 913; Fallbrook, Jones 3096. Ref.— POA OLNEYAE Piper, Erytlica 7: 101. 1S99. 7. P. atropurpurea Scribn. Perennial from creeping rhizomes; culms 1 to IVi; feet higli. slender; sheaths smooth; blades mostly basal, folded or in- volute, firm, smooth on under surface, the uppermost culm-leaf below the mid- dle; panicle narrow, contracted, almost spike-like, purple-tinged, 1 to 2 inches long; spikelets IV2 to 2 lines long, turgid; glumes broad, less than 1 line long; lemmas a little over 1 line long, broad, smooth, not webbed, the nerves faint. Only known from tlie San Bernardino Mts., Parish 2477, 2968, 3696. Ref."— PoA ATROPUKPUKEA Scribn. U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Bull. 11: 53. pi. 10. 1898, type Parish 2968. 8. P. compressa L. Canada Bluegkass. Perennial from creeping rhizomes ; culms not tufted, geniculate-ascending, flattened, wiry, bluish green, 1/0 to iy2 feet high; panicle narrow, 1 to 3 inches long, the usually short branches in pairs, spikelet-bearing to the base: spikelets crowded, subsessile, 3 to 6-flowered, 2 to 3 lines long; glumes about 1 line long, 3-nerved; lemmas firm, obscurely nerved, 1 to I14 lines long, sparingly wel>bed at base, short-pubescent below on keel and marginal nerves. Open ground, open woods, meadows and waste places throughout the U. S., introduced from Europe. — Distinguished from P. pratensis in gross appearance by the color and the scattered culms. Ref.— PoA compressa L. Sp. PI. 69. 1753. I). P. confinis Vasey. Perennial from creeping rhizomes; culms low, often geniculate or ascending at base, usually less than 6 inches high ; sheaths and involute blades smooth; panicle narrow, contracted, l^ to 1 inch long, tawny; spikelets about 2 lines long; glumes unequal, the second l^i; lines long; lemmas 11,0 lines long, si-aberulous, sparsely wel)bed at base, the nerves faint. Sand dunes and sandy meadows near the coast. ]\Iendocino Co. (Congdon) to Alaska. Ref.— PoA CONFINIS Vasey, U. S. Dept. .\gr. Div. Bot. Bull. 13=: pi. 75. 1893. 10. P. kelloggii Vasey. Perennial from creeping rhizomes; culms 1 to 2 feet high, smonth. sheaths smooth, mostly basal; blades flat or folded, sca- brous on upper surface ; panicle pyramidal, open, 3 to 6 inches lozig, the branches mostly in I's or 2's, slender, spreading or reflexed, bearing a few GRASS FAMILY ' 155 spikelets toward the extremities; spikelets rather loosely flowered, 2 to 3 lines long; glumes 1 and 1^/2 lines long; lenuiias acute or almost cuspidate, l^A to 2 lines long, smooth, rather obscurely nerved, conspicuously webbed at base. Coast Ranges from Humboldt Co. to Santa Cruz Co. Locs. — Humboldt Baj', Chandler 1183; Mendocino, Brown 763; Comptche, McMuri>]i!i 476; Eussian Guleh, Daty 6584; Santa Cruz Co., Elmer 5029. Ref. — POA KELLOGGii A'asey, U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Bot. Bull. 13=: pi. 79. 1893, type Bokinchr 4705 (from Mendocino Co. ace. Bolander 's Field Book). 11. P. douglasii Nees. Perennial from exteusively creeping rhizomes; culms ascending from a decuiubent base, usually less than a foot high ; sheaths smooth, tawny and papery; blades involute, some of these usually exceeding the culm ; panicles dioecious, ovoid or oblong, dense and spike-like, 1 to 2 inches long, % inch wide, pale or tawny ; spikelets 3 to 5 lines long, about 5-flowered ; glumes broad, 3-nerved, smooth, scabrous on upper part of keel, nearly equal, 2 to 3 lines long; lemmas 3 lines long, slightly webbed at base, villous on the lower part of keel and marginal nerves, scabrous on keel above, 1 to 3 pairs of indistinct intermediate nerves; palea ciliate on keels. Sand dunes near the coast, Pt. Arena to Monterey. Locs. — Pt. Arena, Davy 4" Blasdale 6045; Bodega Bay, Heller 5187; Pt. Eeyes, Davi/ 6742; San Francisco, Bolander 1528, 6074, Piper 6223; Oakland, Jones 3258; Santa Cruz, Anderson; Monterey and vicinity, Cliase 5655, Davy 7291, Eitchcock 2596. Eefs.— PoA DOUGLASII Nees, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1: 284. 1838; Thurb. in Wats. Bot. Cal. 2: 314. 1880; Davy in Jepson, FI. W. Mid. Cal. 66. 1901. 12. P. pratensis L. Kentucky Bluegrass. Perennial from creeping rhi- zomes ; culms tufted, 1 to 3 feet high, terete or slightly flattened ; sheaths smooth, compressed; ligule about 1 line long; blades soft, flat or folded, the basal often elongated; panicle pyramidal, open, the slender branches in remote fascicles of 3 to 5, ascending or spreading, naked at base, some of them short ; spikelets crowded, 3 to 5-flowered. 2 to 2l^ lines long; lemmas II/2 lines long, copiously webbed at base, silky-pubescent on the keel and marginal nerves, the intermediate nerves prominent.' Open woods, banks, open ground, except in the deserts; extends through- out the northern part of North America and Eurasia; extensively cultivated as a pasture and lawn grass. Some forms are clearly native in the mountains, while other forms, especially at low altitudes are escaped from cultivation. Eefs.— Poa pratensis L. Sp. PI. 67. 1753; Thurb. in Wats. Bot. Cal. 2: 312. 1880; Davy in Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 66. 1901 ; Abrams, Fl. Los Ang. 50. 1904. P. trivialis L. is mentioned by Thurber (Wats. Bot. Cal. 2 : 313. 1880) as being introduced aloiii;- the Coast Ranges. 13. P. rhizomata llitchc. n. sj). Perennial from creeping rhizomes; culms erect, 1 to 2 feet high, smooth; sheaths smooth, the lower loose and paperj'; ligule 1 to IVl' lines long; blades flat or folded, 1/4 to 1 line wide, 1 to 3 inches long, the culm blades about 2, the upper erect, about 1 inch long; panicle long-exserted, oblong, contracted, 1 to 2 inches long, tlie branches short, slen- der, mostly in 2's, ascending, few-flowered; spikelets about 3 lines long, 3 to 5-flowered ; glumes unequal, rather broad, acute, scabrous on the keels, the first 1-nerved, ]i/4 lines long, the second 3-nerved, 2 lines long; lemmas 21/2 lines long, acutish, copiously webbed at base, short-pilose on keel below, and sparingly so on lower part of marginal nerves, the intermediate nerves faint, sparingly scabrous between the nerves; palea ciliate on the keels. — (Perennis e rhizomatibus repentibus; culmi recti, 1-2 ped. alti, glabri; vaginae glabrae; 15€ GEAMINEAE ligula 1-11/2 lin- longa; laminae planae vel couduplieatae, i/^-l lin. latae, 1-3 pol. loiigae, eaulinae plerumque 2; panienla oblouga, coarctata, 1-2 pol. longa, ramis brevibus, teuuibus, ascemleDtibus, paiicifloris ; spieulae eirca 3 lin. longae, 3-5 florae ; glumae iuaequales, latisculae, aeutae, carinis seabrae, prima l-nervia, IV2 lin. longa, altera 3-nervia, 2 lin. lata; lemmata 2V2 lin. longa, subacuta, basi valde viUosa inter uervos scabra, carina nervisque marginalibus prope basin breviter pilosis, uervis intermediis obseiiris; palea carinis ciliatis.) Type specimen, Biitlcr 120;"), Oro Fino, Siskiyon Co., in damp shady woods, Apr. 21, 1910. The onlj' other sijeeimeus seen from California are Butler 1206 from Siskiyou Co., and Hatton 43 from Modoc National Forest. The species also occurs in Idaho (Beaver Canon, Shear 297). The above description is drawn from the type specimen in the National Herbarium. 14. P. fendleriana Vasey. Tufted pereunial ; culms erect, smooth, scabrous below panicle, 1 to 1% feet high; sheaths somewhat scabrous; ligule less than y^ line long; blades mostly basal, involute or folded, scabrous, firm; panicle long-exserted, narrow, contracted, \ to 3 inches long; glumes broad, 11/2 lines long, the first 1-nerved; lemmas 2 lines long, long-pilose on the lower portion of keel and marginal nerves, the intermediate nerves obscure. Mesas and hills, Great Basin from Washington to Wyoming, south to New Mexico and southern California. Panamint, Hall & Chandler 7009; San Bernar- dino 'Mis., Parish 3307. Eefs. — POA FENDLERIANA Vasey, U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Bot. Bull. 13': pi. 74. 1893; Williams, U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Circ. 10: 5. 1899; Aliraiiis, Fl. Los Ang. 50. 1904. Eragrostis fendleriana Steud. Syn. PI. Glum. 1: 278. 1854. Atropis cali f ornica Munro; Thurb. in Wats. Bot. Cal. 2: 309. 1880. 15. P. longiligula Seribn. & Williams. Tufted perennial, similar to P. fend- leriana; culms smooth, 1 to 2 feet high; sheatlis and blades smooth; ligule 21/2 to 31/^ lines long, or on the innovations somewhat shorter; panicle looser and often longer ; spikelets as in P. fendleriana. Caiions and banks of streams, Sa7i Bernardino Mts. and from Montana to New Mexico. San Bernardino Mts., Parish 5043, 5045 ; Mt. Davidson, Bloomer 2269 ; Graybaek Mt.. Peed 2768. Refs.— PDA L0NGILIGUL.\ Scribn. & Williams, U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Circ. 9: 3. 1899; Williams, U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Circ. 10: 3. 1899. 16. P. scabrella Benth. Tufted perennial; culms erect, 2 to 3 feet high, usually scabrous, at least below panicle; sheaths scabrous; ligule rather long; blades mostly basal, flat, narrow, usually about I/2 line wide, lax, more or less scabrous; panicle narrow, usually contracted, sometimes rather open at base, 2 to 5 inches long; spikelets narrow. 3 to 5 lines long; glumes scabrous, 1^^ lines long; lemmas 2 lines long, puberident or scabrous on back, and more or less crisp-pubescent at base. A common species throughout the state in meadows, woods, rocks and hills, and extending into Oregon, Nevada, Arizona and Mexico. As here limited the species includes a number of rather diverse forms which with our present knowl- edge can not be satisfactorily separated into distinct species. The following are some of the numbered specimens referred to this species : Abrams 1162, 1475, 3105, Bolander 1547, 1550, Brewer 233, 1024, 1122, Davy 6650, Hall 1439, 1661, 2064, 2973, 2974, 30S9, 6360, 7811, Heller 5245, 5249, 7584, 8007, 8038, 8188, 8267, 8304, 8706, Hitchcoch 2725, 3320, 3328, 3329, Jepson 4241, Parish 1548, 3304, 3348, 5044, Parish Bros., 1641. The following have an unusually open panicle: Santa Barbara, Elmer 4153; Ventura, Hubby 25. GRASS FAMILY 157 Refs. — POA SCABRELLA Benth. ; Vascy, Grasses U. S. 42. 1SS3 ; Abrams, Fl. Los Aug. 51. 1904. Atropis scahreUa Thurb. in Wats. Bot. Cal. 2: 310. 1880, type from Oakland, Bolander. Poa orcutliana Vasey, W. Am. Sci. 3: 165. 1887, type from San Diego, Orcutt. P. limosa Seribu. & Williams, U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Cire. 9: 5. 1899, type from Mono Lake, Bolander. The species of this group re(|n-re careful monograplrc study. Poa secunda Presl (Rcl. Haenk. 1: 271. 1830), from Chile appears to belong to this species, aud, if so, the name must be taken up as has been done by Davy (Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 67. 1901. See also, Scribn. Rep. Mo. Bot. Gard. 10: 51. pi. 51. 1899). P. buckleijana Nash (BuU. Torr. Club 22: 465. 1895; P. tenuifolia Buckl. Proc. Acad. Phila. 1862: 96, 1S63, not A. Rich. 1851) is probably also a synonym. 17. P. sandbergii Vasey. Similar to P. scabrella; differing iu being smooth, averaging lower and more slender, the panicle smaller, the blades short and soft, often involute. Plains and dry or rock.y woods from Ventui'a and San Bernardino cos. north to Britisli Coliiml)ia and east to Wyoming. Specimens intermediate between this species and P. scabrella occur. Refs. — Poa sandbergii Vasey, Contr. Nat. Herb. 1: 276. 1893. Atropis tenuifolia Thurb. in Wats. Bot. Cal. 2: 310. 1880, mainly as to description but the name is based on Poa tenuifolia Buckl. 18. P. nudata Scribn. Differs from P. scabrella in having a close and spike- like panicle, nearly naked culms, and capillary blades. Only known from the type specimen, collected at Potrero. San Diego Co., in 1892, the collector^ unknown. Refs. — Poa nudata Scribn. U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Circ. 9: 1. 1899. P. ccipillaris Scribn. U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Bull. 11: 51. 1898, not L., type from Potrero. If). P. tenerrima Scribn. Differs from P. scabrella in having a much more open panicle, with spreading branches; blades capillary; ligule short. — Known only from the type specimen, which was sent to Prof. Scribner from the Cali- fornia Academy of Sciences, without data as to locality or collector. Ref. — Poa tenerrima Scribn. U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Circ. 9: 4. 1899. 20. P. alcea Piper. Tufted perennial ; culms slender, 2 to 3 feet high, loose and decumbent at base ; sheaths smooth or somewhat scabrous, loose and papery at base: ligule long; blades flat, rather soft, more or less scabrous; panicle loose and open, the branches 1 to 2 inches long, ascending; spikelets 3 to 4 lines long, tawny; glumes smooth, the second 2 lines long; lemmas about 2 lines long, pubemlent at base, the nerves not prominent. AVet rocks and rocky banks. ^lendocino Co. (Sherwood, Hitclicock 2714) ; also in Oregon. A specimen from Palm Springs {Parish 6141) is tentatively referred to this species but it is far out of the known range. Ref.— Poa alcea Piper, Bull. Torr. Club 32: 436. 1905. 21. P. gracillima Vasey. Tufted perennial; culms 1 to 2 feet high, erect from ustudly a ilccumljent base; sheaths smootli ; ligule II/2 lines long; blades iiat or folded, lax, smooth, mostly basal ; panicle pyramidal, loose, rather open, 2 to 4 inches long, the branches in whorls, the lower 2 to 6, 1 to 3 inches long, slender, spreading or sometimes reflexed, naked below; spikelets 2 to 3 lines long: glumes smooth, the second IV^ to 2 lines long; lemmas about as long as second glume, minutely scabrous, crisp-pubescent near base, especially on the nerves. Rocky woods or gravelly soil, in the Sierra Nevada from Nevada Co, {Torrey 572) to Sequoia Nat. Park {nail & Bahcock 5540) ; Oregon to British Columbia, Two specimens with smooth lemmas are referred here, Nacimiento River, j\Ion- terey Co,, Davy 7673 and El>betts Pass, Brewer 2077. The former is out of range and may belong to a different species. 15S GRAMINEAE Refs. — PoA GRACILLIMA Vasey, Contr. Nat. Herb. 1 : 272. 1S93. P. invaginata Scribn. & Williams, U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Circ. 9: 6. 1899, type from "Summit Camp. Sierra Nevada, July 10, 1870." 22. P. unilateralis Soribn. Tufted perennial ; eiilnis 4 to 15 inches high ; sheaths smooth, tawny and papery ; blades flat or folded, shorter than the eulni.s ; panicle oblong, dense and spike-like, or somewhat interrupted below, 1 to 8 inches long ; spikelets 3 to 4 lines long, perfect ; glumes broad, acute, smooth, indistinctly scabrous on keel near apex, the first 1-uerved or indis- tinctly 3-nerved, the second 3-nerved; lemmas 2 lines long, not webbed at base or pilose, scabrous on base of marginal nerves and apex of keel, the inter- mediate nerves faint; palea ciliate on keels. C'lifi's, bluffs and rocky meadows near the seashore, numl)oldt Co. to ilon- terey. Locs. — Ilumbolilt Bay, Chandler 1140; Mendocino, McMurphy 399; Pt. Arena, Dary tj- JSlasdale 0024; Bodega Bay, Heller 5279; Pt. Reyes, Davy 6765, 6804, 6S81; San Francisco, Abrams ir)99; Moutara Pt., Copeland 3306; Santa Cruz, Anderson; Monterey and vicinity, Davy 7293, Helle'r 6702. Refs. — PoA UNILATERALIS Scribn.; Vasey, U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Bot. Bull. 13=: pi. 85. 1893, type from San Francisco, Jones 15 in 18S2; Davy in Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 67. 1901. Atropis procvmhens Thurb. in Wats. Bot. Cal. 2: 309. 1880. This name is based on Poa procumbens Curt, but the specimen in the Gray Herbarium ( Bolandcr 6467, seashore at Fort Bragg, Mendocino Co.) cited by Thurber, consists mostly of Poa unilateralis and this is the species described. But mounted with this is a fragment of Sderochlofl procumbens Beauv. It is not impossible that this fragment may have been detached from a European specimen by Dr. Thurber, for comparison with the Bolander specimen and not afterwanls removed. Scleroehloa procnmbens is not known to grow on the Pacific Coast. 23. P. thurberiana Vasey. Tufted perennial; culms 2 to 3 feet high, smooth; sheaths somewhat scabrous, the basal smooth and papery; ligule 1 to 2 lines long; blades narrow, involute, scabrous; panicle narrow, 8 to 10 inches long, loose, the branches long, ascending; spikelets 2 lines long, 1 or 2- flowered; glumes IV2 lines long, 3-nerved; lemmas li/i; lines long, scaberix- lous, not pilose or webbed. Little known. Aside from the type collection b.y Lemmon, in Sierra Vallej', this species was collected by Bolander (Los Angeles?) and what appears to be the same species by Chase at Santa Barbara (no, 560-1). Refs. — Poa thurberiana Vasey, U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Bot. Bull. 13=: pi. 84. 1893. Panic- ularia thurberiana Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 2: 783. 1891. Atropis paucifiora Thurb. in Wats. Bot. Cal. 2: 310, 1880 (type from Sierra Valley, Lemmon). not Poo pauciflora Roem. & Schult. 1817. 2-1. P. hanseni Scribn. Tufted perennial; culms erect, slender, 6 to S inches high or sometimes taller, smooth; .sheaths smooth; ligule Y2 to 1 line long; blades capillary, involute, smooth, mostly basal ; panicle narrow, 1 to 2 inches long; spikelets 2 to 3 lines long; glumes ly^ to 2 lines long; lennnas scaberu- lous but not pilose or web])ed. — Differs from P. pringlei in being more delicate and in having smaller spikelets. A little known species from isolated localities in California. Modoc Nat. For., Ilatfon 63; Plumas Co., IleUer 8751; Tuolumne :\Ieadows, Hall if- Babcock 3627 in part; Loma Prieta, Davy 53-lr. Ref.— Poa hanseni Scribn. U. S. Dept. Agr, Div, Agrost, Bull, 11: 53, pi, 9, 1898, type from Silver Lake, Amador Co,, Hansen 605. 25. P. idahoensis Beal. Tufted perennial ; culms slender, 6 to 18 inches high, smootli. slightly scabrous below the panicle; sheaths loose and papery, smooth; blades capillary, soft, scabrous, the basal as much as 10 inches long; panicle narrow, contracted but loose, 1 to 2 inches long; spikelets 2V2 to 3 lines GRASS FAMILY ^'^'^ long; ,!?luiiies broad, scarious-iiiargincd. about IV2 Hues long; lemmas about 2 lines long, minutely scabrous, not webbed at base or pilose. "Washington to Idaho and California. The only specimen observed from Cali- fornia is naiisen no. 2614, without locality but probably Amador Co. Kefs. — POA iDAHOENSis Beal, Grasses N. Am. 2: 539. 1S96. P. fiUfolia Vasoy, Contr. Nat. Herb. 1: 271. 1893, not Schur. 1866. P. scahrifolia Heller, Bull. Torr. Club 24: 310. 1897, base.l (111 /'. tilifolia Vasey. P. spiUmani Piper, Erythea 7: 102. 1899. P. cainllarifolia Scril)!!. & Williams, V. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Circ. 9: 1. 1899, type Hansen 2614. 2G. P. nevadensis Vasey. Tufted perennial; culms 11/2 to 3 feet high, smootli ; sheaths scabrous; ligule 2 lines long, decurrent; blades firm, involute, scal)rous: panicle narroM', 4 to G inches long; spikelets 3 to 4 lines long, nar- row; glumes narrow, the second \y_i lines long; lemmas smooth or scaberu- lous, not pilose or webbed, II/2 lines long. Plains and dry meadows; San Bernardino and Los Angeles cos., through eajstern California to Wyoming and Colorado. Locs.— Siskiyou Co., Eellcr 8070; Moulton, Griffiths <;■ Hunter 463; Honey Lake Valley, Davij 3305, 3319; Cliat, Jones; Sierra Valley, Ummon 4672, 5461; Mt. Tallae, Hitehcock 3117; Ebbetts Pass, Brewer 1999; Bishop, Heller 8354; Antelope Valley, Davy 2246; Mohave Desert, Parish 4888; San Bernardino Mts., Parish Bros. 1543. Ref.— PoA NEVADKXsis Vasey ; Seribn. Bull. Torr. Club 10: 66. 1SS3. 27. P. brachyglossa Piper. Tufted perennial ; culms glalu-ous. IV2 to 3 feet liigli ; sheaths smooth ; ligule of the culm leaves about 1 line long; blades stiff anil firm, fiat or involute ; panicle narrow, 4 to 8 inches long, the branches ascending; spikelets 4 to •"> lines long; glumes smooth, 2 to 2V2 lines long; lemmas smooth or nearly so, firm. Dry slopes and cliffs, British Columbia to Utah and northern California. Kla- math River. Bittler 467 : Lassen Co., Darij, linker tO Nutting: 'Sh. Lola. Kcinicehj <& Doten 182. Ref. — POA BKACHYGLOSSA Piper, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wasli. 18: 145. 1905. 28. P. pringlei Seribn. Tufted perennial: 'culms 4 to 10 inches high, the base sonid inics decumbent and rlii/.onu'-like ; sheaths smooth, loose and paper.y ; blades mostly basal, involute, usually not over 1 or 2 inches long, smooth, the uppermost culm blade at or below the middle; panicle narrow, con- tracted, few-flowered; spikelets 3 to 4 lines long, about 3-flowered ; glumes equal, broad. 3-nerved, 2 to 3 lines long; lemmns 2i{> to 3 lines long, smooth or scabrous, not webbed or pilose. High mountains of California. Locs. — Mt. Shasta, Copdand 3894, Goodale, Jepson; head of Trinity River, Pringle; Mt. Stanford, Sonne 15; Donner Pass, Heller 7157; Butte Co., Austin 118; Mt. Goddard, Hall 4" Chandler 691; Mt. Tallae, Hitcheoelc 3151; Castle Peak, Leiherg 5303; Tuolumne Meadows, MeLcan; Farewell Gap, Pnrpus 5207; Mt. Wliitiiey, Coville # Funston 2066; Mt. Pinos, Hall 6546. Ref. — PoA PRINfiLEI Seribn. lUill. Torr. Club 10: 31. 18S3, type from lioaihvaters of Sacra- mento River, Priniile in 1882. 29. P. leiberg'ii Seribn. Tuflcd perennial ; rulms 3 to 8 inches high ; sheaths smooth; ligule about 1 line long; blades mostl,v basal, firm, involute, smooth, short; i)anicle nari'ow. 1 to 2 inches long, usually purple, the branches short, appressed ; spikelets 2 to 3 lines long; glumes ll^ to 2 lines long; lemmas IV2 lines long, smootli or scabcrulous, not wel)bed or pilose, the nerves obscure. — Differs from P. jiringlei in the smaller si)ikelets; from P. hanseni in the smooth and firmer blades. Alpine meadows and sterile gravelly alpine flats, high Sierra Nevada at about IGO GRAMINEAE 12,000 feet altitude: Mt. Lyell, Hitchcock 3294, 3296, 3300, 3302; Lyell Fork Canon, Hitchcock 3290; Siberian Outpost, Hitchcock 3436, 3451. 3452.* The t.ype, from southeastern Oregon, is the only other collection known. Ref.— Po.v LEiBKRGii Scribn. U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agros^ Bull. 8: 6. pi. 2. 1897. 30. P. cottoni Piper. Tufted perennial ; culms erect, smooth, scabrous be- low panicle, 1 to 2 feet high; sheaths smooth or slightly scabrous; ligule less than 1/2 line long; blades involute, erect, scabrous; panicle long-exserted, oblong, contracted, sometimes almost spike-like, 1 to 2 inches long; spikelets about 3 lines long; glumes broad, smooth, scarcely scabrous on the keel, the first 11/4; lines long, the second a little longer; lemmas 2 lines long, smooth or minutely scabrous, not webbed at base, nerves all prominent. Rocky woods, and along mountain streams, high Sierra Nevada, north to Washington. Locs. — Pine Creek, Baker 4~ Nutting, Davy; Nevafla Co., Sonne; Sierra Valley, Lemmon 546.3; Ij.ake Tahoe, Hitchcock 31.54, Eeed # Pendleton 1624; Mt. Lyell, Hltchcnck 3298; Fare- well (i.-ip, Uitchcocl' 338(i; Mt. Whitney, BitcUcock 3449. Kef.— Po.v COTTO.N-I Piper, Proc. Biol. Soe. Wash. 18: 146. 1905. 59. GLYCERIA R. Br. Spikelets few to many-flowered, subterete or slightly compressed, in narrow or spreading panicles. Glumes unequal, shoi't, olituse or acute. Lemmas con- vex, firm with a scarious margin or apex, usually obtuse, awuless, 5 to 9-nerved, the nerves usually prominent. Usuall.y tall aciuatic perennials. — Species about 16, temperate regions of both hemispheres. (Greek glukeros, sweet.) Spikelets linear, over 5 lines long. Lemmas about 2i4 lines long 1. G. plicata. Lemmas about 1% lines long. Spikelets about '-j line wide, green; lemmas smooth or minutely scabrous on the nerves. . . 2. G. borealis. Spikelets about 1 line wide, purplish tinged; lemmas scabrous on the nerves and somewhat so between them • 3. G. leptostackya. Spikelets ovate or oblong, not over 21i, lines long. Lemmas with 5 prominent nerves. Panicle ovate or pj'ramidal, open 4. G. pauciflora. Panicle narrow, branches ascending 5. G. erecta. Lemmas with 7 prominent nerves 6. G. elata. 1. G. plicata Pries. Culms ascending from a decumbent rooting base, rather thick and succtdent. 4 to 3 feet tall ; sheaths smooth ; blades 1^2 to 5 lines wide, scabrous al)ove; panicle long and narrow; glumes very unequal, obtuse, the second ly^ lines long; lemmas purple-tinged, liroad, obtuse, 2Vi> lines long, prominently 7-nerved, with an additional short pair near the margin, very scabrous on the nerves and somewhat so between them; palea aliout as long as lennua. In shallow water, ]\Iendocino Co. (Sherwuod, Davi/ 5183, Hitchcock 2710; Walker Valley, Davy tf- Blasdale 5083) : Oreg(m to Vancouver Island. Ref. — Glyceri.\ plicata Fries, Mant. 3: 176. 1842. 2. G. borealis Batehelder. Culms 2 to 3 feet high, erect from a more or less decumbent and rooting base: sheaths smooth or slightly scabrous, keeled; blades fiat or usually folded, scabrous above, erect. IV^ to 2 lines wide; pani- cle long and narrow, the branches ami slender pedicels appressed; spikelets narrow, nearly terete, i/o to % inch long, Yo line wide, pale, not purple-tinged; glumes 1-nerved. the first % line, the second 11/2 lines long; lemmas oblong, 2 lines long. 7-nerved. smooth or indistinctly scabrous on the nerves. Jepsnn, Fl. Cnl. vot 1 (Gr.Tmintac by Hitchcock, pp. 82-160, Apr. 22. 1912). GRASS FAMILY 161 In shallow water, central and northern California; eastward to Colorado, New Brunswick and Connecticut. Locs.— Mt. Shasta, Palmer 2614 in 1892; Wnrnor Mts., Griffiths ^ Hunter 452; Tahoe, Hitchcork 3102; Placer Co., Carin utir ; Pctahinia. Kliiirr 4()o2 ; Yosomite Valley, Hitchcoclc 3237. Refs. — Glyceria borealis Batcheltlcr. Proc. Manchester Inst. Aits & Sci. 1: 74. ^1900. Fanicularia horealis Nash, Bull. Torr. Club 24: 34S. 1897. Glyceria fluitans [R. Br. misap- plied by] Thuvb. in Wats. Bot. C'al. 2: 307. 18S0; the preceding and following species are also probably included. :?. G. leptostachya Buckl. Cnlms about 4 feet high; sheaths smooth ; blades minutely and sparsely scabrous above, about 2 lines wide; panicle long and narrow ; spikelets % to % inch long, about 1 line wide ; lemma oblong, trun- cate, more or less purple-tinged, about IV2 lines long, prominently 7-nerved, distinctly scabrous on and between the nerves. In shallow water, Sonoma Co. (Guerneville, Davy 6005; Sonoma, lleller 5606). Also in Oregon. Refs. — Glyceria leptostachya Buckl. Proc. Acad. Phila. 1862: 9.5. 1862. Fanicularia davyi Merr. Rhoilora 4: 145. 1902, type Davy 6005. 4. G. pauciflora Presl. Culms 1 to 4 feet high, from a decumbent rooting base, with creeping rhizomes; sheaths smooth or scabrous; blades scattered, 3 to 6 lines wide, scabrous; panicle pyramidal, nodding, 4 to 8 inches long, open, the branches spreading, naked below, rather densely flowered toward the ends ; spikelets about 2 lines long, o]>long, about 5-flowered ; glumes short, broad, obtuse, i/o and 3/4 line long; lemmas 1 line long, oblong, rounded and somewhat erose at summit, prominently 5-nerved, very scabrous on the nerves and somewhat so between. Swamps, shallow water and wet meadows; Kern Cafion {Hitchcock 3421) northward in the Sierra Nevada, and San Francisco {Davy 728) northward along the coast to British Columbia ; east to Jloiitaua and Colorado. Refs. — Glyceria pauciflora Presl, Rel. Haenlj. 1: 257. 1830; Thurb. in Wats. Bot. Cal. 2: 308. 1880. Fanicularia paucifiora Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 2: 783. 1891; Davy in Jeiison, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 68. 1901. P. mvltifolia Elmer, Bot. Gaz. 36: 54. 1903. 5. G. erecta Hitchc. n. sp. Culms slender, 1 to 2 feet high, erect from a de- cumbent rooting base, with creeping rhizomes; sheaths smooth, numerous and overlapping at base, the ligule broad and scarious, IVL' to 2 lines long; blades mostly l>asal. short and erect, flat. 2 to 3 lines wide, scabrous on both surfaces or nearly smooth ; panicle long.exserted, narrow, 2 to 3 inches long, the short branches ascending; spikelets oblong, 21/2 to 3 lines long, pale or purple- tinged, 4 to 6-flowered; glumes broad, obtuse,' 1 -nerved, the first about y^, the second about 1 line long; lemmas about V/^ lines long, smooth, distinctly but not prominently 5-nerved, the apex scarious, erose-toothed ; palea about as long as lemma. — (Culmi tenues recti, ad basin deeumbentes, e rhizomatibus repentibus; vaginae numerosae deorsum imbricatae ; ligula 11/2-2 lin. longa; laminae breves, rectae, plauae, 2-3 lin. latae, scabrae; panicula angusta. 2-3 pol. longa, ramis l)revibus, ascendentibus ; spiculae oblongae, 2yo-3 lin. longae, 4-6-florae; glumae latae, obtusae, 1-nerviae, prima Vo Hn- altera 1 lin. longa; lemmata circa 1% lin. longa, levigata, 5-nervia apice scariosa erosaque: palea ■lemmate subaeqnilonga.) Springy places in mountain meadows. Sierra Nevada to southern Oregon. Type: Hiichcnck 32501/2 in the National Hrrbarinm, Sunrise Creek. Yosemite National Park, August 19, 1908. In California this species has been collected at: Summit Valley, Fringle in 1882; Mt. T.-iIl;ic, HHclicuck 3157; Yosemite Nat. Park, TlHrhcock 3223, 3250ii ; Northfork, 162 GRAJUNEAE Grifliths 6645, 6649; Madera Co., Coiigdon; Hockett Meadow, Hitchcock 3468; Farewell Gap, Pxtrpus 5151 ; Wliitney Meadows, Coville 4' Funston 1676. In Nevada at Glenbrook, Lake Tahoe (Hitchcocl- 3198, 3205). In Oregon iu the Crater Lake region (CoviUe cj- Leiherg 392, Coville 1458, Hitchcoclc 3044, 3059). 6. G. data llitche. n. t-onib. Culms erect, smooth, succulent, 3 to 6 feet high ; sheaths scabrous; blades flat, usually -3 to 5 lines or sometimes only 2 lines wide, scabrous; panicle large and diffuse, becoming oblong, 6 to 12 inches long, the branches naked below, the lower usually rettexed at maturity; spike- lets 1 Vs ^o 2VL> lines long, oblong or ovate-oblong, usually ti to 8-flowered ; glumes broad, obtuse, much shorter than the lower lemmas, nerveless, the tirst about Vl' I'lie long; lemmas firm, obovoid, obtuse or acutish, prominently 7- nerved. — This may be only a form of Q. nervata Willd., but the California specimens dittVr from the eastern and northern representatives of that species in being taller and more succulent, and in having wider blades, more oblong panicle with the lower branches often reflexed. and larger spikelets. "Wet meadoAvs, springs, and shady moist soil in woods, in the Coast Ranges to the Bay region, in the Sierra Nevada, and the high sotitliern mountains; north to British Columbia and east to Idaho. Eefs. — Glyceria elata Hitchc. Paiiicvlaria elata Nash, in Eydb. Mem. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 1; ."54. 1900. P. nervata data Piper, Contr. Nat. Herb. 11: 140. 1906. Glyceria nervata [TrMi. niisnpiilied by] Thurb. in Wats. Bot. Cal. 2: 307. ISSO. 60. PUCCINELLIA Pari. Spikelets several-flowered, terete, in open or narrow panicles. Glumes un- equal, short. Lemmas rounded on the back, obtuse, firm, obscurely nerved. Perennial grasses with pale spikelets; growing along the seacoast or in alka- line soil, differing from Panicularia chiefly in the obscurely nerved lemmas. — Species 1-1. in northern extratropical regions of l)oth hemispheres. (Prof. Bene- detto Puccinelli. an Italian botanist.) Panicle open, the branches spreading. Leaves mostly in a short radical cluster; panicle usually less than 4 inches long 1. P. lemmotii. Leaves scattered; panicle usually more than 4 inches long 2. P. nuttalliana. Panicle narrow, the branches ascending or appressed. Panicle branches long, ascending; plant stout. 1^4 to 2 feet high 3. P. fcstucacforinis. Panicle strict, the branches short and api)ressed ; plants lower. Blades involute: culms about 1 foot high 4. P. angiistata. Blades flat, soft and lax ; eulm.^ 3 to S inches high 5. P. simplex. 1. P. lemmoni Scribn. Culms slender, 6 to 15 inches high; blades short, filiform, mostly basal, smooth, involute ; panicle 2 to 4 inches long, becoming open, the branches spreading; spikelets 2% to 3 lines long; glumes 1-nerved, 1 and 114 lines long; lemmas IV2 lines long, smooth. Alkaline soil, in the northern Sierra Nevada (Sierra Valley. Bolandcr). Nevada to Assiniboia. Refs. — PucciXELLlA LEMMuxi Scribn. U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Bull. 17: 276. f. 572. 1899. Poa lemmoni Vasey, Bot. Gaz. 3: 13. 1878, type from Sierra Co., Lemmon. This and several other species are included under Atropis distans by Thurber (Wats. Bot. Cal. 2: 308. 1S80). 2. P. nuttalliana Hitchc. n. comb. Culms tufted, erect, 1Y» to 2 feet high; sheaths and involute blades smooth; panicle open, 6 to 8 inches long, the branches spreading, naked below; spikelets terete, about 3 lines long, usually pale ; glumes acutish, the first 1-nerved. i/^ line long, the second 3-nerved. 1 line long: lemmas about li/i; linos long, sparsely pubescent at base. GRASS FAMILY lfi3 Alkaline soil. Dakotas to California and Texas. Locs. — Warner Jits., Griffitlis tj- Hunlcr 390; Honey Lake Valley, Davy; Livermore Pass, Dai:!/: Ft. Tejon, Davy 2367; Santa Ana, Bradshaw ; San Bernardino Mts., Parish Bros. 1559; San Diego, G. E. Vasey. Refs. — PucciNELLiA NUTTALLIANA Hitclio. Foa mittalliana Schult. Mant. 2: 303. 1824, based ou Fou airoides Nutt. FmcineUia airoides "Wats. & Coult. in Gray, Man. ed. 6. 668. 1890. J'oa iiimidcs Nult. Gen. I'l. 1: 68. 1818, not Kocler, 1802. o. P. festucaeformis Pari. Culms in small tufts, rather stout, IV2 to 2 feet liio'Ii ; leaves scattered, smooth, the blades loosely involute, more or less spread- ing; pauiele narrow, 4 to 6 inches long, the branches appressed, the lower as much as 3 inches long; spikelets about 4 lines long; glumes nearly equal, 3-nerved, narrow, about ly^ lines long; lemmas 2 lines long, smooth. Saline soil near the coast, California to Alaska. Pt. Reyes, Davy 6749 ; San :\[ateo Co., Jaffa in 1900. Eefs.— PucciNELLiA FESTUCAEFORMIS Pari. Fl. Ital. 1: 368. 1848. Foa festucaeformis Host, (irani, Anstr. 3: 12. 1805. 4. P. angustata Nash. Culms erect, tufted, about 1 foot high; blades in- volute, erect, smooth ; panicles narrow, 2 to 3 inches long, the branches about 1 inch long, appressed ; spikelets about 3 lines long ; glumes 3-nerved, the first 1 line, the second 11/2 lines long: lemmas li/o lines long, sparingly pubescent at base, especially on the lower part of the rather prominent marginal nerves. Saline soil, IMendocino Co. (Pt. Bragg, Davy &■ Blasdale 6126) to Ala.ska: also on the Atlantic Coa.st from Connecticut northward. Bet's.— PucciN'ELLTA ANGUSTATA Nasli, Bull. Torr. Club 22: 512. 1895. Foa angustata R. P.r. .Vpp. P.irry's Voy. 287. 1824. ."). P. simplex Scribn. Apparently annual : (-uliiis 3 to 8 inches high ; blades narrow, soft. Hat. scattered; panicle narrow, about 1/2 the length of the entire plant, the l)ranches few. short, and appressed : spikelets 3 to 4 lines long, ap- pressed : glumes strongly 3-nerved, l/o a^^l 1 li"e long ; lemmas 1% lines long, tapering from below the middle to the acute apex, pubescent on lower half. Alkaline soil; only known from California. AVoodland; Livermore Pass, Davy; Tulare Co., Congdon. Refs.— PUCCINELLIA SIMPLEX Scribn. U. S. Dept. Xgv. Div. Agrost. Circ. 16: 1. f. 1. 1899, type from Woodland, BlanMnslnp in 1893. 61. FESTUCA L. Spikelets 2 to several-flowered in narrow or o]>en panicles. Glumes narrow, acute, the first 1-nerved, the second 3-nerved. Lemmas firm, rounded on the back, at least below, acute or awned from tip, rarely obtuse or awned from a cleft apex, faintly 3 to 5-nerved. Annuals or perennials, usually tufted. — Spe- cies about 100. throughout the temperate and cooler parts of the world. (An ancient Latin name for a kind of grass.) Plants annnal. Spikelets densely 5 to 13-flowered; lemmas without searious margin 1. F. ortoflora. Spikelets loo.sely 1 to 5-flowered ; lemmas with narrow scarious margin. Branches of the short panicle normally divergent, a pulvillus at the base of at least 1 of them. Florets mostly 3 to 5 in each spikelet ; only tlie principal panicle branches divergent. Lemmas glabrous. Glumes glabrous ' 2. F. pacifica. Glumes hirsute 3. F. confusa. Lemmas hirsute. Glumes glabrous 4. F. criolepis. iJluHii's hirsute ■". F. (irayi. 164 GRAMINEAE Florets mostly 1 to 3 in each spikelet ; all the spikelets divergent. Lemmas glabrous 6. F. reflexa. Lemmas pubescent. Glumes glabrous 7. F. microntaehys. Glumes pubescent 8. F. eastwoodaf. Branches of the narrow panicle erect or appressed. Lower glume % to % as long as the upper 11. F. bromoides. Lower glume not more than % as long as upper. ^ Lemma ciliate 9. F. megahira. Lemma not ciliate 10. F. myuron. Plants perennial. Rhizomes present; blades fiat; lemma acuminate, unawned 25. F. con finis. Rhizomes wanting (base of culm decumbent in F. rubra). Blades flat, rather soft and lax. Lemmas awnless, indurated, not keeled 21. F. elatior. Lemmas awned, membranaceous, more or less keeled. Floret longstipitate 22. F. subnliflora. Floret sessile. Awn terminal 24. F. subulata. Awn from a cleft apex 23. F. elmeri. Blades usually folded or involute, narrow or capillary. Collar and auricles tomentose or bristly. Plant stout, usually over 3 feet tall; lower sheaths glabrous. ... 19. F. calif ornica. Plant more slender, about \Vn feet tall; sheaths puberulent 20. F. parishii. Collar and auricles not conspicuously tomentose or bri.stly. Lemmas acute, unawned or only awn-pointed 18. F. viridula. Lemmas awned. Tufts loose, the bases of the culms decumbent; blades usually smooth to the touch. . 12. F. rubra. Tufts compact; culms erect. Panicle open, the branches long and spreading; awn longer than body of lemma. . 14. F. ocridentalis. Panicle narrow, tlie branches ascending. Blades scabrous, usually elongated 1.5. F. idahoensis. Blades smooth. Plants about 4 feet tall 13. F. howellii. Plants low, usually less than 6 inches high. Blades hard, involute, shining, not angled 17. F. supina. Blades soft, angled in drying, the tissue soft between the angles 16. F. brachyphylla. Subgenus ViiLPiA Hack. Annuals; stamens usually only 1, sometimes 3; florets usuall.v remaining unopened, consequently self-pollinated ; .joints of the ra- cliilla usually clavate. 1. F. octoflora Walt. Culms slender, erect, usually (i to 12 inches high ; blades narrow, involute; panicle narrow, the branches short, appressed; spike- lets 3 to 4 lines long, densely 5 to 13-flowered ; glumes subulate-lanceolate, the first 1-nerved, \\L lines long, the upper 3-nerved. 2 lines long; lemmas firm, convex, lanceolate, glabrous or scabrous, the margins not scarious, 2 to 21/2 lines long, attenuate into a scabrous awn 1 to 2 lines long. Open ground, in the southwestern portion of the state, also in Santa Clara Co. {Heller 7373) ; throughout the U. S. Var. hirtella Piper. Differs in l>eing usually in low spreading tufts; foliage usually pul>cscciit ; lemmas liirtcllous or pubescent. — .Moi'e frequent than the species, growing in moiv arid ground; San Luis OMsjio Co. to the Mo- have Desert and southward: also on .Mt. Tamalpuis i('hiis< MuS) and in north- ern Inyo Co, (Heller 8196) ; southeast to Arizona and northern Mexico. GRASS FAMILY 165 Kefs. — Festuca octoflora Walt. Fl. Carol. 81. 1788; Abrams, Fl. Los Ang. 52. 1904. F. tenella Willd. Sp. PI. 1: 419. 1797; Thurb. in Wats. Bot. Cal. 2: 317. 1880. Var. hirtella Piper, Contr. Nat. Herb. 10: 12. 1906. 2. F. pacifica Piper. Culms slender, erect, 1 to 2 feet high; blades soft, glabrous, loosely involute; panicle 2 to 5 inches long, the lower branches solitary, divaricate ; spikelets 3 to 6-Uowered; glumes glabrous, the first subulate-lanceolate, 1-nerved, 2 lines long, the second lanceolate-acuminate, 3-nerved, 2% lines long; lemmas lanceolate, scabrous, except in the lowermost floret (this smooth), 3 to 3yo lines long, attenuate into a scabrous awn 5 to 7 lines long. Open ground, mountain slopes and open woods, throughout the state, ex- cept the Great Valley and the Mohave Desert ; extends from British Columbia to Arizona and Lower California. Rcl'. — Festuca pacipic.v Piper, Contr. Nat. Herb. 10: 12. 1906. o. F. confusa Piper. Differs from F. pacifica in having hirsute glumes; plants small and slender; sheaths and blades pubescent; spikelets 2 or 3-flowered. Dry hillsides, middle California to Washington. Mt. Diablo, Brewer 1142, i/o//"l737; Northfork, Griffiths -leOSc; Santa Lucia Mts., Eastwood. Eef. —Festuca coxfusa Piper, Contr. Nat. Herb. 10: 13. pi. 1. 1906. 4. F. eriolepis Desv. Culms 4 to 15 inches high ; sheaths glabrous or pu- bescent : blades soft, loosely involute, usually glabrous ; panicle 1 to 3 inches long, the solitary rays at length divaricate; glumes lanceolate, glabrous, the first 3 to 31/2 lines long, the second a little longer; lemmas lanceolate, densely villous, 3 to 3V2 lines long, attenuate into a scabrous awn nearly as long. Sandy ground, northern California and Nevada; also Chile. Loes.-^Modoc Co.. Griffltlis # Hunter 406; Castella, Piper 6346; Ukiah, Bolander 6118; Truckee, Sonne 7. Refs. — Festuca ekiolepis Desv. in Gay, Fl. Chil. 6: 428. 1853. F. arida Elmer, Bot. Gaz. 36: 52. 1903. 5. F. grayi Piper. Habit of F. pacifica, but somewhat stouter; sheaths and sometimes blades pubescent; glumes and lemmas pubescent or puberulent throughout ; spikelets 3 to 5-flowered. Open ground and rocky slopes; Yolo Co. {Blankinship 20) and Amador Co. {ITansen 632) to Ventura Co. {Eully 40) and Imperial Co. {ScJwenfeldt 3634 in part) ; north to Oregon and east to Arizona. Eefs. — Festuca gkayi Piper, Contr. Nat. Herb. 10: 14. 1906. F. microstachys Nutt. var. grayi Abrams, Fl. Los Ang. 52. 1904. Var. ciliata Gray; Davy in Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 69. 1901. 6. F. reflexa liuckl. Culms 8 inches to ly^ feet high ; sheaths smooth or pubescent; blades narrowly linear, flat or loosely involute; panicle 2 to 5 inches long, the solitary rays and the spikelets all at length divaricate; spike- lets 1 to 3-llowered, 2y2 to Sy^ lines long; glumes glabrous, the first 1 to 2 lines long, the second 2 to 2y2 lines long; lemmas glabrous or somewhat scabrous, 2y2 to 3 lines long, attenuate into a scabrous awn, usually 2y2 to 4 lines long. Mesas, rocky slopes and wooded hills; Mendocino Co. {Davy 5049) to San Diego {Orcutt 1013), also in Madera Co. {Griffiths 4423), Kern Co. ( Davy 1898) and Panamint Mts. {Covillc & Funston 775) ; north to Vancouver Island and east to Utah. Refa. — Festuca keflexa Buckl. Proc. Acad. Phila. 1862: 98. 1863, type collected by Nuttall in "Upper California." F. microstachys Nutt. var. pauciflora Scribn.; Beal, Grasses N. Am. 2: 586. 1896; Davy in Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 69. 1901. 166 GRAMINEAE 7. F. microstachys Nutt. Ilaliit of F. reflexa : differing in having pubescent lemmas. — Less frequent than that species. Banks, liillsides and open ground, California to Oregon. Locs. — Napa City, Jepson in 1893; Yosemite Nat. Park, Chase 5702; XJarmel Mission, Heller 6583; Salt Creek, Tulare Co., Eastwood in 1894 in part; Pasadena, Allen in 1885. Refs. — Festuc.\ microstachys Nutt. Jour. Acad. Phila. II. 1: 187. 1848, type from "Pue- blo de los Angeles, Upper California"; Thurb. in Wats. Bot. Cal. 2: 317. 1880; Oavy in Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 69. 1901; Abrams, Fl. Los Ang. 51. 1904. 8. F. eastwoodae Piper. Differs from F. retlexa in having pubescent glumes and lemmas. Rare. Open pine forests: Santa Lucia Mts. ; 8alt Creek, Tidare Co., Eastwood in 1894 in part; Volcano, collector unknown. Eef. — Festuca eastwoodae Piper, Contr. Nat. Herb. 10: 1(3. 1906, type from Santa Lucia Mts., Eastwood in 1897. 9. F. megalura Nntt. ( 'ulms 8 inches to 2 feet high ; shejiths and blades smooth ; panicle narrow, 3 to 8 inches long, the branches appressed ; spike- lets 4 or 5-riowered; glumes glabrous, very unequal, the first about 1 line long or less, the second 2 to 2i- lines long; lemmas liiu'-ir-lanccolate, scabrous above, ciliate on the upper half, attenuate into an awn about twice its length. — The cilia on the lennnas, by which this species is distinguished from F. m.^iiros, are sometimes hidden by the incurved edges of the lemma at maturity. Cultivated or open ground, sandj^ soil, and waste places, mostly in the Coast Ranges; extends from British Columbia to Idaho and Lower California. Refs. — Festuca megaluba Nutt. Jour. Acad. Phila. II. 1 : 188. 1848, type from Santa Bar- bara, Gambel. F. myuros L. var. ciliata [Coss. misapplied by] Davy in Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 70. 1901; Abrams, Fl. Los Ang. 52. 1904. This is included under F. mywos L. hy Thurber (Wats. Bot. Cal. 2: 316. 1880). 10. F. myuros L. Similar to F. megalura but lemmas not ciliate. Open ground, introduced froni Europe into the Eastern States; rare on the Pacific Coast. San Francisco, Wilkes Exped. ; San Diego, Brandegee 86 in pari : Santa Catalina Island, Brandegee 53. Refs.— Festuca myuros L. Sp. PI. 74. 1753; Thurb. in Wats. Bot. Cal. 2: 316. 1880; Uavy in Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 69. 1901; Abrams, Fl. Los Ang. 32, 1904. 11. F. bromoides L. Similar to F. megalura; culms 4 to 12 inches high; panicle dense, 2 to 4 inches long; glumes unequal, the first 2 lines long, the second 3 to 3V2 lines long; lemma 3I/2 to 4 lines long, the awn 5 to 6 lines long. Dry hills and meadows, Santa Barbara and San Bernardino cos. to Vancouver Island; introduced from Europe. Kefs. — Festuca bromoides L. Sp. PI. 75. 1753. F. sriuroides Roth, Cat. Bot. 2: 11. 1800. F. myuros L. var. sciiiroidcs Coss. in Coss. & Dur. Expl. Alger. 2 ; 174. 1867. Subgenus Eufestuca Griseb. Perennials, often denselj' tufted, sometimes decumbent at base but not producing scaly rhizomes. 12. F. rubra L. Cjilms erect from a decumbent or somewhat creeping base, smooth, IVo to 3 feet high; sheaths smooth, the lowermost usually purple; blades smootli, soft, usually folded or involute; panicle 2 to 8 inches long, usually contracted and narrow, the rays mostl.y erect; spikelets 4 to 6-flowered, pale green or glaucous, often purple-tinged; lemmas 21/^ to 3V^ lines long, smooth, or scalu-ous toward apex, bearing a scabrous awn usually about 1/2 as long. Meadows and hills, in the Sierra Nevada and San Bernardino mountains, and in the Coast Ranges as far south as Monterey. Northern part of the north GRASS FAMILY 167 era heiiiispliere, in America extending south to Virginia, Colorado, and southern California. Refs. — Festuca rubra L. Sp. PI. 74. 1753; Davy in Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. (38. 1901. F. ovina L. var. rubra Gray, Man. ed. 5. 63.3. 1867; Thurb. in Wats. Bot. Cal. 2: 317. 1880. F. rubra var. 7mtltiflora Aschers. & Graebn. Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. 2 : 499. 1900. Var. densiuscula Hack.; I'iper, Contr. Nat. Herb. 10: 22. 1906 (as subsp.). Var. pruiiiosa Hack, in Rep. Bot. Exchange Club Brit. Isles 119. 1884. Piper has recognized three subspecies of F. rubra in California (Contr. Nat. Herb. 10: 22. 1906): F. rubra muJtifiora Aschers. & Graebn. Lake Tahoe, Hitchcock in 1901; Bear Valley, Lemmon 5434. A specimen coUectecl by Anderson at Santa Cruz appears to belong to tliis form. F. rubra pruinosa Hack. Ft. Bragg, Davy 4' Blasdalc 6117; Pt. Reyes, Davy 6811. F. rubra clensiuscula Hack. Crescent City, Davy 4" Blasdalc 5931, 5932. These specimens ap- pear to belong to the same form as the two preceding. — These forms appear to be scarcely worthy of varietal rank. The first is distinguished chiefly by being tall and stout and by having flat blades. The second and third by the denser panicle and glaucous spikelets, the second having green leaves and the third glaucous leaves. 13. F. howellii Hack. Resembling F. rubra but tall and stout, aliout 4 i'eet high: culms numerous, erect at base, in a close tuft; blades a foot or more long, folded, smooth ; spikelets larger, the lemmas about 31/2 lines long, awned. Sherwood Valley, Davy tC; Blasdale 5231; rocky woods, Sherwood, Hitchcock 2706, 2716 ; Mt. Hood, Sonoma Co., Heller 5628. The specimens mentioned may be forms of the variable F. rubra, but they agree in the characters given. Heller no. 5G28 is a good match for the type from Deer Creek ]\It., Oregon {Howell 248), the oidy other specimen known. Ref. — Fkstuoa howellii Hack.; Beal, Grasses N. Aiu. 2: 591. 1896. 14. F. occidentalis Hook. Culms densely tufted, slender, erect, shining, 11/2 to 2yn feet high; sheaths smooth; blades numerous, mo.stly basal, filiform- involute, bright gi'ecn, soft, 2 to 8 incites long; panicle loose, subsecund, 3 to 8 inches long, often drooping above, the rays solitary or the lowest in pairs; spikelets loosely 3 to 5-flowered, 3 to 5 lines long, mostly on slender pedicels, pale green ; lemmas rather thin, 21/0 to 3 lines long, seaberulous toward the apex, attenuate into a slender awn about as long. Dry rocky wooded slopes and banks; Sequoia Nat. Park {Davidson 2114) and San Mateo Co. {Baker 1920) ; north to British Columbia and east to Wyoming and northern Michigan. Ref. — Festuca occident.\lis Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 249. 1840. 15. F. idahoensis FJmer. Blue Bunciigrass. Ciilnis densely tufted, smooth or somewhat scabrous above, 1 to 3 feet high; blades numerous, mostly basal, rather stiff and firm, more or less flexuous, scabrous, 6 to 12 inches long, some- times shorter; panicle narrow, 4 to 8 inches long, the branches appressed or ascending, very scabrous; spikelets about as in F. rubra, the lemmas firmer, the awn 1 to 2 lines long. Open woods and rocky slopes; middle California to British Columbia, east to Alberta and Colorado. Locs. — "Warner Mts., Griffltlis cf Hunter 469, 472; Alturas, Applegate 898; Castella, Piper 6329; Trinity Co., Blankiiinhip 11; Hupa, CluuidUr \?M\; Mcndociiin Co., Bamj cf- Blasdale 5314; Plumas Co., Lemmon 4653; Mt. Sanhedrin, IhUrr 5951; Hood's Peak, Sonoma Co., Heller 5629; Vaea Mts., Jepson in 1897; Congress S])rings, Uitelieoek 2655. Refs. — Festuci idahoensis Elmer, Bot. Gaz. 36: 53. 1903. F. iiu/rala Rydb. Bull. Torr. Club 32: 608. 1905. F. ovina L. var. inrjrata Hack.; P.cal. Grasses N. Am. 2 : 598, 1896. 16. F, brachyphylla S.-hult. Culms ered, tufted, low, 4 to 6 inches high; blades about i - as long as the culms, filiform, soft, angled in drying, the tissue soft between the angles; panicle short and narrow. 1 to 2 inches long, few- 168 GRAMINEAE flowered; glumes aud lemmas broad, rather soft; awu of the lemma about 1/2 line long. Mt. Dana, above timber-line (the only known locality in California), Bolan- dcr (no. 6100) and Brcivcr (no. 5066 in part). Arctic America, soutli in the Rocky Mts. to Arizona and Blue Mts. of Oregon. Kefs. — Festuca brachyphylla Scliult. Mant. 3: 646. 1827. F. brevifolia E. Br. App. Parry's Voy. Suppl. 289. 1824, not Muhl. 1817. F. ovina L. var. brevifolia Wats. U. S. Expl. 40th Par. 5: 389. 1871; Thurb. in Wats. Bot. Cal. 2: .317. 1880. Rydberg refers tbe above specimens to F, minutiflora Rydb. Bull. Torr. Club 32: G08. 190.5 (type from Colorado). 17. F. supina Sehur. Culms erect, densely tnfted, 3 to 6 inches high; blades numerous, usuall.v less than '^ tlio lengtli of the ■ Babcucl. ^!l)^l^; Mt. Lyell, Hitchcock 3293; Kings River, Lemmon in 1902; Denels Peak, Hall 4" Bubcat-k- 'rri\4: Sawtooth Peak, Hall #■ Babcock 5676; Farevpell Gap, Purpiix 5117; Mt. Whitney, Hitchcock 3444; Graybaek Mt., Eeed 2740; San Gorgonio Mt., Hall 7639. Kefs. — Festuca supina Sehur. Enum. PI. Transs. 784. 1866. F. oviiia L. var. supina Hack. Bot. Centr. 8: 405. 1881. 18. F. viridula Vasey. Culms rather loosely tufted, erect, smooth, 2 to 3 feet high; sheaths smooth; blades erect, 1 line wide or less, soft, scaberulous above, often more or less involute; panicle loose and open, 4 to 6 inches long, the branches ascending; spikelets 3 to 6-flowered; glumes membranaceous, smooth, about 11/2 lines long; lemmas firm, membranaceous, keeled toward the apex, acute or somewhat mucronate, 3 to 3i/'2 lines long. Subalpine meadows, Washington and Idaho to the high mountains of central California. Locs. — Geysers, Sonoma Co., Bolandcr 3945; Webber Lake, Leibert) 5262; Donner Lake, Davy 3222; Sierra Valley, Brewer 1976; Mt. Tallae, Hitchcock 3155. Refs.— Festuca vieidula Vasey, U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Bot. Bull. 13=: pi. 93. 1893, type collected in California by Bolander. F. gracillima [Hook, misapplied by] Thurb. in Wats. Bot. Cal. 2: 318. 1880. 19. F. californica Vase.y. Culms tufted, stout, coarse, usually 3 to 5 feet high, scabrous, sheaths somewhat scabrous, the lower persistent, the collar and auricles pilose ; blades flat or becoming involute when dry, hard and firm, sca- brous, the lower much elongated; panicle large, usually loose and open, the branches few, long and slender, naked below, bearing a few large spikelets toward the ends; spikelets compressed, about 5-flowered ; glumes oblong- lanceolate, firm, smooth, except the scabrous keel, 3 to 4 lines long; lemmas 4 to 5 lines long, lanceolate, convex, firm, scabrous, acuminate or short-awned. Meadows, shady banks and borders of woods, in the Coast Ranges from Mon- terey Co. {Davy 7344) to Humboldt Co. (Davy 6599) and ]\It. Shasta (Heller 7944) ; north to Oregon. Refs. — Festuca californica Vasey, Contr. Nat. Herb. 1 : 277. 1893, t.ype from San Fran- cisco, Bolander 1505; Davy in Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 69. 1901. F. scabrclla [Torr. misap- plied by] Thurb. in Wats. Bot. Cal. 2: 318. 1880. F. kalmii Gray var. oristnlata Torr. U. S. Rep. Expl. Mi.ss. Paeif. 4: 157. 1856, type from Mark West Creek, Bigclow in 1854. F. arisiu- lata Shear; Piper, Contr. Nat. Herb. 10: 32. 1906. Bromus depauperatus [Presl, misapplied by] Thurb. in Wats. Bot. Cal. 2: 320. 1880. The specimen in the Gray Herbarium (Bolander GRASS FAMILY 169 3945), upon which Thurber based his description, is Fcstuca calif orniva. Bromus drpauper- atus Presl is said to have been collected by Haenkc at Nootka Sound on Vancouver Island. The type specimen, in the Bohemian National Museum at Prague, is a species of Festuea closely allied to F. elmeri Scribn. & Merr. but appears to be diiferent from any known species from the Northwestern States. There is nothing on the label accompanying the type specimen to indicate its origin and the published locality may be an error. In the type specimen the lemmas are firm, terete, indistinctly nerved, scabrous, long-acuminate, long-awned from be- tween setaceous teeth. Presl 's description is accurate. 20. F. parishii Hitchc. n. comb. Resembles F. californica but culms lower, about 11/2 to 2 feet high ; sheaths puberuleut ; blades 6 to 10 inches long, closely involute, smooth below or nearly so; panicle 4 to 5 inches long; awn of lemma 11/2 to 2 lines long. Only IvHowii from the San Bernardino Mts. (Parisli Bros. 857, Parish 2490, 5036)." Befs. — Festdca pabishh Hitchc. F. aristulata Shear subsp. parishii Piper, Contr. Nat. Herb. 10: 33. 1906, type Parish 5036. 21. F. elatior L. Me.\.dow Fescue. Culms smooth, 2I2 to 4 feet high; sheatlis smootli ; blades flat, 2 to 4 lines wide, scabrous above; panicle erect, or nodding at summit, 4 to 8 inches long, contracted after flowering, much- branched or nearly simple, the branches spikelet-bearing nearly to base ; spike- lets usually G to 8-flowered, 4 to 6 lines long; glumes li^ and 2 lines long, lanceolate; lemmas oblong-lanceolate, coriaceous, 21/2 to 31/2 lines long, the searious apex acutish. Meadows and roadsides : Mt. Shasta, Lemmon 5458; Yreka. Butler 16'36; Jess Valley, Modoc Co., Griffiths (& Hunter 409. A native of Europe, cultivated in the U. S. under tlie name of Meadow Fescue, and escaped into fields and waste places throughout the cooler portion of America. Refs. — Pestuca elatior L. Sp. PI. 75. 1753. F. pratensis Huds. Fl. Angl. 37. 1762. 22. F. subuliflora Scribn. Culms rather slender, glabrous, 2 to 3 feet high; sheaths sparsely hispidulous; blades flat, rather soft, hirsutulous above, IV2 to 3 lines wide; panicle loose, open, somewhat drooping, 4 to 8 inches long, the branches slender, mostly solitary, naked lielow the middle; spikelets loosely 3 to 4-flowered; glumes subulate, glabrous, 1-nerved, 1^/^ and 2 lines long; lemmas lanceolate, scabrous toward the apex, keeled above, 3 to 4 lines long, tipped with a more or less flexuous awn 5 to 7 lines long, abruptly contracted at base into a hispidulous tubular structure including the rachilla, the latter apparently disarticulating half way between the florets. In the Coast Ranges of northern California, north to Vancouver Island. Locs. — Crescent City, Davy Sc Blasdale ; Humboldt Bay, Chandler 1184; Kneeland, Blankin- ship 7; Hubbard Sta., Davy 4" Blasdale 5407. Refs. — Festuca subuliflora Scribn. in Macoun, Cat. Can. PI. 5: 396. 1890. F. deiitieu- lata Beal, Grasses N. Am. 2: 589. 1896; Davy in Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 69. 1901. 23. F. elmeri Scribn. & Merr. Culms slender, IV2 to 3 feet high, glabrous; sheaths nearly smooth ; blades flat, scabrous or pubescent above, 1 to 2 lines wide; panicle 4 to 8 inches long, loose, open, the branches mostly in pairs, smooth or nearly so, naked below; spikelets 3 or 4-flowered; glumes lance- olate, glabrous, 1 and l^/o to 2 lines long; lemmas lanceolate, membranaceous, minutely hispidulous, 3 lines long, cleft at the apex and bearing between the short teeth a scabrous awn 1 to 4 lines long. "Wooded hillsides, California to Oregon, mostly in the Coast Ranges. Locs. — Marysville Buttes, Heller 5562; Ukiah, Davy 4' Blasdale 5029; Lake Co., Davy 6648; San Francisco, Bolander 1507; Stanford University, Abrams 1646, Flvier 2101; Los 170 GRAMINEAE Gatos, Seller 7471; Santa Cruz, Anderson; Tassajara Hot Springs, Elmer 3322; Templeton, Daiji 7584; Snii Luis Oiiispo, Lemmon 4654. Var. luxurians Piper. Panicle rather close; spikelets 5 or 6-tlowered. — JMoist groves. San Francisco Bay region: Oakland. Bohnidcr 6073; Stanford University, Elmer 2103, 2133. Kefs.— Festuca elmeri Soribn. & Merr. Bull. Torr. Club 29: 468. 1902, type from Stanford University, Elmer 2101. Var. luxurians Piper, Contr. Nat. Herb. 10: 38. 1906, based on the nest. F. jonesii Vasey var. conferta Hack.; Beal, Grasses N. Am. 2: 593. 1896, type from San Jose Normal School, collector unknown. 24. F. subulata Trin. Culms scaberulous, V/o to 4 feet liigli ; sheatlis nearly smooth; blades flat, thin, 11/2 to 5 lines wide, aurieulate at base, usually sca- brous on both surfaces, lax and spreading; panicle very loose, somewhat droop- ing, 6 to 15 inches long, the branches mostly in pairs, naked below; spikelets 3 to 5-flowered ; glumes subulate ; lemmas membranaceous, narrowly lanceo- late, 3-iierved, somewhat keeled, attenuate into a scabrous awn 3 to 10 lines h)ng. Jloist rocky woods and shady banks, Alaska to Montana and Wyonnng, south to California. Jloulton. Warner I\Its.. Griffiths & Hunter 473; Sequoia Nat. Park, Redwood Meadows, Hitchcock 3380. Bet's. — Festuca subul.\ta Trin. in Bong. Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. VI. Math. Phys. Nat. 2: 173. 1832. F. pauciflora [Thunb. misapplied by] Thurb. in Wats. Bot. Cal. 2: 318. 1880. Subgenus IIesperociiloa Piper. Perennials, densely tufted but producing occasional stout rhizumes or stolons. 25. F. confinis Vasey. Culms stout, erect, glabrous, li/o to 3 feet high; sheaths smooth, striate; blades firm, flat or loosely involute, coarsely striate, 11/0 to 3 lines wide; panicle narrow, erect, 3 to 8 inches long, the branches short and appressed, floriferous nearly to base ; glumes broadly lanceolate, subscarious, nearly smooth, the first li/o to 2 lines long, the second a half longer; lemmas ovate, acuminate, convex, faintly nerved, scabrous all over the back, 21/2 to 4 lines long. Dry meadows and hills; San Bernardino Mts.. north to Oregon and east to Montana and Colorado. Locs. — Truckee, Sonne 11; Sau Gorgonio Mt., Abrams <)'■ McGregor 778, Hall 7621; Coon Creek, San Bernardino Mts., Hall 7585. Ref. — Festuca confinis Vasey, Bull. Torr. Club 11: 126. 1884. (i2. BROMUS L Si)il\elets few to maii.v-flowerctl. terete or flattened, in narrow or open pani- cles. Glumes une(|ual, acute, 1 to 5-nerved. Lemmas convex or sharply keeled, 5 to !)-nerved, usually 2-toothed at apex and awned from between the teeth, sometimes awnless. the awn straight or divergent, sometimes twisted. Annuals or perennials with usually flat blades, and rather large spikelets. — Species about 100. mostly in tlie north temperate zone. (An ancient Greek name for the oat.) Plants annual. Panicle contracted, dense. Awn 8 to 11 lines long. Culm pubescent below panicle 11. B. rubens. Culm smooth 9. jB. madritcnsis. Awu 3 to 4 lines long. Awn divaricate ; second glume 3-nerved 8. B. scoparius. Awn straight; second glume 5 to 7nerved 4. B. hordeaceus. GRASS FAMILY 171 Panicle open, the branches spreading. Awn short or wanting. Lemmas broad, oblu.se 7. B. hrizaeformis. Lemmas acuminate 18. B. unioloides. Awn well-developed (cf. B. earinatus). Awn twisted and bent 1. B. trinii. Awn not twisted and bent. Sheaths smooth; florets turgid; awn 1% to 214 lines long 2. B. secaliiius. Sheaths pubescent; awn usiiall.v long. Awn 11,4 to 2 inches long 10. B. villnsus. Awn not more than 8 lines long. First glume 1-nerved 12. B. tcrtorum. First glume 3-nerved. Lemmas pubescent 6. B. arenarius. Lemmas glabrous. Awns all alike 3. B. commuiatus. Awns of the low<'r florets shorter 5. B. japonirus. Plants perennial. Spilielets subterete, not strongly flattened. Panicle narrow, the liranehes erect 17. B. snlsdorfii. Panicle open, the branches spreading. Branches of panicle stiffly divaricate; blades short 13. B. orcutiinmix. Branches drooping; blades elongated. Lemmas pubescent throughout 14. B. grandis. Lemmas pubescent at margins or base only, or nearly glabrous. Lemmas densely pubescent at base and margins; lower glume 3-nerved Ifi. B. laevipes. Lemmas sparsely pubescent on back, ciliate on margins or nearly glabrous; lower glume 1-nerved 15. B. vulgaris. Spikelets strongly flattened. Blades canescent and densely pilose, narrow or involute ]9. B. suhvelutiiius. Blades not canescent, glabrous or somewhat pilose, broader, flat. Panicle narrow, the branches short and erect 21. B. maritimus. Panicle open, the branches spreading or drooping. Awn less than S^o lines long; blades rather broad 20. B. marr/inatus. Awn more than Slj, lines long; blades usually narrow 22. B. carinahts. Division I. Introduced annuals (cf. B. unioloides in Div. 3). 1. B. trinii Desv. Culms erect. 1 to 2 feet high; sheaths pilose or nearly smooth ; bhulcs usually pilose ; panicle narrow, 4 to 8 inches long, rather dense ; spikelets narrow, 5 to 7-tiowered. 7 to 10 lines long; glumes lanceolate, acu- minate, smooth, the first mostly 1-nerved, 4 to 5 lines long, the second broader, mostly 3-nerved, 6 to 8 lines long; lemmas coarsely and sparsely pubescent, 5-nerved, 6 to 7 lines long, acuminate, with 2 narrow teeth 1 line long; awn 7 to 10 lines long, twisted below, bent below tlie middle and strongly divaricate when old. Dry plains and rocky or wooded slopes: Klamath Bluffs, Siskiyou Co. {Butler 1185) ; San Francisco and Contra ('osta cos. south, especially in desert regions; east to Coldcado and south to Jlesieo; also Chile. Var. excelsus Shear. Lemma 7-nervcd, the awn scarcely twisted or bent. — A little known form which may prove to be a distinct species. The type is from the Panamint I\Its. {Cnville & Funston 522). Another specimen, Wilder 1062, from Glenavon, is doubtfully referred to this variety. Rets.— Bromus trinu Desv. iii Gay, Fl. Chil. 6: 441. 185.3; Abrams, Fl. Los Ang. 53. 1904. Var. pallidiflorus Desv. in Gay, Fl. Chil. 6: 441. 1853; Abrams, Fl. Los Ang. 54. 1904. Trise- tum barbatum Steud. Syn. PI. Glum. 1: 229. 1854; Davy in Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 52. 1901. Var. EXCELSUS Shear, U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Bull. 23: 25. 1900. 172 GRAMINEAE 2. B. secalinus L. <_'iieat. Chess. Culms eret-t, 1 to 2 feet high ; sheaths smooth; paniele pj^ramidal. drooping, 3 to 5 inches long, open, the lower branches 3 to 5, unequal ; spikelets ovoid-lanceolate, becoming somewhat later- ally compressed and turgid in fruit, 5 to 9 lines long, 3 to 4 lines wide ; glumes smooth, obtuse, the first 3 to 5-nerved, 2 to 3 lines long, the second 7-nerved, 3 to 31'^ lines long; lemmas 7-nerved, 3 to i lines long, elliptic, obtuse, smooth or scabrous, the margin strongly involute in fruit, shortly bidentate at apex, the undulate awn iisually ly^ to 2V2 lines loug; palea about as long as lemma. — In fruit the turgid florets are somewhat distant so that, viewing the spikelet sidewise, the light passes through the small openings at the base of each floret. A weed in grain fields and waste i^laees, more or less throughout the U. S., introduced from Europe. Locs. — Yreka, Butler 826; Modoc Co., Ball 4 Babcoclc 424(3; Dixie Valley, Vavy ; Hupa Valley, Davy 5688; Chat, Davy; Yosemite Nat. Park, Ball # Bahcock 3398; Los Angeles. Ke'fs.— Bromus secalinus L. Sp. PI. 76. 1753; Thurb. iu Wats. Bot. Cal. 2: 319. 1880; Abrams, Fl. Los Ang. 53. 1904. 3. B. commutatus Schrad. Reseml>ling B. secalinus; sheaths pilose with short retrorse hairs; lemmas with an obtuse angle on the margin just above the middle, the margin not as strongly inrolled in fruit as in B. secalinus, the awn straight and rather longer. — In fruit the less turgid florets are imbricated, leaving no spaces at the base of the florets as in B. secalinus. A weed in fields and waste places, Washington to California and Montana and more sparingly in the Eastern States. Introduced from Europe. Locs. — Castle Crag, EHchcock 3067; Sherwood A^alley, Davy # Blasdale 5152; Ft. Bragg, Davy 4- Blasdale 6112; Pt. Reyes, Davy 6762; Santa Barbara, Hitchcock 2579; San Ber- nardino, Parish 2175. Eefs. — Bromus commutatus Schrad. Fl. Gt-rm. 353. 1806. B. racemosus [L. misapplied by] Thurb. in Wats. Bot. Cal. 2: 320. 1880. i. B. hordeaceus L. Culms 8 inches to 2y2 feet high; sheaths retrorsely softly pilose-pubescent ; blades usually pubescent ; panicle contracted, erect, 2 to 4 inches long, or. in depauperate plants, reduced to a few .spikelets; glumes broad, obtuse, coarsely pilose or scabrous-pubescent, the first 3 to 5-nerved, 2 to 3 lines long, the second 5 to 7-nerved, 3i/^ to 4 lines long; lemmas broad, ob- tuse, 7-nerved. coarsely pilose or scabrous-pubescent, rather deeply bidentate, 4 to 4I/2 lines long, the margin and apex hyaline; awn rather stout, 3 to 41/^ lines long; palea about % as long as lemma . A weed in waste places and cultivated soil, abundant on the Pacific Coast, occasional in the Eastern States, introduced from Europe. Var. leptostachys Beck. Differs in having glabrous, or only scabrous spike- lets.— Waste places, Siskiyou Co. {Bufler 817) to Yosemite Valley {Bioletti 16) and Stanford University {Rutfcr2). Refs. — Bromus hordeaceus L. Sp. PI. 77. 1753; Davy in Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 71. 1901; .Abraras, Fl. Los Ang. 53. 1904. Var. leptostachys Beck, Fl. NiederiJsterr. 109. 1890. Var. glabrescens Shear, U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Bull. 23: 20. 1900; Davy in Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 72. 1901. 5. B. japonicus Thuub. Culms erect or geniculate at base, ly^ to 2y2 feet high; slieatlis and blades soft-pubescent; panicle 5 to 8 inches long, broadly pyramidal, dift'use, somewhat drooping, the lower branches 3 to 5, slender; glumes rather broad, the first narrower, acute, 3-nerved, 2 to 3 lines long, the second obtuse, 5-nerved, 3 to 4 lines long; lemmas broad, obtuse, smooth, 9-nerved, the marginal pair faint, 3% to 4y> lines long, the hyaline margin GRASS FAMILY 173 obtusely angled above the middle, the apex emargiuate ; awns 4 to 5 lines long, somewhat twisted and strongly divaricate at maturity, those of the lower florets shorter than the upper; palea conspicuously shorter than the lemma. A weed in waste places, "Washington to California and Kansas, occasional in the Eastern States, introduced from pjurope and the Orient. Wrights, JlitcU- cuck in 1901 ; :\rt. Pinos, Hall 6368. Refs. — Beomus japonicus Thunb. Fl. Jap. 52. 1784. B. patidiix Mert. & Koch, Deutschl. Fl. 1: 685. 1823. 6. B. arenarius Labill. Culms 6 to 18 inches high; sheaths and blades pilose; panicle pyramidal, open, nodding, the spreading l)ranches and slen- der pedicels sinuously curved; glumes densely pilose, acute, scarious-mar- gined, the first narrower, 3-nerved, 4 lines long, the second 7-nerved, 5 lines long; lemmas densely pilose, 7-nerved. 5 lines long, 2-toothed at apex: awn straight, 5 to 8 lines long. Sandy roadsides, gravelly or sterile hills; San Bernardino Mts. to Mariposa and San Mateo cos. ; introduced fi"om Australia. Eef.— Bromds AREN-iVRius Labill. Nov. HoU. PI. 1: 23. 1804. 7. B. brizaeformis Fisch. & Mey. Culms 1 to 2 feet high; sheaths and blades pil(isi>-pubesc(>nt ; panicle 2 to 6 inches long. lax. secund, nodding; spikelets oblong-ovate, laterally much compressed, 7 to 12 lines long, about 5 lines wide ; glumes broad, obtuse, smooth or minutely scabrous, the first 3 to 5-nerved, about % the length of the broader second, the second 5 to 9-nerved, 3 to 4 lines long; lemma 5 lines long, very broad, obtuse, smooth, with a broad scarious margin, awnless or nearlj' so. Sandy fields and waste ground, occasional in the Western States, rare in the Eastern States, introduced from Europe. Gazelle. IlcUcr 8075 -. ilt. Shasta, Palmer 2647 in 1892. Ref. — Bromus brizaeformis Fisch. & Mey. Inil. Hort. Petrop. 3: 30. 1836. 8. B. scoparius L. Culms 8 to 12 inches high ; sheaths and blades more or less pilose; panicle dense, oblong or ovate, obtuse, erect, 1 to 2Vi; inches long; spikelets short-pediceled, 5 to 11-flowered. 5 to 9 lines long; glumes glabrous, the first 1 to 3-nerved, 2 to 21/^ lines long, the second 3-nerved. 2i/^ to 3 lines long; lemmas 5-nerved, 31/^ to 4 lines long, usually smooth, bidentate; awn somewhat divaricate, 3^/2 to 4 lines long. A rare introduction from Europe. Mariposa. Congdon in 1892: Santa Bar- bara, Somes 6. Ref. — Bromus scoparius L. Cent. PI. 1:6.1 755. 9. B. madritensis L. Culms tufted, 1 to 2 feet high ; sheaths smooth or the lower slightlj' pubescent ; blades puberulent or nearly smooth ; panicle erect, 2 to 4 inches long, oblong-ovoid in outline, contracted and rather dense; glumes narrow, lanceolate, acuminate, the first 1-nerved. 41/2 to 6 lines long, the second 3-nerved, 7 to 8 lines long; lemmas narrow, linear-lanceolate. 7 to 9 lines long, usually glabrous or merely scabrous, somewhat curved outward when old, dis- tinctly 3 or faintly 5 to 7-nerved, with 2 acute hyaline teeth, 1 to l^/; lines long; awn rather stout, tapering, somewhat curved, 8 to 11 lines long. Open ground and waste places, California to Oregon; introduced from Europe Ref. — Bro.mus m.\dritensis L. Cent. PI. 1 : 5. 1755. 10. B. villosus Forsk. Culms 11/2' to 21/2 feet high; sheaths and blades pilose; panicle open, rather few-flowered, 3 to 5 inches long, the lower 174 GRAJIINEAE brau('lies i/i; to 1 inch loug; spikelets usually 5 to T-tlowered, li/o to 2 iuches long ; glumes smooth, narrow, acuminate, the first 7 to 10 lines loug, 1-nerved, the sec-oud 12 to 15 lines loug, 3-nerved ; lemmas o-uerved, 12 to 15 lines long, scabrous or puberulent, 2-toothed. the teeth li/o to 2 lines long; awn stout, II/2 to 2 inches long. A weed in open ground and waste plui/es, introduced from the ilediterranean region. Common from San Francisco south, infrequent northward. Var. gussonei Aschers. & Graebn. Differs in having a more open panicle, the lower branches as much as 4 or 5 inches long. — AVashington to California and Arizona, introduced from southern Europe. More connnon than the species in middle and northern California. Refs. — Bkomus VILLOKUS Forsk. FI. Aeg. Aiali. 2.3. 177.'). B. ma.riinus Dosf. FI. Atl. 1: 9.5. 1798; Thurb. in Wats. Bot. Cal. 2: 319. ISSO; Davy in .Tepson, FI. W. Mid. Cal. 71. 1901. Var. GUSSONEI Aschers. & Graebn. Syn. Mitteleur. FI. 2: 595. 1901. B. maximus Desf. var. (jussonii Pari. FI. Ital. 1: 407. 1848; Abranis, FI. Los Aug. 54. 1904; Davy in Jepson, FI. W. Mid. Cal. ed. 2. 70. 1911. 11. B. rubens L. Culms 6 to 15 inches high, puberulent below the panicle; sheaths and blades pubescent; panicle erect, compact. ovoiranches slender and drooping, naked below, the lower usually in pairs, as much as 6 inches long; first glume usually distinctly 3-nerved; lemmas densely pubescent over the back. Drj' hillsides at moderate altitudes. San Diego Co. to Madera and ^Monterey COS., also in Oregon and "Wa.sliington. — Eesembles B. orcuttianus var. hallii, from which it differs in the open drooping panicle and the more distinctly 3-nerved first glume. Locs. — Gavilau Peak, Brewer 740; Xorthfork, Griffiths 6596; S. Fork Kaweah River. Cul- bertson 4512; Little Sur, Davji 7385; Pico Blanco, Davy 7339; Santa Lucia Mts., Davy 7691; Tassajara Hot Springs, Elmer 3398; Topatopa Mts., Abrams 4' McGregor 161; Mt. Wilson, Abrams 2600; Little Santa Anita Canon, Abrams 2632; San Bernardino. Parish 5038; Colorado Desert, Palmer in 1889; La Marte, Orentt 472. Refs. — Bkomus or.\ndis Hitcbc. B. orcvttianus Va.sey var. grandis Shear, U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Bull. 23: 43. 1900. B. porteri Nash var. assimilans Davy, Univ. Cal. Publ. Rot. 1 : .55. 1902, type Hall 2228 from San Jacinto Mts. 15. B. vulgaris Shear. Culms 3 to 4 feet high, the nodes pubescent; sheaths pilose; blades scattered, more or less pilose; panicle open. 4 to 6 inches long, the branches .slender and drooping; spikelets slender, about an inch long; glumes narrow, sparsely pubescent, the first 1-nerved, 2% to 4 lines long, acute, the second 3-nerved. broader and longer than the first, obtuse or acntish ; lenunas 4 to 5 lines long, sparsely pubescent over back, pubescent or ciliate near the margins or nearly glalirous; awn 3 to 4 lines long. Roeky woods and shady ravines, to 7000 feet, California to Vancouver and Montana. TjOCS.— Humboldt Ray, Chandler 1177: Hubliard Sta., Davy if Bhisdale 5406; Sherwood, Hitchcock 2700, 2708; Pt. Reyes, Vary 6So3; Mill Valley, Davy 4126; Calaveras Co., Hille- brand 2258; Berkeley Hills, C7io.se 5668; Congress Springs, Hitchcock 2660; Santa Cruz, Jones; Santa Cruz Island, Brandegee 70; San Bernardino Mts., Abrams 2851. Var. eximius Shear. Sheaths glabrous. — .Moist mountain sides, British Colum- bia to California. Sherwood Valley, Davy cD Blasdale 5226; Mendocino plains. Bolander 4753. Refs.— Bromus vulgaris Shear, V. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Bull. 23: 43. 1900. J!, purgans L. var. vulgaris Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 252. 1840. B. ciliatus [L. misapplied by] Thurb. in Wats. Bot. Cal. 2: 320. 1880. Var. kximius Shear, U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Bull. 23: 44. 1900. 176 GRAMINEAE Iti. B. laevipes Shear. Culms 2I/2 to 3 feet high, the base often decumbent and rooting; sheaths and blades glabrous; panicle broad, lax, drooping, 6 to 8 inches long, the branches slender, drooping; glumes smooth, the first 3-nerved, 3 to 4 lines long, the second 5-nerved, 5 to 6 lines long; lemmas obtuse, 7-iierved. 6 to 7 lines long, densely pubescent on the margin nearly to the apex and on the back at the base ; awn II/2 to 2y2 lines long. Moist woods and shady banks, in the Coast Ranges from Humboldt Co. to San Diego; in Shasta and Lassen los.. and in the middle Sierra Nevada; extends north to AYashington. R(3fs. — Bbomus laevipes Shear, U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Bull. 2:5: 4.5. 1900; Davy in Jepson, Fl. W. Mill. Cal. 71. 1901. B. rii-ii(irdsoni [Link, misapplied by] Abrams, Fl. Los Aug. .'5.5. 19(14. 17. B. suksdorfii Vasej-. Culms 2 to 3 feet high ; sheaths and blades smooth, scattered ; panicle narrow, erect, rather dense, 3 to 5 inches long, the branches erect or ascending; spikelets about an inch long, longer than the pedicels; glumes glabrous, the first 1-nerved, 4 to n lines long, the second 3-nerved, 5 to 6 lines long; lemmas 6 to 7 lines long, appressed-pubescent near margin and on the lower part of the midnerve. Rocky woods and slopes, California to Washington. Loes.— Domicr Lake, Heller 7120; Mt. Tallac. Hitchcock SlU; Yosemite Nat. Park. Hitch- cock 3303; Ebbetts Pass, Brewer 20SS; Sequoia Nat. Park, Hitchcock 3365. Ret". — Bromus .suksdorfii Vasey, Bot. Gaz. 10: 223. 188.5. Division III, Annuals or perennials; spikelets large, strongly flattened, usually keeled ; lemmas acuminate, usually awned. 18. B. unioloides H.B.K. Rescue Grass. Annual; culms 2 to 3 feet high ; sheaths pilose : blades narrow, very scabrous : panicle open; spikelets about an inch long, 2i>. to 41/L' lines broad; glumes smooth, the first 5-nerved, 3V2 to 5 lines long, the second 7-nerved, 5 to 6 lines long; lemmas acute, subcoriaceous, glabrous or scabrous, 6 to 8 lines long: awn 1 line long or less; palea Vo to % as long as lemma. Native country not certainly known, but probably the Andes, now dis- tributed from ( hile to southern U. S. Cultivated as a meadow grass in the Southern States under the name of Rescue Grass and Schrader's Brome Grass. Introduced in California. Lops. — Palo Alto, Congdon ; Bishop, Helhr 8251; Kern Co., Leckenby; Pasadena, Hitchcock 25.50; Fruitlanil, Ahrams 14(31; San Bernardino, Parish 4672; Mentone, Leiberg 3296. Refs.— Bromus unioloides H.B.K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 1: 151. 1816; Thurb. in Wats. Bot. Cal. 2: 322. 1880; Abrams, Fl. Los Ang. 56. 1904. Var. haenkeanus Shear, U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Bull. 23: 52. 1900; Abrams, Fl. Los .\ng. .56. 1904. Ceratochloti hiicrtkeana Presl, Rel, Haenk. 1: 285. 1830. 19. B. subvelutinus Shear. Perennial; culms 1 to 2 feet high; sheaths canescent ; blades narrow, rather rigid, becoming involute, canescent and also pilose; panicle 2 to 4 inches long, narrow, erect, the branches short, erect; spikelets about an inch long ; glumes puberulent, the first 3 to 5-nerved. 4 to 5 lines long, the second 7-nerved, 5 to 6 lines long; lemmas appressed-puberulent, 6 to 7 lines long: awn ly^ to 2 lines long. Dry wooded hills and meadows. California to Oregon and Wyoming. Loes.— Goosenest Jit., Butier ■842;'Warner Mts., Gritfiths i)'- Hunter 399; N. E. Shasta Co., Hall # Babcock 4196; Eureka, Duci/; East Oakland, Vacy; Templeton, Daiij 7587; Ft. Te.jon, Parish 199.5; Mt. Pinos, Hall 6635; San Bernardino Mts., Hall 7601; Laguna, Schocnfcldt 3624. Ref.— Bromus subvelutinus Shear, V. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Bull. 23: 52. 1900. GRASS FAMILY 177 20. B. marginatus Nees. Short-lived perciuiiiil; culms rather stout, 2 to 4 feet high ; sheaths pilose; blades broad, flat, more or less pilose; panicle erect, rather narrow, 4 to 8 inches long, the lower branches erect or somewhat spread- ing; spikelets 1 to 11/^ inches long, 2}/-^ to Si/o lines wide, 7 or 8-flowered ; glumes broad, scabrous, or scabrous-pubescent, the first subacute, 3 to 5-nerved, 31/2 to 41/2 lines long, the second obtuse, 5 to 7-nerved. 41/0 to Si^-o lines long; lemmas subcoriaceous, coarsely pubescent, ovate-lanceolate, acute, S^/o to 7 lines long; awn 2 to 31/0 lines long. Open ground, open woods, roadsides anil waste places. Riverside Co. to British Coluiiibia. east to Alberta and Arizona. Var. seminudus Shear. Sheaths glabrous; plant often tall and stout with large spreading panicle. — Woods or near streams, mostly from 3000 to 9000 feet altitude. San Jacinto Mts. {Hall 785) north to British Columbia and east to Assiniboia and Colorado. Refs. — Bromus marginatus Nees; Steud. Sj'n. PI. Glum. 1: 322. 1854; Davy in Jepson, Ft. W. Mid. Cal. 72. 1901; Abrams, FI. Los Ang. 56. 1904. Cenitochloa breviarisUiia [Hook, misapplied by] Thurb. in Wats. Bot. Cal. 2: 321. 1880. Var. seminudus Shear, V. S. Dept. Agr. Div. .\groRt. Bull. 23: 55. 1900. 21. B. maritimus Hitchc. u. comb. Differs from B. marginatus in having smooth sheaths, scabrous but not pilose blades, and narrow, strict panicle, the branches short and erect. .Xear the coast from Sonoma Co. to Monterey Co. Locs. — Bodega Pt., Eastu-ood; Pt. Reyes, Vary 67(50, 6798, 6844; San Francisco, Joiies 3270, Lemmon, Michencr 4' Bioletti; Monterey, Davy 7281; Little Sur, Davy 7406. Refs. — Bromus maritimus Hitclic. B. inariiiitatus Nees var. maritimus Piper, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 17: 148. 1905. 22. B. carinatus TI. & A. Annual; culms 2 to 3 feet high; sheaths pilose; l)ladt's nariMw. flat, more or less pilose; panicle pyramidal, rather lax. the lower branches spreading or drooping; spikelets about an inch long. 2V-; lines wide, 5 to 9-flowered ; glumes lanceolate, acute, glabrous or .slightly scabrous- pul)eseent, the first 3-nerved, 31/2 to W2 ^mes long, the second 5-nerved, 41/2 to •")!., lines long; lemmas lanceolate, puberulent or short-pidieseent. 6I/0 to 8 lines long; awn 3^2 to ri lines long. Open ground, open woods, roadsides and waste places, throughout the state, norlh to Washington. Var. californicus Shear. Sheaths smooth, si)ikelets narrower than in the species. — Common in the Coast Ranges; infi'cquent in the Sierra Nevada and San Beriuirdino ]\Its. Var. hookerianus Shear. Sheaths smooth ; spikelets as broad as in the spe- cies.— Range aliDut as in the last, less common. Var. linearis Shear. Sheaths pubescent; blades very narrow, less than 1 line wide; ]ianicle narrow, few-flowered. — Known only from California. P>crkeley Hills, Davy 4245; above timber-line, Mt. Lyell. Hitchcock 3330. Refs.— Bromus carinatus H. & A. Bot. Beech. 403. 1841; Davy in Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 72. 1901 ; Abrams, Fl. Los Ang. 56. 1904. Var. californicus Shear, IT. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Bull. 23: 60. 1900. Var. hookerianus Shear, U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Bull. 23: 60. 1900. B. hookfriuiius Thurb. in Wilkes, V. S. Expl. E.xped. 17=: 493. 1874: Davy in .Ippson, Fl. \V. Mid. Cal. ed. 2. 71. 1911. Ctnilorhloa (irandiflora Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 253. 1840; Thurb. in Wats. Bot. Cal. 2: 321. 1880. Var. line.\ris Shear, U. S. Dept. .Vgr. Div. Agrost. Bull. 23: 61. 1900, type from California (without locality), G. R. Vasey in 1875 178 GRAMINEAE Tribe IX. IIORDEAE. 63. LOLIUM L. Spikelets several-flowered, solitary at each node of a eontinuous rachis, 1 edge of each spikelet placed against the rachis, the glume on that edge (the first glume) wanting, but both glumes present on the terminal spikelet. Glume nar- row, rigid, 5 to 7-nerved, longer than the lower lemma, often exceeding the uppermost. Lemmas convex. 5 to 7-nervecl, awned or awnless. Annuals or short-lived perennials with flat blades and spikelets scattered in terminal spikes. — Species 6, temperate Eurasia, introduced in America. (An ancient Latin name.) Glume shorter tban the spikelet. Lemmas awned 1. L. multiflornm. Lemmas nearly or quite awnless 2. L. perenne. Glume as long or longer than the spikelet ; annuals. Spikelets conspicuous 3. L. temuleiitiim. Spikelets hidden behind the appressed glumes 4. L. auhujatum. 1. L. multiflorum Lam. It.vlian Rye-grass. Australi.vn Ri-e-grass. Short- lived perennial ; culms 1 to 2 feet high, erect or often decumbent at base, often rough below the spike and on the convex portion of the rachis: spike as much as a foot long: spikelets as much as an inch long, twice as long as glume. 10 to 20-flowered : lemmas 3i/o to 4 lines long, at least the upper awned. Roadsides and waste places, mostly in the Coast Ranges; introduced from Europe, common on the Pacific Coast and frequent in the Eastern States. Fre- ([uently cultivated for lawns and as a meadow or pasture grass. Refs. — LOLIUM MULTIFLORUM Lam. Fl. Franc;. 621. 1778. L. italicum A. Br. Flora 17: 241. 1834; Thurb. in Wats. Bot. Cal. 2: 323. 1880. L. jiereinie L. var. italicum Parn. Grasses Brit. 298. 1845; Davy in Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 7.5. 1901. Var. multiflorum "auct." [Parn.] Davy in Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 7.5. 1901 ; Abrams, Fl. Los Ang. .58. 1904. 2. L. perenne L. Perennial Rye-grass. Resembling L. multiflorum. but usually more delicate, with narrower blades and smaller spikes; culm and con- vex surface of rachis smooth; spikelets usually 8 to ]0-flowered, not nutcli exceeding the glume; lemmas smaller, awnless. Roadsides and waste places, throughout the cooler and moister portion of the U. S. Introduced from Europe. Sometimes cultivated as a lawn or pasture grass. Rare on the Pacific Coast. Locs.— Mt. Shasta. Palmer 2fi39 in 1892; Ferndale. Vary 6200; Mendocino Co., McMurphy 421; Fresno Co., Griffiths 4712. Var. tenue Kunth. Blades narrow, folded, firm, erect; spikes slender, the spikelets few-flowered. — Yreka. Butler 1563; near ]\It. Shasta, Palmer 2612 in 1892. Refs.— LOLIUM PEKENNE L. Sp. PI. 83. 1753; Thurb. in Wats. Bot. Cal. 2: 323. 1880; Davy in Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 75. 1901 ; Abrams, Fl. Los Ang. 57. 1904. Var. tenue Kunth, Enum. 1: 436. 1833; Davy in Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 75. 1901. 3. L. temulentum L. Darnel. Annual: culms 2 to 3 feet high ; spike stout and strict. 6 to 8 inches long: glume about 1 inch long, as long or longer than the 5 to 7-flowered spikelet, firm, pointed ; lemnuis as much as 4 lines long, obtuse, awned ; awn as much as 4 lines long. Fields and waste places, rather common throughout the state and northward along the Pacific Coast, rare in the Eastern States; introduced from Europe. Var. arvense Rah. Differs in having awnless spikelets. — Less common than the species, introduced from Europe. GKASS FAMILY 179 Locs. — Hupa Valley, Davy 5690; Norman, Davy 4293; Yosemite Valley, Eitrltcock; Ojai Valley, Hubby 52; Inglewood, Abrams 11S3; Pasadena, Hitchcock 2555; San Bernarilino, Canby 675; The Needles, Jones; San Diego, Brandegee 135. Refs.— LoLiUM TEMULENTUM L. Sp. PI. 83. 1753; Thurb. in Wats. Bot. Cal. 2: 323. 1880; Davy in Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 75: 1901; Abrams, Fl. Los Ang. 58. 1904. Var. abvense Bab. Man. Brit. Bot. 377. 1843. L. arveiise With. Arr. Brit. PI. ed. 3. 2: 168. 1796. 4. L. subulatum Vi.s. Annual ; culms bushy-branched at base, stifflj' spread- ing or prostrate ; sheaths and blades smooth ; spike stout, rigid, often curved ; spikelets partially sunken in the excavations of the rachis and partially hidden by the appressed obtuse, strongly nerved glumes; lemmas 21/2 lines long. Introduced from Europe; rare. West Berkeley, Feinllcton 449. Eef. — LoLiUM SUBULATUM Vis. Fl. Daliii. 1: 90. 1842. 64. MONERMA Beauv. Spikelets ]-flowered, solitar.y. imbedded in the joints of an articulated rachis, forming a slender cylindrical spike, and placed with the floret dorsi-ventral to the rachis as in Lolium. Glume of lateral spikelets solitary, coriaceous, gradu- ally acuminate, longer than the lemma, the terminal spikelet with two glumes. Lemma membranaceous. Low cespitose annuals. — Species 3, of the Okl World, 1 introduced in California. (Greek monos, single, and erma, support, on account of the single glume.) 1. M. cylindrica Coss. & Dur. Culms bushy-branched, spreading or pros- trate, 4 to 12 inches long; spike cylindrical, curved, narrowed upward: glume 3 lines long, acununate; lemmas 2\''-2 lines long, pointed, scarious. Salt marshes, San Francisco Bay south to San Diego; introduced from Europe. Loes. — Pinole Creek Valley, Davy 6653; Ballona River, Abramf 2567; Oceanside, Parish 4446; San Diego, Orctitt. Refs. — MoNERMA CYLINDRICA Coss. & Dur. Expl. Alger. 2: 214. 1867. Lepturus cylindricns Trin. Fund. Agrost. 123. 1820; Davy in Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 73. 1901; Abrams, Fl. Los Ang. 58. 1904. BottbocUia cylindrica Willd. Sp. PI. 1 : 464. 1797. 65. LEPTURUS R. Br. Spikelets 1 or 2-flowered, solitary at the nodes, embedded in the articulated rachis. Glumes 2, placed in front of the spikelet and enclosing it, coriaceous, 5-nerved, acute, unsymmetrical, appearing like halves of a single split glume. Lemmas much smaller than the glumes, hyaline, keeled. Low annuals with slender spikes. — Species 5 or 6, eastern hemisphere, 1 introduced in California. (Greek leptos. slender, and oura, tail.) 1. L. incurvatus Trin. Culms tufted, decumbent at base, 4 to 8 inches high ; blades short and narrow; spike 3 to 4 inches long, cylindrical, curved; spike- lets 31/0 lines long, pointed. ^ludflats and salt marshes. ;\Iarin Co. to San Diego; also adventive on bal- last on the Atlantic Coast. Litroduced from Europe. Locs. — Pt. Reyes, Davy 6774 ; Martinez, Dary 6674 ; Santa Barbara. Hitchcock 2560 ; Ven- tura, Cha-^e 5588; Santa Catalina Island, Brandegee 54; Old Town, Abrams 3544. Refs. — Lepturus incurvatus Trin. Fund. Agrost. 123. 1820; Davy in Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 73. 1901; Abrams, Fl. Los Ang. 5S, 1904. 66. SCRIBNERIA Hack. Spikelets l-tlowcred. soli1,-ii-y (ir in pairs, sessile, plaeeil with the floret lateral to the continuous rachis. forming sleniler siiik(>s. Glumes 2. narrow, rigid, acute, .slightly une([ual. strongly keeled. Kai'hilla |»ri)li)nged behind the floret as a very short stipe. Lemiun sliortcr than the glumes, membranaceous, keeled. 180 GRA.MIXEAE 2-toothed iit apex, awned between the teeth, the eallus liairy. PaU^a equaling or exceeding the lenniia. acutely 2-toothed. A low slender amnial with short narrow blades and slender spikes. — Species 1, California to Washington. (Prof. F. Lamson-Scribner, an emiaent American agrostologist.) 1. S. bolanderi Ha<'k. Culms 3 to 12 inches high, tufted, erect or ascending; spike slenroadcr. 5 to 7-nerved, 4io lines long; Icunnas 4 to 5 lines long, more or less si'al)rous-pul>escent. acute or awn- |ioiiited. Lassen Co. (mountains south of Dixie Valley. Hak(r tf- Xiitfiiig in 1894) north to Washington and east to Saskatchewan and Colorado. Kefs. — Agropyrox subvillosum E. Nels. Bot. Gaz. 38: 37S. 1904. Triticum repens L. var. subrillnsiim Hool?. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 254. 1840. o. A. parishii Scribn. & Smith. Culms 3 to 4 feet high, without rhizonu-s, the nodes pubescent; blades flat; spike narrow, as much as foot long; spike- b-ts-narrow, distant, mostly shorter than the internodes of the rachis. about ■■'4 inch long; glumes about 8 lines long, several-nerved, acute, more than l/o as long as spikelet; lemmas smcioth, faintl.v nerved, short-awned or awn- ]i(iinted. Only kiKiwn from California. Pico P>lanco, ^lonterey Co.. Dari/ 7364; San IVroardino Mts.. ParisJi 20:54. 2238. 4180. Refs. — A(;ropyron parishii Seribn. & Smith, U. S. I^ept. .\gr. Div. .^grost. Bull. 4: 28. Is:i7. ly|ic I'iirish 2(\'A; Abrams, Fl. Los Ang. .^9. 1904. (!. A. laeve ITitchc n. comb. Culms 4 to o feet high, without riiizomcs; M:iilcs flat ; spike ;is much as a foot long; spikelets distant, usually shorter than tlie internodes of the rachis; glumes obtuse, several-nerved, about 5 lines long; lemmas about o lines long, long-awned; awn VL' to 1 inch long. Only known from California. Clinton. Hansen 1767; Dunlap to Millwood. Griffidis 4686; '-p^x. Herb. State Normal School, San Jose. Xorton in 1879. '" Refs. — AoROPYRON LAEVE Hitplip. .1. parishU Scribn. & Smith var. laere Seribn. & Smith, r. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Bull. 4: 28. 1897, type Palmer 414 in Gray Herbarinm collected ill 187.5 at Fowley's, Cuyamaca Mts. : Abrams. Fl. Los Ang. .59. 1904. 7. A. tenerum Vasey. Culms erc'l. tufted. 2 to 4 feet liigh. without rhi- zomes; bJadrs narrow. Hat oi' involute; spike cylindrical, slender, crcrt. 4 to 182 GRAMIXEAE 6 inches long; gluiiies firm, nearly as long as the spikelet, gradually tapering iuto an awned point ; lemmas short-awned. Open woods, rocky slopes and upland plains, in the region of ilt. Shasta, in the Sierra Nevada and in the southern moiuitains; also in Yolo Co. {Blankinship 43) and San INfateo t'o. {Bolaiider 1512) ; extends north to Alaska and east to Labra- dor and New England. The following speeimens have thicker spikes with more imbricated spikelets, the form (var. longifolium) to which the name A. p.5eudii- repens has sometimes been misapplied: Woodland. Blankiitsliip -i'i: Yreka, Bnt- kr 850; San Bernardino i\rts.. Hall 7659; Mt. Pinos, Hall 6418. Eefs. — Agropyrox texerum Vasey, Bot. (iaz. 10: 258. ISSo; Davy in Jcpson, Fl. W. Jtid. Cal. 76. 1901. Var. lonrji folium Seribn. & Smith, U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Bull. 4: 30. 1897. Triticum liolaceum [Hornem. misapplied by] Tliurb. in Wats. Bot. Cal. 2: 324. 1880. Agropyron caninum L. var. teiirrum Pease & Moore, Rliodora 12: 71. 1910. 8. A. caninum Beau^-. Culms erect. ] to 3 feet high, without rhizomes; blades flat, rather lax, 1 to 3 lines wide, scabrous; spike more or less nodding at apex, rather dense, 3 to 6 inches long; spikelets 6 to 7 lines long; glumes pointed or awned; lemmas 3 to 5-ner^■ed ; awn straight, or somewhat spread- ing, once or twice the length of the lemma. Dry hillsides and mountain meadows, in the Sierra Nevada and southern mountains., also in the Santa Lucia Mts. (Davy 7647, 7713) ; extends east to Colorado and north to Alaska and Greenland. Refs. — AiiROPYKUx CAXIXUM Beauv. Ess. Agrost. 102. 1812. Triticum caniiiuin L. Sp. PI. 86. 1753; Tburb. in Wats. Bot. Cal. 2: 324. 1880. !). A. vaseyi Scribn. & Smith. Culms slender, 2 to 3 feet high, without rhi- zomes; blades narrow, involute, erect, smooth; spike slender, 2 to 4 inches long; spikelets rather distant. 5 to 8 lines long; glumes 3 to 5 lines long, acute, but not awned, thin, scarious at margin and tip. strongl.v 3 to 5-nerved; lemmas faintly nerved, terminating in a slender, finally liorizontall.y spreading awn as much as % inch long. Rocky or arid hillsides, northeastern California, to Alberta, ilontana and New Mexico. Locs. — Klamathon, Cupelaiid 3542; Forestdale, Bal'cr 4' Nutting, Davy; Warner Mts., Griffiths 4' Hunter 464; Modoc Nat. For., Hatton 150; Jess Valley to Blue Lake, Modoc Co., Griffiths 4- Hunter 402; Dixie Mts., Baler <>'■ Nutting; Amedee, Davy. Refs. — Agropyrox v.^seyi Scribn. & Smith IT. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Bull. 4: 27. 1S97. Triticum strigosvm [Lessing, misapplied by] Thurb. in Wats. Bot. Cal. 2: 324. 1880. The specimen in the Gray Herbarium described by Thurber was collected by J. G. Lemnion in "Sierra, Nevada Co." 10. A. scabrum Beauv. Culms 3 to 4 feet high, without rhizomes; blades fiat; spike G to 8 inches long; spikelets rather distant, about % inch long; glumes about ^j inch long, aliout 7-nerved. short-awned; lemmas about i^ inch long, faintl.v nerved, terminating in a long stout spreading awn as nnu-li as fi/o inches long. The only specimen seen is Bolaudm-'s no. 6468. collected soutli side of Eel Ridge. It agrees fairly well with a specimen from Hunter's River, New South Wales, collected l>y tin- Wilkes Exjiedition, but differs from most of the Australian specimens of A. scabrum in having longer glumes. It resembles A. arizonicum Scribn. & Smith, which, however, has shorter glumes. The Cali- fornia specimen is tentatively referred to the Australian A. scabrum until the species can be more thoroughly studied. Refs. — Agropyrox scabrum Beauv. Ess. Agrost. 102. 1S12; Davy in Jcijsun, Fl. \V. Mill. Cal. 76. 1901. Triticum scabrum R. Br. Proilr. 17S. ISIO. Fisfu-a scahra Labill. Nov. H.iU. PI. 1: 22. 1S04. GRASS FAMILY 183 11. A. flexuosum Piper. Culms 2 to 3 feet high, slender, witlioiit rhizomes; sheaths smooth ; blades short, tiat or loosely iuvolute ; spike 3 to 4 inches long, tiexuous, long-exserted, the rachis disarticulating; spikelets sometimes in pairs ; glumes subulate or narrowly lanceolate, mostly 2-nerved, narrowed into a slender spreading awn \-2 to 1 inch long; lemmas 4 lines long, smooth and rounded below, 5-nerved and somewhat scabrous above, tipped with a slender spreading awn about an inch long. Mountain slopes, Modoc Co. (Warner Mts., Gri/Jifhs rf- Hinder 468) to Wash- ington and Idaho. Eefs. — Agropyron flexuosum Piper, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. IS: 149. 1905. Sitanion flexuosum Piper, Erythea 7: 99. 1899. 12. A. scribneri Vasey. Culms ascending or spreading, i/> to 11/4 feet high ; blades short, tlat, rather thin, mostly basal; spike shoi't and thick, 1 to 2 inches long, readily disarticulating at the joints; spikelets rather closely imbricated, somewhat divergent, about 5 lines long, few-flowered ; glumes narrow, rigid, 2-nerved. gradually narrowed into a horizontally spreading awn i/o to % inch long; lemmas nerved toward tip, terminating in awns similar to those of the glumes but somewhat longer. Rocky slopes, mostly above 9000 feet, Mt. Dana {Congdon in 1898) to ]\I()utaua and south to Arizona and New Mexico. Ref.— Agropyron scribneri Vasey, Bull. Torr. Club 10: 128. 1883. 13. A. pringlei Hitclic. n. comb. Culms 1 to II/2 feet high ; blades usually flat, short; spike 2 to 4 inches long, not disarticulating, the spikelets falling from the rachis; glumes lanceolate, 3 to 5-nerved, ending in a short straight awn : lemmas ending in stout horizontally spreading awns about % inch long. Gravelly slides and rocky slopes at 7000 to 12,000 feet elevation in the Sierra Nevada : also in Wyoming. Locs. — Webber Lake, Leiherg 5244; Carson Pass, Brewer 2118; Mt. Tallae, Hitchcock 3152; Pyramid Peak, Ball ^ Chandler 4718; Sequoia Nat. Park, HitchcocTc 3385; Little Kern River, Piirpus 5515. Refs. — Agropyron pringlei Hitehc. A. gmelini Scribn. & Smith var. pringlei Scribn. & Smith, IT. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Bull, 4: 31. 1897, type from above Summit Valley, Pringle. 68. HORDEUM L. Wild Barley. Spikelets 1-tlowered, 3 together at each joint of the rachis, the middle one sessile and perfect, the lateral usually pediceled, often reduced to awns. Glumes equal, rigid, narrow-lanceolate, subulate or setaceous, usually elongated and awn-like, the 3 pairs simulating an involucre around the central perfect floret. Rachilla prolonged behind the palea as an awn, sometimes with a rudimentary floret. Lemma of central floret obscurely 5-nerved, tapering into an awn. Palea with its back toward the rachis. Cespitose annuals or perennials with dense terminal bristly spikes disarticulating at maturity, the joints falling with the spikelets attached. — Species about 16. temperate regions of both liemi- spheres. (The ancient Latin name for barley,) Plants perennial; awns as much as 2 inches long 1. H. juhaliim. Plants annual. Glumes or some of them ciliate 5. H. murinum. (Humes not ciTate. Glumes of fertile spikelet d'lated iiliovc the base ' 2. H. pu.siUum. (ilumes not dilated. Glumes very scabrous 3. H. nodosum.. Glumes glabrous or m'nutely scnlirous 4. H. r/ussoneanum. 184 GRAMIXEAE 1. H. jubatum L. Perennial; eulms erect, or deeuiiibent at base, ] to 2 feet high ; blades 21/0 Hues wide, scabrous ; spike uodding, 2 to 4 iuches long, about an inch wide, soft; lateral pair of spikelets each reduced to 1 to 3 spreading awns; glumes of perfect spikelets awn-like. 1 to 2^1> inches long, spreading; lemma 3 to 4 lines long with an awn as long as the glumes. Open ground, fields and waste places, north to Alaska and east to Ontario and Kansas ; often a troublesome weed in alfalfa fields in the Rocky ilountain region. Loes. — Honey Lake Valley, Ihny 3209; .Suisuii iiiarslies. Ddiy 4118; Lancaster, Elmer S'MS; San Bernardino Mts.. Parish Brof:. 1540. Refs.— HORDEUM JUBATUM L. Sp. PI. 85. 17.13; Tlunb. in Wats. Bot. Cal. 2: 32.5. 18S0. 2. H. pusillum Nutt. Annual : culms 4 to 15 inches high : blades erect, flat ; spike erect, 1 to 3 inches long, ."J to 7 lines wide; lateral pair of spikelets abortive, the first glume of each an(l at Hcrkcley from seeil froiii San Hmigdio Canon. Kern Co., aiul a second cult i\' a led s|iecimi'n of whir h the sonrre 186 GRAMINEAE is not given, have very compound panicles, about 13 inches long and 3 inches wide. Var. pubens I'iper. Sheaths and blades pubescent. — Santa Barbara, Hilxhcock 2582; also in Washington. Eefs. — Elymus condensatus Presl, Eel. Haenk. 1: 265. 1830, type from Monterey, HaenJce ; Thurb. in Wats. Bot. Cal. 2: 326. 1880; Da^7 in Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 78. 1901; Abrams, Fl. Los Aug. 61. 1904. Var. PUBEXS Piper, Erythea 7: 101. 1901. 4. E. triticoides Buckl. Culms usually glaucous. 2 to 4 feet tall, usually in large masses, from extensively creeping, scaly rhizomes; sheaths smooth or scabrous; blades narrow, mostly 1 to 3 lines wide, fiat or soon involute; spike erect, slender, sometimes branched; glumes subulate, 5 to 7 lines long; lemmas 3 to 5 lines long, glabrous, short-pointed. iloist bottomland and alkaline soil, throughout the state, conunoner in the southern pdrtion : north to AVashingtou and east to Colorado and Arizona. V"ar pubescens llitchc. n. var. Sheaths and involute blades hirsute-pubescent. — (Et laminae involutae et vaginae hirautae.) — Type in the National Her- barium, collected at Griffin, Ventura Co., by Elmer (no. 3748). No other specimens have been observed. Befs. — Elymus triticoides Buckl. Proc. Acad. Phila. 1862: 99. 1863; Davy in Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 78. 1901; Abrams, Fl. Los Ang. 61. 1904. E. condensatus Presl var. triticoides Tburb. in Wats. Bot. Cal. 2: 326. 1880. E. orevttianus Vasey, Bot. Gaz. 10: 258. 1885, type from San Diego, Orcutt ; Abrams, Fl. Los Ang. 62. 1904. Agropyron arenicolum Davy in Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 76. 1901, type from Pt. Reyes, Davy 6879; the following dwarfed seaeoast specimens, 6 to 10 inches high, also belong to this: Pt. Reyes, Daiy 6781; mouth of Salinas River, Davy 7548; Pacific Grove, Hitchcocl 2608; Monterey, Davy 7272; Pt. Sur, Davy 7752. 5. E, arenarius L. Culms stout, sniooth, or pubescent above, glaucous, 2 to 4 feet high from creeping rhizomes; sheaths and blades smooth or the latter scabrous above ; spike erect, dense, 3 to 10 inches long ; glumes lanceolate, flat, many-nerved, scabrous or pubescent, 5 to 10 lines long, acuminate, awnless, about as long as the spikelet; lemmas about as long as glumes, scabrous or felty-pubescent, acuminate or mucronate. Sand dunes along the coast: Santa Cruz, Anderson: San Mateo Co., Elmer 4770; Westport, Congdon. Northern coasts of North America and Eurasia. Refs.— Elymus arenarius L. Sp. PI. 83. 1753; Thurb. in Wats. Bot. Cal. 2: 326. 1880; Davy in Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 77. 1901. G. E. pubescens Davy. Cidms 1 to 3 feet high; scabrous, sheaths scabrous and pubescent; blades flat or loosely involute, short; spike 2 to 4 inches long; glumes linear-lanceolate, flat, acuminate, unawned, about 6 lines long, sca- brous, about 5-nerved ; lemmas scarcely as long as the glumes, short-awned. Pt. Arena, Davy 6028 (the only specimen in the National Herbarium), to Pt. Reyes. Ref. — Elymus pubescens Davy in Jepson. Fl. W. Mi.l. Cal. 78. 1901. type from Pt. Reyes, Davy. 7. E. glaucus Buckl. Culms erect. 2 to 4 feet high, without rhizomes; sheaths smooth or scabrous; blades flat, as much as 5 lines wide, scabrous on both surfaces, sometimes narrow and more or less involute; spike erect, usually dense, long-exserted, 2 to 6 inches long, rarely longer; glumes about as long as the spikelet, lanceolate. 4 to G lines long, acuminate or awn-pointed, with 2 to 4 scabrous nerves; lemmas awned. the awn 1 to 2 times as long as the body. Open woods, copses, and dry hillsides, throughout the state, north to Alaska and cast to Jlichia'an and ^Missouri. GRASS FAMILY LS7 Var. jepsoni Davy. Distinguished by the more or less pubescent sheaths and lilades. — Dry woods and ravines, known only from California. Locs. — Ft. Bragg, Davy 4' Blasdale 6136; Albion, Davy lines wide, shorter than tlie stems; spikelets numerous, densely short-spicale. linear. 1 line wide; radiis at length wingless, the narrow wings early deciduous; scales oblong-lanceo- late, purple-green, several nerved. 1 line long; achenes nearly black. 3-angled, Vi; as long as scale. .iKPSdN. Kl. V-a\. vol. 1. |ip. 1'.»'-1;l'. AiM-il :;». l'.ir->. SEDGE FAMII^Y 193 Southern California. Mexico, tropical America. Locs. — San Bernardino Mts., ace. Parish; Koek Creek, ace. Parish; Elsinore Lake, aec. Parish. Refs. — CyPERUS SPHACELATU.s Rottb. Dese. & le. 2i) (1773). C. parish ii Brittou; Parish, Bull. S. Cal. Acad. 3:52, pi. 3 (1904), type from San Bernardino, Parish 3816. 9. C. esculentus L. Chup.v. Ni;t-grass. Perennial, with slender rootstocks bearing small globose tubers ; stems triangular, % to 1 foot high ; spikes in an umbel subtended by foliaceous bracts 7 inches long or less; spikelets chestnut- brown, linear, 4 to 8 inches long, the joints of the rachis with a narrow wing on each side subtending the achene ; scales ovate, obtuse, 3 or 4 nerves each side of the keel, ly^ lines long; achene black, 3-angled. Infrequent but widely scattered in California. East to the Atlantic. All continents. Locs.— Los Angeles, Braunton 630, 671, 723; Colton, FarUih 2227; Yoscmite, Jepson 8366 (spikelets subcapitate) ; lone, Braunton 1175; Clovcrdale, Brush. Var. heermannii Britton; spikes clustered at summit of rays and involucellate; spikelets sometimes braeteate. — Southern Sierra Nevada (Bot. Cal. 2:215). Refs. — Cyperus esculentus L. Sp. PI. 45 (1753), tvpe loc. Montpellier, France; Clarke, Jour. Linn. Soc. 21:178 (1884); McAtee. U. S. D. A. Bull. 58:8. figs. 8-10 (1914). Var. HEERMAN-NII Britton, Bull. Torr. Club, 13:211 (1886). C. phi/mtitodcs Mulil. Gram. 23 (1817) ; Wats. Bot. Cal. 2:215 (1880). Var. heermannii Wats. I.e. C. heermannii Buckley, Proc. Phila. Acad. 1862:10 (1863), type from Kern River, Heermann. 10. C. strigosus L. Perennial; stems 1 to l^^ feet high; spikes dense, 1/2 to 1 inch long, on rays 5 inches long or less, in a more or less compound umbel, the foliaceous involucral bracts 2 to 10 inches long; spikes with the lowest scales per- sistent on rachis after fall of spikelet from spike-; spikelets linear, 6 to 9-flowered, 4 to 9 lines long, the slender joints with a searious wing embracing one margin of the aehcne; scales slender ovate, 2 (or 3) callous striae on each side the keel, 2 lines long ; achene oblong, 3-angled. Sierra Nevada. Texas to Florida and Maine. Loc. — Mormon Bar, Mariposa Co., Congdon. Refs. — C\TERUS STRifiOSUS L. Sp. PI. 47 (1753), Jamaica, Virginia. C. stcnolcpis Wats. Bot. Cal. 2:215 (1880), not Torr. 11. C. speciosus Vahl. Annual ; stem stout, 1 foot high ; umbel compound or simple, subtended by several foliaceous bracts 5 to 13 inches long ; rays 1 to 2 inches long ; spikelets linear-lanceolate, 3 to 6 lines long, spreading at mostly right angles to the spike, the very short joints of its rachis winged with very broad searious margins which enclose the 3-angled achene ; scales ovate, over- lapping, with a round green back and searious rusty red sides, 11/2 lines long. Upper San Joacpiin Valley; Southern California. East to the Atlantic. Tropical regions. Locs. — Visalia, Congdon; San Bernardino, Parish 3819, 6432; Los Angeles River, Braun- ton 578. Refs. — Cypekus speciosus Vahl, Enum. 2:364 (1806), type loc. Va.; Parish, Bull. S. Cal. Acad. 3:54 (1904). C. michauxianus Schult. Mant. 2:123 (1824); Wats. Bot. Cal. 2:215 (1880). 12. C. ferax Rich. Annual, closely related to C. speciosus, but leaves shorter, broader and witli smoother margins ; scales more rigid ; spikelets .stouter. Common in Southern California. East to Missouri ; widely distributed in Tropical America. Locs. — San Bernardino, ace. Parish; Elsinore, ace. Parish. Refs. — Cyperus ferax Rich. Act. Soc. Hist. Nat. Paris 1:106 (1792). C. longispicatus Norton, Trans. Acad. St. Louis 12:37, pi. 5 (1902), type loc. San Antonio, Tex., B. F. Bush 1248; Parish, Bull. S. Cal. Acad. 3:.54 (1904). 194 CYPERACEAE 2. ELEOCHARIS R. Br. Spike-Rush. Annuals or chiefly poi-ennials. Stems tufted, simple, terminating in a solitary spikelet not subtended hy an involucre. Leaves reduced to sheaths or the lowest rarely blade-bearing. Spikelets several to many-flowered. Scales concave. Stamens 2 or 3. Perianth-bristles 3 to 9, commonly retrorsely barbed. Style 3-eleft and achene 3-angled, or 2-cleft and achene lenticular; base of the style enlarged and persistent as a tubercle on the summit of the achene. — Species 127, widely distributed from tlie arctic to antarctic regions. (Greek elos, marsh, and charis, delight. ) Bibliog. — FernaUl, M. L., Eleoeharis ovata and its N. Am. Allies (Proc. Am. Acad. 34:485- 497,-1899). Style mostly 2-cleft; achene lenticular or biconvex. Achene jet-black; tuljtrcle depressed; annual _ 1. E. capitata. Achene light-brown. Perennial; tubercle conical, less than half as broad as the body of the achene; spikelet lanceolate 2. E. palustris. Annual; tubercle thin, deltoid, as broad or nearly as broad as the aeliene; spikelet ovate. Bristles often nearly twice as long as the achene 3. E. obtiisa. Bristles H to % as long as the achene 4. E. monticola. Style 3-cleft; achene turgid or 3-angled; perennial. Tubercle reduced to a mere scar or very obscure 5. E. boUinderi. Tubercle well-developed and more or less prominent. Achene with several longitudinal ridges connected by a transverse lattice-work; spikelet flattened 6. E. acicularis. Achene smooth. Stems erect or nearly so, not rooting at tip; tubercle constricted at base or at least sharply defined from the achene. Spikelet lanceolate; scales acute 7. E. parishii. SpUtelet oblong; scales obtuse _ 8. E. mo-ntana. Stems or some of them bending over and rooting at tip; tubercle subulate or nar- rowly pyramidal, continuous with the achene ;-9. E. rostellala. 1. E. capitata R. Br. Stems erect, tufted, 7 to 8 inches high ; spikelet ovate, 11/4 to 2 lines long; bristles 6 (or 7), about as long as the achene; stamens 2 or 3; achene black and shining, lenticular; tubercle white, thin and a little like a skull-cap. Wet sandy soil, Southern California. Eastern United States, Asia, Africa, Australia. Locs. — Warm Creek, San Bernardino, Parish; Palm Sprs., ace. Parish; Thousand Palms Caiion, Riverside Co., Jepson 6043; Dos Palmas, Hall .5984. Eef. — Eleoch.uus capitata R. Br. Prodr. Fl. Nov. HoU. 1:225 (1810), types from Virginia and the Caribbees. E. .\TKOPURPUREA Kunth. Enum. PI. 2:151 (1837). Scirpns atropurpureus 'Retz. Obs. 5:14 (1789), type loc. India. Near E. capitata; scales minute; bristles 2 to 4, white, or wanting; achene .iet-black, lenticular; tubercle conic, minute, depressed. — Visalia (ace. Coville, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 4:211). Widely distributed, occuring in the eastern United States and in all continents. 2. E. palustris R. & S. Common Spike-eush. Wire-grass. (Fig. 14.) Stems 1- to 2 feet high, .stoutish, mostly terete, sheathed at the base, leafless, creeping, stoloniferous ; sheaths sub-truncate ; rootstock stout ; spikelet many- flowered, 6 to 14 lines long ; bracts ovate-oblong to oblong-lanceolate ; scales ovate- oblong, purplish brown with scarious margin ; bristles 3, rather shorter than the achene; style 2-eleft; achene obovoid, biconvex; tubercle deltoid, con.stricted at the point of junction. Ponds, marishes and shallow slow-moving creeks, at low altitudes in (California. North to British Columbia and east to the Atlantic. Europe, Asia. SEDGE FAMILY 195 Loes. — Sierra Valley, Jepson 8044; Honey Lake Valley, Davy 3288; Jess Valley, Modoc Co., Jepson 7988; Klamath Hot Sprs., Goldsmith 26; i'reka, ButUr 1410; Sissou, Jepson 58a; Eureka, Trac;l 2973; Chico, CopcUind 3182; Los Guilieos Valley, Biolctti; San Francisco, Davy 4012; Lake San Andreas, San Mateo Co., Davy 764; Irvington, Jepson; lone, Braunton 1058; Oakdale, Jepson 8337; Victor, Parish 10562; Palo Verde Valley, Hall 5919; San Bernardino, Parish; Elslnore, McClatchie 23. Eefs. — Eleoch.\ris paliistris E. & S. Syst. Veg. 2:151 (1817); Davy in Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 85 (1901). Sairpus palustris L. Sp. PI. 47 (1753), type European. Var. qlaucescens Gray, Man. 558 (1848), type North American; tubercle narrower, sometimes half as long as the achene. — Southern California (San Jacinto Mts. and San Bernar- dino Valley), ace. Parish, Bull. S. Cal. Acad. 3:68 (1904). Fig. 14. Eleo- CHARIS PALUS- TRIS E. & S. a, spikelet, X 1 ; I), achene, X 8. 3. E. obtusa Schult. (Fig. 15.) Stems tufted, numer- ous, erect, nearly terete, striate, 7 to 10 (16) inches high; annual with fibrous roots; spikes oblong-ovate to broadly ovate, 2 to 4 lines long ; scales ovate to sub-orbieular, rounded at apex ; bristles 6 to 9, m.ostly longer, sometimes nearly twice longer than the achene; achene smooth, shining, obovoid with a narrow base, somewhat flattened or biconvex with cord-like or thickened margins, the broad summit bearing a very thin deltoid acutish tubercle, in outline something like a cocked hat. Moist places or in shallow water. Sierra Nevada and North Coast Kauges. North to Oregon. Atlantic States. Loes.— Scott Valley, Lake Co., Tracy 2379; near Willow Creek, Trinity Eiver, Tracy 3401; Oro Fino, Sis- kiyou Co., Butler 7, 1855; Yosemite Valley, Jepson 8369. ' Eefs.— Eleocharis obtitsa Schult. Marit. 2:89 (1824). Scirpu-s obtu-s^is Willd. Enum. Hort. Berol. 76 (1809), type North American. 4. E. monticola Fern. Resembling E. ob- tiLsa; stems 4 to 10 inches high; spikes ovate- lanceolate, 3 to 414 lines long; scales acutish, more spreading. Northern Sierra Nevada, and north to Ore- gon and .Idaho. Eef. — Eleocharis monticola Fern. Proe. Am. Acad. 15:496 (1899), based on spms. from the northern Sierra Nevada (Lemmon 485; Mary E. P. Ames, Plumas Co.), and Ore. (Multnomah Co., Bowell 408). 5. E. bolanderi Gray. Stems tufted, 8 to 9 inches high, arising from rootstocks ; spikes dark- colored, narrow-ovate, 2i/^ to 3 lines long; bristles 3 or 4, about 14 to I/2 (or %) as long as the achene; achene obovoid, triangular with cord-like ridges at the angles; tubercle reduced to a fiatish sear, very short and broad or somewhat obscure. Central Sierra Nevada, 6000 to 7000 feet. Loes. — Mariposa Grove, Bolander 4869; Hogan Mt., Mariposa Co., Congdon; Pea Eidge road, Mariposa Co., Congdon. Eef. — Eleoch.\ris bolanderi Gray, Proe. Am. Acad. 7:392 (1S68), type loc. Wawona (Clark's), Bolander. 6. E. acicularis R. & S. Slender Spike-rusii. (Fig. 16.) Stems tufted, % to 11 2 (or 8) inches high, filiform or setaceous; rootstock very slender, creep- ing; spikclets a little flattened, 1 to 3 lines long, few-flowered; achene obovoid- oblong, I'o lino long, obscurely triangular, with 9 or 10 longitudinal ribs connected by fine transvei'se lines; tubercle l)roa(l, short and l)lunt. Moist places throughout California, but not reported from the deserts. All continents. Fig. 15. Schult. Eleoch.aris fl. spikelet. obtusa X 4; b, achene and bristles, X 13. 196 CYPERACEAE Pig. S. 10. Eleoch.-vris acicularis R. & a, entire plant, X 1; 6, spikelet, X 5; c, bract, X 18; d, aehene, X 18. Locs. — Cuyamac-a, T. Brandegee; Mt. San Jacinto, Ball 2232; San Bernardino, Parish 2143; Yosemite, Jipson 83(35, 8371; Confidence, Tuolumne Co., Jcpson 7707; Calaveras Grove, HUlehrand 2332; upper Fall River Valley, Jepson 5753; Klamath Hot Sprs., Goldjimith 22; Forestdale, Modoe Co., Baler cf- Nutting; Oro Fino, Siskiyou Co., Butler 866. Rpfs. — Eleoch.\sis acicularis R. & S. Syst. Veg. 2:154 (1817). Scirpus acicularis L. Sp. "Pl. 48 (1753), type European. E. acicularis var. radi- cans Britton", Jour. N. Y. Mic. Soc. 5:105 (1889). 7. E. parishii Britton. Stems 4 to 7 inelips high, strongly striated, arising from a slender rootstoek; spikes slender-lanceo- late, 3 to 7 lines long, dark ehestnut-color ; bristles 6 (oi* 7), eiliate, exceeding or sometimes rather .shorter than the aehene ; aehene nearly plane on one side, convex and somewhat keeled on the other; tubercle narrow, short, somewhat like a fool's cap. Valley and mountain marshes through- out California. Locs. — Palm Caiion, e. base Mt. San Jacinto, Parish 6145; Sau Antonio Mts., Hall 1517; Mohave, Parish 9796; Seymour Mdws., Mt. Pines, Hall 6(J25; Sau Emigdio, Potreros, Hall 6370; Chvcns Lake, Hall # Chandler 7325; Ibex Spr., Inyo Co., Parish 10025; San Joaquin River Bridge, K. Brandcgee; Chico, Copeland 3280; Castle Rock, Sacramento River, Goldsmith; Hornbrook, Siskiyou Co., Copeland 3556. Refg. — Eleocharis parishu Britton, Jour. N. Y. Mic. Soc. 5:110 (1889), type loc. Palm Sprs. (Agua Caliente), Parish 1569. E. disciformis Parish, BuU. S. Cal. Acad. 3:81 (1904), type loe. e. base Mt. San Jacinto, Hall 2013 (in isotype material of this the aehene shape, the tubercle and bristles are as in E. parishii; it is, however, said to be annual). 8. E. montana R. & S. Stems 10 to 14 inches high from stoutish rootstocks ; spikelets narrowly oblong, 21 o to 5 lines long ; scales straw-color or light-brown ; bristles 5 or 6, exceeding or a little shorter than the aehene ; aehene obovoid, tlattish on one side, strongly convex on the other ; tubercle conical, broadened at base. Southern California, north in the Coast Ranges and Sierra Nevada. East to Colorado and New Mexico, south to South America. Locs. — La Mesa, Jcpson 6684; Witch Creek, San Diego Co., ace. Parish: Los Angeles, ace. Parish; San Bernardino Valley, Jepson 5595; Vietorville, Parish 10563; Soulsbyville, Tuolumne Co., Jepson 7686 ; Hopland, Jcpsmi 7625. Refs. — Ei.EOCH.^Ris MONTANA R. & S. Syst. Veg. 2:153 (1817), type loc. Quindiu, Columbia. E. arenicola Torr. Jour. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 5:237 (1845), type loc. Galveston Isl., Tex., Lind- hcimcr. 9. E. rostellata Torr. Walking-Sedge. Stems from a short caudes, 1 to 21^ feet high, the sterile ones bending over and rooting at the apex ; spikelet oblong, 3 to 5-flowered; scales light-brown or straw-color; bri.stles 6, exceeding the aehene; aehene obovoid, obtusely triangular; tubercle stoutly .subulate or narrowly pyra- midal, half or nearly half as long as the aehene. Marshy meadows : cismontane Southern California and east and northeast through the Colorado and Mojave deserts. Mostly throughout North America. Locs. — San Bernardino, ace. Parish; Owens Lake, Jepson 5117; Death Valley (Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 4:211). Var. congdonii Jepson n. var. Bristles equaling the aehene; tubercle barely V:\ as long as the aclicne. — (Setae aclienio aequales; tuberculimi vix longum triento quam achenium). — San Francisco, Congdon (type). Refs. — Eleocharis rostellata Torr. Fl. N. Y. 2:347 (1843), based on material from New York and South Carolina. Var. accident aJ is Wats. Bot. Cal. 2:222 (1880). based on spms. from Ft. Tcjon, Horn, and San Bernardino Co., Parry 4' Lemmon 398. SEDGE FAMILY 197 3. FIMBRISTYLIS Vahl. Annuals or perennials. Stems leafy below. Spikelets umbellate or capitate, terete, subtended by a 1 to many-leaved involuere. Scales spirally imbricated all around, mostlj- deciduous. Perianth bristles none. Stamens 1 to 3. Style 2 to 3-cleft, its base swollen, and commonly tubereulate, the whole falling away from the achene at maturity. Achene lenticular or 3-angled. — Species 131, all continents. (Latin fimbri, fringe, and stylus, style.) Achene triangular; tubercle more or less persistent; style glabrous; annual ...,1. F. cfipiUaris. Achene flattened or biconvex; tubercle deciduous. Spikclets clustered; style glabrous, at least below; annual 2. F. vahlii. Spikelets umbellate, solitary on the rays or in the forks ; style eiliate ; perennial. 3. F. tlierm-alis. 1. F. capillaris Gray. Stems tufted, somewhat bristle-like. 2 to 7 inches high, much exceeding the tiliform leaves, and bearing 1 to 3 spikelets, when 3 the stem shortly forked at apex and bearing 1 spikelet in the fork ; spikelets narrowly ovate, 114 to 21/^ lines long; involucral bract lanceolate-setaceous; "stamens 2"; achene obovoid, triangular, lightly wrinkled transversely, the angles somewhat thickened ; tubercle small, deltoid, more or less persistent. Sierra Nevada. Loc. — Near the Royal Arches, Yosemite Valley, Jepson 8-ilO. Refs. — FiiiBRiSTYLis c.\PiLLARis Gray, Man. .530 (1848). Scirpus capillaris L. Sp. PI. 49 (17.53), cited as occurring in Virginia, Ethiopia & Cevlon. Stcnophylhis capillaris Britten, Bull. Torr. Club, 21:30 (1894). F. MiLiACEA Vahl, Enum. PI. 2:287 (1806); umbel diffusely compound; spikelets sub- globose, about 1 line long; achene whitish, acutely triangular, muricate-tuberculate. — "Near San Francisco" (Bot. Cal. 2:223) in 1866, but not since found. 2. F. vahlii Link. Stems slender, densely tufted, 1 to 4 inches high, longer than or equaling the tiliform leaves; spikelets in clusters, subtended by filiform elongated upright bracts which exceed the cluster 4 to 6 times; achene minute, transversely reticulate. Very local in California: North Coast Ranges; upper San Joaquin Valley; lower Colorado River. Southeastern United States and South America. Locs.— Clear Lake (Bot. Cal. 2:224); Visalia (ace. Coville, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 4:212); Ft. Yuma, Parish 8375, 8493. Refs. — F1MBRI.STYLIS VAHLU Link, Hort. Berol. 1:287 (1827). Seirpus vahlii Lam. Tab. Encycl. 1:139 (1791), type loc. Spain. F. apus appears to be merely a form in which the tubercle is reduced or obsolete and so we quote: F. aptts Wats. Bot. Cal. 2:224 (1880); Scirpus apvs Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 10:78 (1874), type loc. shore of Clear Lake, ISolnnder. 3. F. thermalis Wats. (Fig. 17.) Stems 1 to 2 feet high, bearing few to many spikelets in a simple or compound um- bellate cluster; leaves i/^ to % as tall as the stems ; spikelets oblong-ovate, 4 to 5 (or 7) lines long; style hairy; achene whit- ish, broadly obovoid, flattened, tlie tubercle linear, nearly as long, soon deciduous. Margins of hot springs : Southern California northward to Inyo Co. Nevada. ^. T ^ Tr „ T> <,on« ^^S- 17. Fl.MBRISTYLIS THER.MALIS Wats. a, clustCI Locs.-Owens Valley B,wer 2832; „f spikelets, X 1; fc, scale, X 5; 0, achene, X 5. Arrowhead Sprs., Pan.ih .5.528. ' Ref. — FimbristyIjIS TIIERIIALIS Wats. Bot. King 360 (1871), tvpo loc. Hot Spra., Ruby Valley, Nev., Watson 1216. 198 CYPERACEAE 4. SCIRPUS L. Club-Rush. Bulrush. Perennials or annuals. Stems leafy or the leaves reduced to mere sheaths at base. Spikelets terete or somewliat flattened, solitary or in heads, spikes or umbels, subtended by an involucre of 1 to several leaves or the involucre wanting. Perianth bristles 1 to 6, barbed or smooth, or none. Stamens 2 or 3. Style 2 or 3-eleft, not swollen at the base, deciduous or its base persistent on the achene. Achene triangular, lenticular or ijlano-eonvex. — Species 137, widely distributed in all lands. (Latin scirpus, buh'ush.) Bibliog. — Feruald, M. L., Representatives of Scirpus maritimus in America (Rhod. 2:239, — 1900). Cliase, A., N. Am. allies of Scirpus lacustris (Rhod. 6:65-71, — 1904, with two excellent plates, 52 and 53). Spikelets solitary and terminal ; stems low, slender. — Subgenus Isolepis. Annual ; involueral bract present. Scales obtuse or merely acute 1. S. cernuus. Scales acute, shortly beaked, strongly keeled 2. S. carinatus. Perennial; involucral bract none 3. S. pauciflorus. Spikelets in clusters; perennial. — Subgenus Euscirpds. Stems low; achene longitudinally ribbed and horizontally striate 4. S. setaceus. Stems tall; achene not longitudinally ribbed. Bristles rctrorsely barbed or ciliate, rarely wanting. Stems terete or nearly so; spikelets congested or umbellate. Stems leafy at base; spikelets in a sessile cluster 5. S. nevadeiisis. Stems leafless; spikelets in an umbellate or congested cluster. Achenes (1 or) 1% to IVi lines long, mostly % to % longer than the scales. Umbels capitate or of a few short rays ; bristles barbed 6. S. acutiis. Umbels long-rayed; bristles plumose 7. S. calif ornicus. Achenes 1 line long, nearh' equaling the scales 8. S. vaUdus. Stems S-angled. Stems Trith a single head or compact imibel. Involucral bract solitary; spikelets densely capitate-clustered, the inflorescence apparently lateral. Stems very slender, leafy below; scales awn-tipped 9. S. americanus. Stems stout, leafless or mostly so; scales truncate or obtuse, quite awnless or with a minute point 10. S. olneyi. Involucral leaves several, f oliaceous ; inflorescence terminal, the spikelets capi- tate, or in an umbel with unequal mostly short rays; leaves mainly basal. Awn of scale glabrous, smooth; achene plano-convex 11. .S'. cnmpestris. Awn of scale minutely scabrid ; achene as if trigonous, in reality flat on one face, carinate-eonvex on the other 12. S. fliivwtiUs. Stems bearing a panicle of irregular umbels, leafy to the top. Pedicels or raylets erect or spreading, bearing few to several sessile spikelets. Achenes rounded on the back; bristles 4 13. S. microcarpus. Achenes angled on the back; bristles 6 14. S. congdonii. Pedicels drooping, bearing a single spikelet 15. S. lineatus. Bristles with the barbs pointed upward ; mature heads conspicuously hairy on account of the elongated bristles 16. S. crinigir. 1. S. cernims Vahl. Slender Club-Rush. Stems tufted, filiform or seta- ceous, 2 to !) inches high, sheathed at base, the uppermost sheath often bearing a short slender blade ; involucral bract 1 to 3 lines long or almost none : spikelet solitary, oblong-ovate, 1 to IVU or 2 lines long; scales round-ovate, concave, obtuse or merely acute, lincate-carinate ; style 3-cleft ; achene brown, i'^ line long, obovoid, flatfish on one side, convex-rounded and with a fine median ridge on the other, finely or somewhat obscurely papillate, apieulate. Springy or marshy places near the coast, from San P>ernardino Valley to Humboldt Co. and north to Oregon. All continents. Locs. — Elsinore, McClatchic 24: San Bernardino, Parish; Neponset, Salinas River, Abrams 4025; Carmel, Ferg-usan 297; Montara I't., Copchind 3315; Oakland. Bnlauder; Lake Merced, San Francisco, Greene; Tiburon, Harriet Walker; Olema, Davy 4356; Eureka, Tracy 816. SEDGE FAMILY 199 Eefs. — SciRPDS CERNUUS Vahl, Enum. PI. 2:245 (1806), type loe. western part of the Spanish peninsula. S. riparius Spreng. Syst. 1:208 (1825). Isolepis riparki R. Br. Prodr. Fl. N. Holl. 1:222 (1810), type loe. Port Jackson, Australia. 2. S. carinatus Gray. Dw.\rp Club-Kush. Stems tufted, slender, triangu- lar, 1 to 2 iiielies liigh. shortly leaved at base; iuvolueral bract 4 to 9 lines long; spikelet solitary, ovate, ly^ to 2 or 3 lines long; scales strongly keeled, acute, 2 to 3-nerved on the sides, the midrib exeurrent as a short beak ; achene strongly triangular, globose in outline, light-brown, 34 line long, obscurely short-necked at base. Swamps and low spots near the coast from Mendocino Co. to San Diego Co. Locs. — Mendocino City, Bolander 4757; San Francisco, Bolander ; Del Monte, Heller 6771. Eefs. — SciRPUS c.\RiN.\Tns Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 7:392 (1867). Isolepis carinaia H. & A.; Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. 3:349 (1836), based on spms. from New Orleans, Drummond, and the Arkansas River, Nuttall. S. N.\NUS Spreng. Pug. 1:4 (1813), type loe. Mansfeld, Germany. Eleocliaris pygmaca Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. 3:313 (1836). Stems capillary, flattened and grooved, 1 to 1% inches high; roots ^Vith minute tubers; involucral bract present; spikelet 2 to 4 (or 8) -flowered, greenish; scales ovate; bristles longer than the achene, often wanting; achene obovate. tri- angular, smooth and shining. — Brackish shores or salt marshes, mdely distributed throughout North America, Europe, north Africa. Occurs in Oregon and Washington (Piper and Beattie, Fl. Nw. Coast, 84). California material has been referred here (Cucamonga, ace. Pac. R. Rep. 4:152; Honey Lake Valley, Davy 3290), but the specimens are too young for certain deter- mination. 3. tufted. Fig. 18 a, sp S. pauciflorus Lightf. (Fig. 18.) Stems striate, 3-angled, leafless, slightly very slender (214 to 41/0 inches high), from slender rootstocks; spikelet solitary, terminal, 2 to 3 lines long, without involucral bracts, few (about 3) -flowered; scales narrow-ovate, obtusish ; bristles 2 to 6, as long as the achene or longer ; stamens 3 ; style 3-cleft ; achene obovoid-oblong, rather strongly beaked. San Jacinto Mts. to the Sierra Nevada. Oregon to British Columbia, east to Maine. Europe, Asia. Locs. — Round Valley, Mt. San Jacinto, C. M. Wilder 928; upper Santa Ana Caiion, San Bernar- dino Mts., Hall 7608; Bonita Mdw., Tulare Co., Hall L^- Babcock 5181; Truckee ranger station, L. S. Smith 694. Rof. — SciRPUS PAUCIFLORUS Lightf. Fl. Scot. 1078 (1777), type loe. Highlands of Scotland. SciRPUS PAUCIFLORUS Lightf, ikelet, X 5; b, achene, X 16 4. S. setaceus L. Stems caespitose, 4 to 5 inches high, twice as high as the leaves, the liorizontal rootstocks very slender; involucral bracts 2 to 4 lines long; siiikelets 1 or 2 in a place, narrow-ovate, 11 2 lines long; scales more or leas dark brown with a broad green midvein ; acheiU'S cUiptic-obovoid, 14 line long, flattish on one side, convex and somewliat angled on the other, longitudinally and rather regularly ribbed, finely and horizontally striate between the ribs, apiculate. Moi.st places, Humljoldt Co. Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia. Loe.— Salmon Creek Valley, Tracy 4817 (det. M. L. Fernald). Ref. — SciRPUS SETACEUS L. Sp. PI. 49 (1753), type European. 5. S. nevadensis Wats. Stems clustered from a creeping rootstock, 9 to 18 inches liigh ; h-aves Vi; to % height of the stems, i-j to % line wide, channeled, involute; spikelets chestnut-brown, oblong-ovate, 4 to 10 lines long, 3 or 4 ("to 200 CYPERACEAE 8") in a terminal sessile cluster; involiicral bract narrowly linear or acicular, y^ to 11/4 inches long; scales ovate, obtusish, not awned ; aclienes nearly circular or round-ovate, flat on one face, rounded or hemispheric on the other ; bristles 1 to 3, less than half the length of the aehene. JMoist alkaline lands, east of the Sierra Nevada. Nevada to Washington. Locs. — Mono Lake, Brewer; Amedee, Davy 3311. Bef. — SciRPUS NEVADENSis Wats. Bot. King, 360 (1871), type loc. Soda Lake, Carson desert, Nev., Watson 1213. 6. S. acutus Muhl. Tule. (Fig. 19.) Stems arising from stout creeping rootstocks, terete or very obtusely trigonous above, 3 to 9 feet high, leafless or with a sliort terete leaf from the upper basal sheath ; inflorescence apparently lateral, 1 to 5 inches long ; involucral bract stout, shorter than the inflorescence ; spikelets 3 to 6 lines long, numerous, congested capitate, or in an irregular umbel with une(jual rays ; scales ovate, shortly awned. /■I to VH Fig. 19. SciRPUS ACUTUS Muhl. spikelets, X 1; 6, scale, X 4; c d, aehene and bristles, X 7. a. panicle of aehene, X -4 ; ciliate, longer than the acliene ; bristles 6, slender, retrorsely barbellate, slightly shorter tlian or about equaling the aehene ; style 2-cleft ; aehene lenticular, gray, abniptly mucronate. Salt and fresliwater marshes and borders of lakes and streams, very common: California to Brit- i.sh Columbia, Newfoundland and Ai'izona. Tax. Note. — The aehene in this species is ^-i larger than in S. validus and the scales nearly twice as long. ' The umbels are denser in S. acutus and the stems harder. Eeou. Note. — It is our estimate that originally there were in California about 250,000 acres of tule lands; much of this area has now been reclaimed to cultivation. Tule stems were used by the native tribes to build their balsas or small boats and to weave mats. At the present day the stems are used for packing nurserj' stock for shipment, thatching hay-stacks, and as a source of potash. Locs. — Victorville, Parish lO-jlil; Tehachapi, Greene; Bakersfield, Davy 2914; Hetch-IIetchy, Jepsan 3415; Long Valley, Lassen Co., Jepson 7786; Gazelle, Shasta Valley, Gold-smitli 16; Samoa, Humboldt Bay, Tracy 2595 ; Suisun Marshes, Jepson 2460a. Eefs. — SciRPUS ACUTUS Muhl.; Bigelow, Fl. Bost. 15 (1814), tvpe loc. Fish Pond, Cam- bridge, Mass.; Fern. Rhod. 22:55 (1920). S. occidentalis Chase," Shod. 6:68 (1904). " lacustris var. occidental is Wats. Bot. C!al. 2:218 (1880), type from western America. S. 7. S. californicus Britton. California BrLRUsH. Similar to S. occidentalis; umbel irregular, looser, its rays more slender, up to 4 inches long ; spikelets dark reddish brown, cylindric or narrow-ovate, (3 or) 4 to 5 lines long; scales short- aristate; bristles 2, 3 or 4, ribbon-.shaped, dark red, conspicuously short-hairy or somewhat plumose. Marshes, California to Florida and South America. Locs. — Oceanside, Parish 4455; Oak Knoll, Los Angeles Co., Braimton 659; Alvarado, Jep- son; Vallejo, M. Grace Sowe ; Suisun Marshes, Jepson 2460. Refs. — SciRPUS CALIFORNICUS Britton Trans. N. Y. Ac;id., 11:79 (1892). Elytrospermum californicum C. A. Mev. Mem. Sav. Etr. Petersb. 1:201, t. 2 (1830), tvpe from California. S. tatora Kunth, Enum". PI. 2:166 (1837), type loc Peru. SEDGE FAMILY 201 8. S. validus Vahl. Great Bulrush. Stems 3 to 8 feet high from stout scaly rootstoeks; basal sheaths soft, the hyaline margins soon lacerate; spikelets narrow-ovate, in clusters of 1 to 5, borne on the rays of a lax pauiele ; scales equaling or but little longer than the achene, roundish, ciliate, mucronate ; bristles 4 or usually 5 or 6, retrorsely barbed, shorter than or usually slightly longer than the achene ; style 2-cleft ; achene broadly obovoid, plano-convex, apiculate. Widely distributed in North America. Little known in California. Locs. — Oro Fino, Butter 137; Russian River, s. Mendocino Co., Heller 5827 (det. C. V. Piper); Chinatown firth, Santa Ana River, F. M. Seed (ace. Agnes Cliase). Probably over- looked elsewhere in California. Refs.— SciKPUS VALIDUS Vahl, Euum. PI. 2:268 (1806), type from the West Indies. S. lacustris of Am. authors. 9. S. americanus Pers. Three Square. (Fig. 20.) StenLS % to 2 feet high, very slender, triangular, some- what leafy; leaves short (the blade 1 to 3 inches long) ; involueral bract solitary, pungent, 1 to 4 inches long; spikelets 1 to 6, oblong-ovate, 3 to 7 lines long, borne in a single crowded sessile cluster; scales dark-brown, usually coiLspicuousty tipped with a stout pale-colored awn about a line long; achene flat on one face, convex on the other and somewhat obscurely keeled; bristles 2 to 6, verj- unequal, the longer about as long as the achene. Marshy, often brackisli, places, occasional throughout California. North America, Chile. Locs. — Panamint Caiion, Hall ^ Chandler 70il ; Owens Lake, Jeyson 5115; Mt. Pinos, Ball 6627; Eureka, Tracy 1765; Castle Rock, Sacramento River, Goldsmith 7; Honey Lake Valley, Davy 3286; Long Valley, Lassen Co., Jepson 7785. Refs. — SciRPUS AMEMC.\NUS Pors. Syn. 1:68 (1805), type from the Carolinas. S. pungens Vahl, Enum. PI. 2:255 (1806). Fig. 20. SciRPUs ameri- canus Pers. a, clus- ter of spikelets, X 1 ; ft, scale, X 5; c, achene and bristles, X5. 10. S. olneyi Gray. Olney Bulrush. (Pig. 21.) Stems from the bulbous nodes of running rootstoeks, 2 to 5 feet high or more, stout, triquetrous, sheathed at ba.se, leafless or with a single very short leaf ; involueral bract 1 to I14 inches long ; spikelets 2 to 26 in a single crowded sessile cluster, oblong- ovate, 2 to 5 lines long; scales brovm, elliptic, membranous, obtuse, glabrous or slightly ciliate ; style 2-cleft ; achene obovate, flattish on one side, convexish on the other, beaked, smooth. Common in brackish mar.shes : California and (Oregon, east to the Atlantic. Locs. — Klamath Hot Sprs., Goldsmith 23 ; Suisun, C. F. Baker 3243; Newark, Davy 1109; Death Valley, Jepson 6939. Fig. 21. SciKPUs OLNEYI Gray, a, cluster of spikelets, X 1 ; ft, scale (lower), X 5; c, scale from a different plant (upper), X 5 ; d, achene and bristles, X 5. Refs. — SciRPUS OLNEYI Gray, Jour. Bost. Soe. Nat. Hist. 5:30 (1845), tj-pe loc. Seekonk River, R. I., Olney; Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 87 (1901). 11. S. campestris Britton. Bull Tule. (Fig. 22.) Stems 1 to 3 feet high, stout, acutely triangular, the point of junction with the slender rootstoek often 202 CYPERACEAE enlarged into hard \vood\" tubers; leaves equaling or exceeding the stem, keeled, flat or deeply channeled, 2 to 4 lines wide ; involucre of few unequal spreading foliaceous bracts 3 to 13 inches long, one much the longer and more erect ; inflor- escence terminal, the spikelets in clusters of 1 to 3, the clusters congested-capitate or commonl.v somewhat umbellate with unequal rays ; rays 14 to II/2 inches long ; spikelets ovate or oblong-ovate, acute, 6 to 10 lines long; scales thinly scarious, obscurely puberuh'nt or L \vi subglabrous, keeled, bifid or lacerate, with a short soon recurved subulate awn between the teeth ; bristles 2 to 6, minutely and retrorselj- scabrous, shorter than the achene; style 2-cleft; achene round-obovate, sub- lenticular, obtuse or truncatish, slightly apieulate, dark brown, shining. Salt marshes and moist alkaline soils : throughout California. North to Oregon and east to New Jereey. Locs. — Ne. Modoe Co., Manning; Samoa, Humboldt Bay, Tracy 3099; Napa, Jcpson; Suisim Marshes, Jepson 2459; Benieia, Jepson 7436; Alvarado, Jepson; Bakersfield, Davy 1826; San Beruardino, Parish; Imperial, Parish 8376. The typical form has -whitish spikelets. The var. paludosus Fern, has drab or castaneous spikelets but does not differ other-nase. It has much the same range as the species in California. Eefs. — SciRPUS CAMPESTMS Britton, 111. Fl. ed. 1, 1:267 (1896), tvpe North American. S. maritimus Wats. Bot. Cal. 2:218 (1880). in part, S. rohustus Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 87 (1901). Yar. compact ii-s Davy in Jepson I.e. 88, type loc. Stege, Davy 407.5 ; spikelets congested into dense heads. Var. paludost(s Fern. Rhod. 2:241 (1900). S. paludosus Nelson, Bull. Torr. Club, 26:5 (1899), type loc. Granger, Wyo., Nelson. S. pacificvs Britton; Parish, Bull. S. Cal. Acad. 4:8 (1905), type loc. s. Cal. coast. 12. S. fluviatilis Gray. Similar to S. campestris; bract of the inflorescence exceedingly elongated; scales minutely puberulent, subulate awn recurved ; bristles exceeding the achene ; achene brownish or drab, narrow-obovoid, flatfish on one face, strongly carinate- keeled on the other, obscurely apieulate, shortlj' attenuate at ba.se. Borders of lakes and streams, probably throughout northern California but rarely collected. East to New Jersey. Locs. — Honey Lake, Davy 3313; Sutter Co., Copeland 3263. Eefs. — SciRPUS FLUVIATILIS Grav, Man. 527 (1848). S. maritimm var. fluviatilis Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. 3:324 (1836), type loc. w. New York, Gray. 13. S. microcarpus Presl. Panicled Bulrush. (Fig. 23.) Stems from stout creeping rootstoeks, stout, triangular, leafy, 2 to 5 feet high ; leaves flat, 4 to 8 lines wide; margins scabrid ; involucre of several spreading foliaceous bracts, about 1 to 2 times as long as the inflorescence ; spikelets 1 to 5 in tei-minal and axillary clusters, the elu.sters in an umbellate compound panicle ; panicle large and open, the rays 1 to 6 inches long, the raylets I/4 to % inch long ; spike- lets narrow-ovate, greenish or lead-colored, 1 to 21/1; lines long; scales ovate, membranous, with broad green midrib ; bristles 4, barbed to the base ; stamens 2 ; style 2-cleft ; achene pale, plano-convex, not angled on the back, abruptly short- beaked, lo line long. Common along streams and in fresh-water niai-shes : California to Alaska and Newfoundland. Fig. 22. SciRPUS CAMPES- . TRis Britton. a, cluster of spikelets, X 1 ; b, scale, X 3 ; c, achene, X 3 ; d, achene and bristles, X 3. SEDGE FAMILY 203 Locs. — Cuyaniaea Mts. (Bot. Cal. 2:219); Carmel, Ferguson 287; Mt. Hermon, Santa Cruz Mts., M. Grace Sowe; Lake Pilarcitos, San Mateo Co., Davi/ 765; Mt. Tamalpais, Davy; GuernevUle, Davy; Moore Creek, Howell Mt., Jepxon 68-41; Mt. St. Helena, Jepson 7667; Eureka, Tracy 4628; Sisson, Goldsmith 24; Ft. Bidwell, Modoe Co., Jepson 7922; Sierra Valley, Jepson 8054a ; Jackson, Hansen 637; Kennedy Mdws., Tuo- lumne Co., A. L. Grant. 121, 448; Confidence, Tuolumne Co., Jepson 7696; Alder Creek, Yosemite Park, Jepson 4330a. Eefs. — SCIRPUS MICROCARPUS Presl, Eel. Haenk. 1:195 (1828), -type loe. Nootka Sound, Vancouver Isl. S. sylvaticus var. digynus Boeckl. Linnaea, 36:727 (1870). 14. S. congdonii Brit- ton. Similar to S. micro- carpus, but panicle less diffuse, its rays 3 to 6, 2 to 31A inches long; spike- lets densely capitate at the ends of the rays; style 3- cleft ; bristles ratlier longer than the achene; achene oblong-obovate, flat on one face, angled on the back. Sierra Nevada; very lit- tle known and rarely col- lected. Locs. — Pine Eidge, Fresno Co., ace. Britton ; Plumas Co., ace. Britton. Eefs. — SCIRPUS CONGDONH Britton, Torreya, 18:36 (1918), type loe. upper San Joaquin Biver, Madera Co., Congdon. S. atrovirens Wats. Bot. Cal. 2:219 (1880). Fig. 23. SciRPUS MICR0C.1RPUS Presl. a, panicle, X %; h. .spikelet, X 6; c, scale, X 9; d, achene, X 9. 15. S. lineatus Michx. Stems slender, triangular, from a stout rootstock, densely leafy at base, less leafy above, II/2 to 3 feet high; leaves flat, 3 to 6 lines wide, scabrous-margined ; panicle of umbels compound, 2 to 5 inches long, the spikelets mostly solitary at the ends of the raylets, the very slender rays becoming pendulous ; involucral bracts much shorter than the inflorescence ; spikelets reddish brown, sliort-eylindric. (2 or) 4 to 6 lines long; scales ovate or oblong, short-awned, membranous with a green midvein ; bristles 6, weak, entangled, smooth, equaling or exceeding the scales ; stamens 3 ; style 3-cleft ; achene obovoid, flat on one face, convex-ridged on the other, short-beaked, I/2 line long. Dry hills, Siskiyou Co. North to Oregon and ea.st to the Atlantic. Loes. — Yreka, Butler 857. Grants Pass, Oregon, Howell. Eef. — SciRPUS LINEATUS Michx. n. Bor. Am. 1:32 (1803), type from the Carolinas. 204 CTPERACEAE 16. S. criniger Gray. (Fig. 24.) Stems % to 3 feet high, triangular and striate; leaves li/o to 4 inches long, li/o to 2i/2 lines wide; spikelets 9 to 18, 5 to 7 lines long, congested in a sessile head ; filaments slender, much exserted and exceeding the 6 very long bristles ; style 3-cleft ; acliene oblong, siilcate-triangular, shortlj^ beaked, 1 line long. High mountains, Sierra Nevada, north to Sis- kiyou Co., thence south to Mendocino Co. Locs.— Monarch Creek, Tulare Co., EaU 4- Babcocl 5699 ; Peregoy Mdw., Yosemite Park, Jepso7i 4331 ; Mt. Dana, Congdon; Kennedy Lake, Tuolumne Co., A. L. Grant 508; Heather Lake, El Dorado Co., Jepson 8175 ; Placer Co., Carpenter; Siskiyou Mts., Blasdalc (bristles almost smooth). Ref. — SciRPUS CRINIGER Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 7:392 (18fi7), type loc. Red Mt., n. Mendocino Co., Bolander. Fig. 24 Gray. X 1; X 3. ScK.rrs CRixioF.R a. head of flowers, b. achene and bristles, 5. ERIOPHORUM L. Cotton-Sedge. Bog perennials with triangular or nearly terete stems from creeping root- stocks. Leaves linear or the uppemiost reduced to sheaths. Spikelets terminal on a leafy or naked stem, solitary or clustered or umbellate, subtended by an involucre of leaf -like bracts or none. Scales membranous, 1 to 5-nerved. Perianth-bristles numerous, filiform, silky-white, becoming greatly elongated in fruit. Stamens 1 to 3. Style very slender and elongated, 3-cleft. Achene triangular. — Species 10, northern hemisphere. (Greek erion, wool, phora, crop, refering to the woolly heads.) Bibliog.— Fernald, M. L., N. Am. Species of Eriophorum (Rhod. 7:81-92, 129-136,-1905). 1. E. gracile Koch. Slender Cotton-Sedge. Stems subterete, weak and very slender, 1 to 2 feet high, with one or more erect, very narrow, triangular- channeled leaves ; involucre of a single erect colored bract much shorter than the inflorescence ; rays 4 to 6 lines long, sliglitly nodding, roughish-puberulent ; spikelets 2 to 5, oblong, 3 to 4 lines long ; scales lead-color or blackish ; perianth bristles 6 to 7 lines long in fruit. Cold swamps, San Francisco and Sonoma Co. northward. Boreal regions around the earth. Locs.— Santa Rosa (Bot. Cal. 2:220); San Fran- cisco (Zoe, 2:378). Var. catjrianum Fern. (Fig. 25.) Scales straw-color or brownish. — Northern Sierra Nevada and northward; Grass Lake near Luther Pass, El Dorado Co., Jepson 8090; Sissou, Jepson-. Refs. — Eriophorum gracile Koch in Roth, Cat. Bot. 2:259 (1800), type European. Var. caurianum Fern. Rhod. 7:87 (1905), based on spms. from Ore. (Cusick) and Cal. (Sierra Co., Lemm-on, and Mt. Shasta, Brown). 6. HEMICARPHA Nees & Arn. '■^WAliui'- Dwarf tufted annuals, with almost filiform stems and leaves. Spikelets small, terminal, terete, solitarj- or clustered, subtended by a 1 to 3-leaved involucre. Scales enclosing a minute hyaline bractlet between the flower and the axis of the spikelet. Periantli Fig. 25. Eriophorum gracile Koch var. caurianum Fern. Cluster of spikelets in fruit, X 1. SEDGE FAMILY 205 none. Stamen 1. Style 2-cleft. Achene subterete. — Species 3. (Greek hemi, half, and karpos, chaff, in reference to the inner bractlet.) Bibliog.— CoviUe, F. V., Genus Hemiearpha in N. Am. (BuU. Torr. Club 21:34-37,-1894). Britton, N. L., Genus Hemiearpha (111. Fl. ed. 2, 1:339-340,-1913). Scales spreading only at the tip or erect, little exceeding the aehenes 1. H. micrantha. Scales spreading, 2 to 3 times as long as the aehenes 2. H. occiHentalis. 1. H. micrantha Pax. Stems % to 1^4 inches high, sheathed at base with 1 or 2 short filiform leaves; involucral bract i/o to 6 lines long; spikelets 1 to 3, ovate, reddish-brown, 1 to II/2 lines long ; scales cuneate-obovate, short-acuminate and slightly spreading at the tip or ei'ect, little longer than the (I/4 line long) achene ; bractlet adherent to the achene. San Diego Co. and Sierra Nevada foothills. Washington to the Atlantic and South America. Locs. — Jacksonville bridge, Tuolimme River, A. L. Grant 580; San Diego, Orciitt (ace. Gray * Herb.). Var. aristulata Gov. Stems 4 to 8 inches high; spikelets conspicuously squarrose by reason of the abruptly attenuate scales; aehenes black. — Great Plains region; also Washington and California ace. Britton, lU. Fl. ed. 2, 1:340 (1913). Eefs. — HEMicutPHA MICRANTHA Pax ; Engler & Prantl, Nat. Pflzr. 2^:105 (1887). Soirpus micraihthus Vahl, Enum. PI. 2:2.54 (1806). H. s^ihsqiwrrosa Wats. Bot. Cal. 2:220 (1880). Var. ARISTULATA Cov. Bull. Torr. Club 21:36 (1894), type from Texas, NeaUey. H. aristulata Smyth, Trans. Kans. Acad. Sci. 16:163 (1899); Nelso'n, Bull. Torr. Oub, 29:400 (1902). 2. H. occidentalis Gray. (Fig. 26.) Similar; stems 1 to 2 inches high ; spikelets greenish, broadly ovate ; scales % to 1 line long, the body oblong or lanceolate, 3 or 4-nerved, abruptly tapering into a spreading awn-like tip 1 to 1^2 times as long; bractlet not adherent to the achene; achene brown- isli, narrow-obovoid, somewhat flattened. Middle altitudes : cismontane Southern Califor- nia; Sierra Nevada. North to Wa.shington. Locs. — Lake Surprise, Mt. San Jacinto, F. M. Seed 2443; Bluff Lake, San Bernardino Mts., Parish 3268; Yosemite, Congdon; Jacksonville Bridge, Tuolumne River, A. L. Grant 580a. Ref. — Hemicarpha occidentalis Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 7:391 (1868), type loc. Yosemite, Bolander. 7. SCHOENUS L. Mostly perennials with rush-like tufted rigid stems. Leaves semi-terete, basal, the sheatlis dark- colored. Spikelets 1 to 6-flowered, aggregated in a terminal cluster. Scales in 2 ranks, the lower ones empty, the upper with perfect or pistillate flowers, the uppermost with staminate flowers or empty. Perianth of 3 to 6 plumose or smooth bristles or none. Stamens usually 3. Style- branches 3. Achene 3-a.ngled, without a tubercle.- Zoaland and Au>stralia but also occurring in Nortli and South America, Europe and Africa. (Greek schoinos, a rush.) a y, Fig. 26. Hemicarpha occi- dentalis Gray. a, entire plant, X 1; 6, spikelet, X 8; c, scale, X 18; d, achene, X 18. -Species 61, mostly in New 206 CYPERACEAE 1. S. nigricans L. Black Gai.ingale. (Fig. 27.) Perennial; stem.s 10 to 20 inches high, sur- passing the erect rigid pungent leaves ; heads 5 to 7 lines high, dark chestnut-color; spikelets flattened ; bristles naked in our form ; achene white. Alkaline soil. Southern California. Nevada, Texas. Florida. Europe, Africa, Asia. Loes. — Lone Pine Canon, Cajon Pass, Parish 2058; Arrowhead Sprs., Geo. B. Grant; Furnace Creek, Death Fig. 27. SCHOENUS NIGRICANS L. Valley (aec. Contrib. U. P. Nat. Herb. 4:213). o. cluster of spikelets, X 1; b, Ref.— Schoenus nigricans L. Sp. PI. 43 (17.53), tvpe achene, X 5. European. 8. CLADIUM P. Br. Saw-Gras.";. Very tall leafy perennials. Stems terete (in ours), from stout rootstoeks. Leaves much elongated, serrate on the margin and folded on the midrib so as to be channeled above. Spikelets small, few-flowered, borne in terminal and lateral compound panicles and eonsi.sting of several loosely imbricated scales ; lower scale empty, the middle one or two bearing staminate flowers, the upper one usually perfect and fertile. Stamens in ours 2. Style 2 or 3-cleft, deciduous. Achene ovoid or globose, without tubercle. — Species 45, tropical and temperate regions. (Diminutive of Greek klados, a branch, referring to the branched inflorescence.') 1. C. mariscus R. Br. Stems numerous, stout, 6 to 10 feet high, forming very dense and heavy hummocks : leaves 4 to 7 feet long, 4 to 5 lines broad ; panicles diffuse, drooping, the lateral ones 4 to 8 in number, from the axils of short sheathing leaves ; spikelets narrowly oblong, 2 lines long, in clusters of 2 or 3 ; achene brown, cylindric-ovate, 1 to I14 lines long. Moist ground, south bases San Gabriel and San Bernardino mountains; Inyo Co. Southern Nevada. All continents. Locg. — Upland (aec. Parish, Bot. Gaz. 65:33.5); Hanaupah Canon, Panamint Mts., Jcpson 7002; Furnace Creek (ace, CoviUe, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 4:213,-1893). Refs. — Claduim makiscu.s R. Br. Prodr. Fl. Nov. HoU. 1:236 (1810). C. mariscus var. oalifornicum Wats. Bot. Cal. 2:224 (1880), type loe, San Gabriel, Brewer. 9. RYNCHOSPORA Vahl. ■ Chiefly perennials with erect more or less leafy and triangular stems from rootstoeks. Spikelets ovate, globular, or fusiform, variously clustered ; scales plane or a little concave, not keeled, the uppermost subtending imperfect flowers. Perianth of 1 to 20 bristles. Stamens commonly 3 (in ours usually 2). Style 2-eleft. Achene lenticular or globular, crowned by the persistent base of the style. — Species about 189, tropics and subtropic regions of both hemispheres. (Greek rhyncos. snout, and spora, seed.) 1. R. alba Vahl. White-beak Rush. Perennial; stems almost filiform, I/2 to 2 feet high ; leaves nari'owly linear or almast bristle-like ; spikelets disposed in a head-like terminal corymb (and u.sually 1 or 2 lateral ones), white or whitish, becoming tawny with age, perfecting only a single flower; bristles 9 to 12 (or 20) ; tubercle flattened, triangular-subulate, nearly as long as the achene. Bogs, North Coast Ranges, rare in California. North America, Europe, Asia. Loe. — Mendocino Co., Congdon (ae*, Fernald and MacBride). Refs.— Rvnchospoka alba Vahl, Enum. PI. 2:236 (1806). Schoenu.': albus L. Sp. PI. 44 (1753), type north European. SEDGE FAMILY 207 10. CAREX L. Sedge. By K. K. Mackenziei Gra.ss-like sedpres, perennial by rootstocks. Culms (stems) mostly triangular, often strongly phyllopodie (leafy at base) or aphyllopodic (not leafy at base). Leaves 3-raiiked, the upper (bracts) elongate or short, and subtending the spikes of flowers or wanting. Flowers monoecious or sometimes dioecious. Spikes 1 to many, either wholly pistillate, wholly staminate, androgynous or gj^naeean- drous, sessile or peduncled, the base of the peduncle often with a perigyninm- like or spathe-like organ (elado-prophyllum) surrounding it. Perianth none. Stamens 3 (or rarely 2). Achene 3-angled, lenticular or plano-convex, com- pletely enclosed by the sac-like perigynium. — Species more than 1000, all conti- nents, but least developed in the tropics. (The Latin name.) Tax. note. — The style is either (1) jointed with the acliene and \ritliering and at length deciduous, as in most sections, or (2) continuous with the achene, persistent, indurated and not withering, as in Sects. 30, 33, 34, and sometimes in Sect. 31. The racheola is occasionally developed. Bibliog.— Bailey, L. H., Untenable Names of Carices, in Bull. Torr. Club. 11:18-19,-1884; Carex Catalogue 1-4, — 1884; Notes on Carex I, in Bot. Gaz. 9:117-122, — 1884; II, in Bot. Gaz. 9:137-141,-1884; III, in Bot. Gaz. 10:203-208,-1883; IV, in Bot. Gaz. 10:293-296,-1885; V, in Bot. Gaz. 10:317-319,-1885; VI, in Bot. Gaz. 10:379-382,-1885; VII, (Preliminary synopsis of N. Am. Carices) in Proc, Am. Acad. 22:59-157,-188(3; VIII, in Bot. Gaz. 11:328- 330,-1886; IX, Lu Bot. Gaz. 13:82-89,-1888; X, in Jour. Bot. 26:321-323,-1888; XI (Studies of the types of various species of tlie genus Carex), in Mem. Torr. Club 1:1-85, — 1889; XII, in Bull. Torr. Club 16:218-220,-1889; XIII, in Bull. Torr. Club 17:61-64,-1890; XIV, (Carex rigida Gooden. and its varieties), in Jour. Bot. 28:171-173, — 1890; XV, in Proc. Cal. Acad. ser. 2, 3:104-106,-1891; XVI, in Bot. Gaz. 17:148-153,-1892; XVII, in Bull. Torr. Club 20:417-429,-1893; XVIII, in Bot. Gaz. 21:1-8,-1896; XIX, in Bot. Gaz. 25:270-272,— 1898. BooTT, Francis, On a species of Cajex allied to C. saxatilis L., in Tran.s. Linn. Soc. 19:215-220, — 1843; Description of six new N. Am. Carices, in Jour. Bost. Nat. Hist. Soc. 5:112-116, — 1845; Carieis species novae vel minus cognitae, in Trans. Linn, Soc. 20:115-147,: — 1845-6; De Caricibus, in Hooker's Lend. Jour. Bot. 5:67-74,-1846; Table of distrib. of Carex, in Richards. Arctic Exped. 2:344-353,-1851; [Carices in Bigelow coU.] Pac. R.R. Rep. 4:153-154,-1856; 111. of Genus Carex, 1:1-74, t. 1-200,-1858; 11:7.5-103, t. 203-310,— 1860; 111:104-126, t. 311-411,-1862; IV:127-233, t. 412-600,-1867. BooTT, William, Carex, in Wats. Bot. Cal. 2:224-253,-1880; Notes on Cyperaceae, in Bot. Gaz. 9:85-94,— 1884. Brown, Robert, Carex, in Supp. Appendix PaiTy's Voyage, — 1823; Carex in Bot. Appendix Richardson's Jour., — 1823. Dewey, Chester, Caricographv, nos. 1-198, in Am. J. Sci. ser. 1, vols. 7-49,-1824-1845; nos. 199-303, in ser. 2, vols. 2-42,-1846-1866; index, in vol. 42:32.5-334,-1866. Holm, T., Studies in the Cyperaceae, I-XXVI, in Am. J. Sci. .ser. 4, vols. 1-26,-1896-1908; Genus Carex in Nw. Am. in'Bot. Centralbl. Beihefte, 22=: 1-29,— 1909. Fernald, M. L., Northeastern Carices of the Subsect. Vosieariae, in Rliod. 3:43-56, — 1901; Northeastern Carices of the Sect. Hyparrhenae, in Proc. Am. Acad. 37:447-514, — 1902; various notes on Carex, in Rhod. 2:170-171,-1900; 3:170-172,-1901; 4:218-230,-1902; 5:247-251,— 1903; 8:45-47, 73-77, 16.5-107, 181-184, 200-202,-1906; 9:159-160,-1907; 10:47-48,-1908; 12:13:5-136,-1910; 13:130. 243-248,-1911; 14:115-116,-1912 (with K. M. Wiegand); 15:92-93, 133-134, 186-187,-1913; 16:213-214,-1914; 17:158-159,-1915. Kukexthal, Georg, Carex in Engler, Pflzr. 4=°:67-824, figs. 1-128, — 1909. Mackenzie, Kenneth K., Notes on Carex I, in Bull. Torr. Club 33:439-443, — 1906; II, 34:151-155,-1907; II, 34:603- 607,-1907; IV, 35:261-270,-1908; V, 36:477-484,-1909; VI, 37:231-250,-1910; VII, 40:529-554,-1913; VIII, 42:40.5-422,-1915; IX, 42:60:!-621,— 1915; X, 43:423-434,-1916; XI, 43:601-620,-1916; Mr. Heller's 1908 Carex coll., in Mulil. 5:53-58,-1909; Western allies of Carex pennsylvanica, in Torreya 13:14-16,-1913; 14:12.5-127, 144^159, — 1914; Monog. of Cal. species of Carex, in Erythea 8:7-05, figs. 1-51, — 1922. Olney, S. T., Carices Novae, in Proc. Am. Acad. 7:393-390"— 1868; Carices coll. by E. Hall, in Proc. Am. Acad. 8:406- 407, — 1872. ScHKUiiR, C, Riedgrascr, — 1801 ; Nachtrag oder die zweite halfte der Riedgraser. — 1806. Schweinitz, L. D. von, Anah-tical table of N. Am. species of Carex, in Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y. 1:62-71,-1824; Monog.' N. Am. species of Carex, I.e. 1:283-373,-1825 (edited by Torrey). Torrey, J., Monog. N. Am. Cyperaceae, in Ann. L3'c. Nat. Hist. N. Y. 3:386-427, 443,-1836. 1 The ranges for California and the indications of altitude have been in large part written by W. L. Jepson on the basis of determinations by Mr. Mackenzie^ The references to the literature under the species have also been somewhat modified to conform to the general usage in tliis work. — W. L. J. 207' CYPERACEAE A. Spike one, androgynous, tiractless; perigynia glabrous, beaked, the beak with closed suture at apex dorsally. Achenes triangular; stigmas tliree, rarely two. Pistillate scales persistent ; perigynia inflated, sessUe, not becoming reflexed— .1. Inflatae. Pistillate scales deciduous; perigj-nia not inflated, stipitate, at least the lower reflexed at maturity 2. Athrochlaenae. Achenes lenticular ; stigmas two 3. Capitatae. B. Spikes one to many; if one, not as in A. 1. Achenes lenticular and stigmas two; lateral splices sessile; terminal spiJce partly pistillate, or if staminate the l^iteral spikes short or heads dioeoUms. PerigjTjia not white-punctieulate. Eootstocks long-creeping, the culms arising singly or few together; perigynia with beak obliquely cut, at most bidcntulate. Spikes densely aggregated into a globose or ovoid head, appearing like one spike 4. FOETIDAE. Spikes, at least the lower, distinct 5. Divisae. Cespitose or rootstoeks short-creeping; perigj'nia obliquely cut to deeply bidentate. Spikes androgynous (i.e., staminate flowers uppermost). Perigynia abruptly contracted into the beak. Spikes few (usually ten or less) ; perig}-nia green or tinged with reddish-bro^Tn. 6. Muhlenberqianae. Spikes numerous; perigynia yellowish or bro"\™ish at flowering. Perigynia yellowish; opaque part of leaf -sheath usually transversely rugidose. 7. Mui.tiflorae. Perigynia brownish ; opaque part of leaf -sheath not transversely rugulose. 8. Paniculatae. Perigynia tapering into the beak 9. Stenorhynchae. Spikes gynaecandrous (i.e., pistillate flowers uppermost). Perigynia at most thin-edged. Perigynia spreading or ascending at maturity 10. Stellulat^ve. Perigynia appressed 11. Dewetanae. Perigvnia narrowly to broadly wing-margined 12. Ovales. Perigynia wliite-puncticulate 13. Canescentes. 2. Achenes triangular and stigmas three, or leiiticular and stigmas two; if lentiTiia rounded or truncate at apex, orange-colored or white-pulveinilent, smaller; achenes minutely apiculate. Mature perigynia whitish, ellipsoidal, not fleshy or translucent, rather obscurely ribbed; scales appressed _ - _ 74. C. Iiassei. Mature perigynia orange or bro'ivnish, broader, fleshy or translucent, strongly ribbed; scales divaricate at maturity 75. C. aurea. 21. Paniceae. Perigj-nia beakless or nearly so; bract sheaths short; plant glaucous; leaf -blades narrow, involute _ _ 76. C. livida. Perigynia stronglj' beaked; bract sheaths long; plant not glaucous; leaf -blades broad, flat- 77. C. calif omica. 22. Laxiflorae. Represented by one species in our range 78. C. hendersonii. 23. Triquetrae. Lowest braet sheathless or very short -sheathing; perigynia glabrous, strongly ribl>ed or nerved. Perigj-nia ovoid, 3.5 to 4.25 mm. long, abruptly short-beaked, the sides several-nerved. 79. C. fiaccifolia. Perigynia ovoid-lanceolate, 3.75 to 5 mm. long, tapering into the beak, the sides strongly ribbed _ 80. C. whitneyi. Lowest bract long-slieatliiug ; perigynia hairy, faintly nerved or nerveless. Leaf -blades liairy; spikes oblong or short-oblong, the upper approximate. Perigynia 4 to 5 nmi. long, round-tapering at base, finely many-nerved 81. C. gynodynama. Perigynia 3.5 to 4 mm. long, tapering at base, 2-keeled, obscurely striate 82. C. hirtissima. Leaf -blades not haiiy; pistillate spikes linear, widely separate 83. C. triquetra. 24. Debiles. Represented by one species in our range 84. C mciidooinens-is. 25. Frigidae. Perigynia triangular or slightly flattened, the beak bidentulate; scales obtusish, the midvein not prominent at apex. Spikes widely separate, the staminate one strongly overtopping the uppermost pistillate one; perigynia triangular, 3.5 mm. long or less 85. C. Icmnwnii. Uppermost pistillate spikes bunched, little exceeded by the staminate one; perigynia com- pressed-triangular, longer. PistUlate spikes oblong; scales reddish-brown _ _ 86. C. luzuUna. Pistillate spikes linear-oblong; scales dark-tinged _ 87. C. ablata. Perigynia strongly flattened, the beak bidentate; scales sharp-pointed with midvein prominent to apex. Perigynia glabrous; scales smooth; bract sheaths strongly enlarged upward; leaf -blades very leathery _ 88. C. luzulaefolia. Perigynia sparsely hairy; scales more or less hairy; braet sheaths scarcely enlarged upward; leaf-blades not leathery _ _ 89. C. fissuricola. SEDGE FAMILY 209 26. Anomalae. Represented by one species in our range 90. C. umitUfolia. 27. Atratae. Terminal spLke staminate or sometimes with perijjj'nia in the middle. Basal sheaths not filamentose. Culms few-leaved, strongly aphyllopodie 91. C. spectabilis. Culms many-leaved, clothed at base with dried-up leaves of previous year 93. C. raynoldsii. Basal sheatlis filamentose _ 93. C. bifida. Terminal spike gj-napcandrous ; i.e., the terminal flowers pistillate. Culms aphyllopodie, strongly purplish-red at base, the lower sheaths filamentose 94. C. briabaumii. Culms phyllopodic. Spikes 3 to 5, not oblong-cylindric; perigynia walls not papery; perigynia 2.5 to 4.5 mm. long, nerveless or obscurely nerved on face, dull green to brownish-black. Perigynia not papillate-roughened. Spikes contiguous, sessile or nearly so, forming a dense head; scales lanceolate, strongly exceeding perigynia; cubns stiff, erect 95. C. helleri. Lower spike or spikes more or less peduncled, usually distant, erect or nodding; scales wider, shorter than or about equaling perigynia ; culms more slender. Scales with midvein largely obsolete ; mature perigj-nia 3.5 to 4.5 mm. long, as wide or wider on either side than achene, the latter on stipe of nearly its own length; sheaths not purplisli-tinged ventrally 96. C. epapillosa. Scales with prominent midvein ; mature perigynia 3.5 mm. long, narrower on either side than achene, the latter much longer than its stipe; sheaths normally purpli.sh-tinged ventrally 97. C. heteroncura. Perigynia papillate-roughened, especially on upper margins 98. C. albo-nigra. Spikes 6 to 10, oblong-cylindric; perigynia 5 mm. long, lightly 3-nerved, light green, the walls papery; scales much shorter than perigynia _ 99. C mertensii. 28. Acutae. A. Flowering culms arising prou the center of previous ye.^r's tuft of leave.s and SURROUNDED AT BASE Vl'ITH DRlED-UP LEASES OF PREVIOUS YEAR. 1. Lower sheaths of flowering (ndms not breaTcing and becoming filamentose. Strongly stoloniferous, the ctilms arising one to few together, low; lowest bract normally much shorter than inflorescence; scales with obsolete or slender midvein. Dried first year leaf-blades at base of fertile culms stiff, rigid and conspicuous, concealing the culms ; fertile culm leaves all blade-bearing, the lower sheaths not purplish or his- pidulous dorsally 100. C. scopulorum. Dried first year leaf -blades at base of fertile culms much desiccated, not stiff, rigid or con- spicuous, and not concealing the culms; lowest fertile culm leaves not blade-bearing, the lower sheaths purplish and more or less strongly hispidulous dorsally 101. C. gymnoclada. Culms taller, less stiff, in larger clumps; lowest bract equaling or exceeding inflorescence; scales with slender midvein or broader light colored center. Perigynia strongly nerved ventrally, the nerves raised. Perigynia coriaceous, sessile or nearly so, the beak bidentate; strongly stoloniferous 102. C. nebrasl-ensis. Perigynia membranaceous, more or less slenderty stipitate, the beak entire; cespitose. Perigynia substipitate, orbicular, minutely papillate-roughened; scales deciduous 103. C. paucicostata. Peryginia strongly stipitate, ovate. Perigynia yellowish-green, ribbed, papillate-roughened; scales deciduous 104. C. hindsii. Perigynia light green or in age glaucous green, nerved, very minutely granular; scaler long per.sistent 105. C. keUoggii. Perigynia nerveless ventrally or with obscure impressed nerves. Sheaths colored ventrally at mouth ; lower pistillate spikes eernuous or subeernuous on long peduncles; scales in age whitened at tip _ 106. C sitchensis. Sheaths not colored ventrally at mouth; lower pistillate spikes not nodding; scales not whitened at tip 107. C. aquatilis. 2. Lower or middle sheaths of flowering culms breaking and becoming filamentose. Beak of perigynium bidentate, hispidulous between teeth; scales strongly rough-awned 108. C. barbarae. Beak of perigynium entire or emarginate, not hispidulous Ix-tween teeth; scales not rough- awned. 210 CYPERACEAE Lower eulni sheaths strongly yellowish-brown tinged, sharply keeled; culms stout, the leaf- blades 6 to 12 mm. wide _ 109. C. scliottii. Lower culm sheaths purplisli-tinged, not sharply keeled; culms more slender, the leaf -blades narrower 110. C. scnta. B. Some ob all of the rLowERiNG culms arising laterally axd not envei-oped at base BY previous year's TUFT OF LEAVES. Culms very densely cespitose, forming dense stools; lowest sheaths strongly tilamentose; lowest bract little developed, usually much exceeded by inflorescence 111. C. nudata. Culm much less densely cespitose, forming beds, conspicuously stoloniferous; lowest bract well- developed, from somewhat shorter than to exceeding inflorescence. Perigynia orbicular or nearly so 112. C. eurycarpa. Perigynia oblauceolate 113. C. oxycarpa. 29. Cryptocarpae. Perigynia dull, straw-colored or light brown, slightly granular; lower sheaths of sterile shoots not iilanieutose 114. C. lyngbyei. Perigynia shining, brown, smooth; lower sheaths of sterile shoots strongly filamentose 115. C. obnupta. 30. Trachychlaenae. Eepreseuted by one species in our range 116. C. spissa. 31. Hirtae. Beak of perigynimn obliquely cut, shallowly bidentate at matiu'ity; foliage pubescent; stam- inate scales long-eiliate 117. C. yosemitana. Beak of perigjuium deeply bidentate; staminate scales at most erose. Poliage not pubescent ; teeth of perigynium beak .short. Lowest bract strongly sheathing; fertile culms phyllopodic with many leaves, the sheaths not breaking and becoming filamentose _ 118. C. oregonensis. Lowest bract not sheathing; fertile culms aphyllopodie mth few leaves, the sheaths breaking and becoming filamentose 119. C. lanuginosa. Sheaths and under surface of leaf-blades hairy; teeth of perigynium beak conspicuous 120. C. sheldonii. 32. Extensae. Represented by one species in our range 121. C. viridula. 33. Physocarpae. Perigynia ascending; lower sheaths more or less strongly filamentose; culms sharply triangular. Perigynia 4 to 8 mm. long, abruptly contracted into beak 122. C. vcsicaria. Perigynia 7 to 10 mm. long, tapering into beak. 123. C eisiecata. Perigynia spreading at niaturitj'; lower shc3,ths not filamentose; culms bluntly triangular below spikes _ 124. C. rostrata. 34. Pseudo-Cypereae. Perigynia suborbicular in cross-section, more or less inflated; teeth of perigynium beak 0.5 to 1 mm. long _ 125. C. hystricina. Perigynia obtusely triangular, scarcely inflated, closely enveloping achene; teeth of perigynium beak 1.5 to 2 mm. long, recurved or spreading 126. C. comosa. Sect. 1. Inflatae Kiik. Cespitose, the rootstocks elongate. Leaf-blades filiform. Spike soli- tary, ovoid, androgynous, densely flowered, bractless. PerigjTiia inflated, the walls very thin, slightly nerved, sessile, the smooth Ijeak hyaline-tipped, obliquely cut, in age bidentu- late. Achenes triangular. Stigmas 3. 1. C. engelmannii Bailey. Culms 5 to 20 cm. high; spike 10 to 15 mm. long, 6 to 10 mm. wide, the lower % pistillate ; scales acute to cuspidate, all except lower shorter tliau perigynia; perigynia 4.5 to 5 mm. long, 2.25 mm. wide. Alpine peaks or meadows, Sierra Nevada in Tulare Co. North to Wa.shing- ton, east to Colorado. Locs. — Kaweah Peaks, Dudley 2215 ; Chagoopa Mdws., Dudley 2272. Ref. — Carex engelmannu Bailey, Proc. Am. Acad. 22:132 (1886), type coll. by EngeJmann, probably near Colorado Sprs., Colo. 2. C. breweri Boott. (Fig. 28.) Culm.s 1 to 2.5 dm. high; spike 1 to 2 cm. long, 6 to 10 mm. wide, the upper third staminate; scales ovate, short-acuminate, narrower and shorter than perigynia; perigynia 5 mm. long, 3.5 mm. wide. High alpine peaks of the Sien-a Nevada from I\It. Whitney to Mt. Shasta. North to "Washington. Locs. — Mt. Whitney, Jepson 1085; head of San Joaquin River, Brciver 2831; Mt. Dana, Brewer 1863 ; Mt. Shasta, Jepson. Refs. — Carex breweri Boott, 111. Carex 4:142, pi. 455 (1867), type loc. Mt. Shasta, Brewer 1422; Mackenzie, Erythea 8:18, fig. 1 (1922); Kiik. in Engler, Pflzr. 4=":96, fig. 20h-k (1909). Fig. 28. C.\REX BREWERi Boott. a, habit, X % ; b, scale, X 5 ; c, perigynium, X ii. Fig. 29. a, Cahex capit.\ta L., habit, X 1; 6, scale, X 8; c, perigynium, X 8. Bailey, habit, X %; e, scale, X 5; /, perigj'nium, X 5. d, C. PANSA SEDGE FAMILY 211 Sect. 2. Athrochlaenae Holm. Cespitose or witli creeping rootstoeks. Leaf-blades narrow. Spike solitary, androgynous, bractless, narrow, densely many-flowered. Pistillate scales soon falling. Perigynia slenderly strongly stipitate, widely spreading or the lower reflexed, obscurely triangular, nerveless, membranaceous, long-beaked, the lieak obliquely cut, becom- ing bidcntulate. Achenes usually triangular, slightly apieulate. Stigmas 3 or occasionally 2. 3. C. nigricans C. A. Mey. Culms 5 to 30 cm. high, stiff, firm, smooth; leave.s 4 to 9 to a fertile culm, the blades 1.5 to 3 mm. wide, flat, or channeled at base; spike 8 to 15 mm. long, 6 to 9 mm. wide, the upper half stamiuate, the lower witli 10 to 25 perigynia; scales ovate, obtuse to acutish, dark-brown tinged with hyaline margins, shorter than perigynia; perigynia 4 mm. long, brownish, tapering into a smooth beak. Arctic alpine in the Sierra Nevada, from Tulare Co. to Eldorado Co. North to Alaska, east to Colorado. Loes. — Mt. Silliman, Dudley 1.503; Minarets, Congdon; Vogelsang Pass, Jepson 3230; Lake Lucille, Bretver 1379. Refs. — Carex nigricans C. A. Mev. Mem. Acad. St. Potersb. 1:211, pi. 7 (1831), type from Unalaschka: Mackenzie, Ervthea 8:22, fig. 2 (1922). C. pyrcnawa W. Boott in Bot. C'al. 2:228 (1880), not Wahl. Sect. 3. Capitatae Christ. Cespitose. Leaf-blades filiform. Spike solitary, ovoid, an- drogynous, densely flowered, bractless. Perigynia plano-convex, sharp-edged, not inflated, essentially nerveless, sessile, the walls thinuish, the smooth terete beak conspicuously liyaline-tipped, in age bidentulate. Achenes lenticular, apieulate. Stigmas 2. 4. C. capitata L. (Fig. 29a-e.) Culms 1 to 3.5 dm. high, roughish above, the basal sheatlis purplish ; spike 4 to 10 mm. long; scales ovate-orbieular, obtuse, shorter and narrower than perigynia, chestnut-brown with broad hyaline mar- gins; perigj-nia 2 to 3 mm. long, pale green, smooth, rounded at base, the abrupt beak slender, dark-colored, less than 1 mm. long. Sierra Nevada in Fresno and Tulare cos., 6500 to 8000 ft. North to Alaska, east to New Hampshire, south to Mexico. Locs.— Mt. Goddard, Hall # Chavdier 673; Kaweah Mdw.. Tulare Co., Dudley 2216. Refs. — Carex capitata L. Svst. Nat. ed. 10, 1261 (1759), tvpe from n. Eur.; Kiik. in Engler, Pflzr. 4'":70, fig. 15k N (1909); Mackenzie, Erythea 8:22," fig. 3 (1922). Sect. 4. Foetidae Tuckerm. Leaf-blades narrow. Spikes few to several, androgynous, in a dense subglobose or ovoid head. Perigynia spreading, plano-convex, membraneous, usually obsoletely nerved, loosely enveloping the acliene, rounded at base, stipitate, the beak oljlic|uely cut, at times bidentulate. Achenes lenticular. Stigmas 2. 5. C. vernacula Bailey. Culms 0.5 to 2 dm. high, smooth ; leaf-blades 2 to 4 mm. wide, stiff; head about 1 cm. in diameter, the staminate flowers incon- spieuoiLS; scales ovate, brown, sharp-pointed, rather wider and from shorter to longer than perigynia ; perigynia ovoid, 3.5 to 4.5 mm. long, not margined, taper- ing into the smooth beak V:i length of body. Alpine slopes, Sierra Nevada from Tulare Co. to Modoc Co. North to Wash- ington, east to Colorado. Locs.— Mt. "Whitney, Bailey 2067; Mt. Goddard, Hall # Chandlrr 694; Stanislaus Peak, A. L. Grant 534; Big Trees, Calaveras Co., RiUehrand 2304; Butte Co., B. M. Austin 1159; Modoc Co., Manning 433. Refs.— Carex VERNAruLA Bailev, Bull. Torr. Club 20:417 (1893), tvpe from w. U. S.; Mackenzie, Erythea 8:23, fig. 4 (1922). C. foetida W. Boott in Bot. Ca'l. 2:232 (1880), not All. C. incurva Bailey, Contrib. TJ. S. Nat, Herb. 4:214 (1893), not Lightf. Sect. 5. Divisae Christ. Culms arising singly or in small clumps at intervals, mostly stiff, dark-tinged at base, aphyllopodic. Leaf-blades narrow. Spikes few to many, ovoid or oblong, androgynous or dioecious, more or less closely aggregated into an oblong or oblong- ovoid head. Heads in some species dioecious or nearly so. Lower one to several bracts developed, .short-prolonged, the others bract-like. Perigynia appressed-ascending, plano- convex, smooth, often shining, coriaceous, more or less nerved on outer surface, sharp-edged but not wing-margined, rounded and spongy at base, the obliquely cut beak in age bidentu- late. Achenes lenticular, clo.sely enveloped. Stigmas 2. 6. C. doug-lasii Roolt. Culms (i to 30 em. high; leaf-blades 1 to 2.5 mm. wide, involute aliove and flat or channeled at base; heads dioeeious or nearl.y so; staminate spikes linear-elliptic, 8 to 15 mm. long, 2.5 to 4 nun. wide, the scales 212 CYPERACEAE straw-colored or brownish, pointed ; pistillate spikes wider, the scales ovate to lanceolate, concealing the perig-jTiia, yellowish-brown, with broad hyaline margins and lighter center; perigynia lanceolate, 4 mm. long, lightly nerved ventrally. strongly nerved dorsally, tapering into a strongly serrulate beak nearly 2 mm. long, its apex h.yaline; styles elongate. Dry or alkaline soil along or east of the Sierra Nevada from Modoc Co. to Inyo Co. ; south to Mt. Pinos. North to British Columbia, east to Nebraska. Locs. — Mt. Pinos, Ventura Co., Hall 6.554; North Fork Crooked Creek, White Mts., Jepson 7271; Mono Valley, Bnwer 1813; Yosemite, Bolandcr f)199; Donner Lake, Davy 3233 B; Warner Mts., Griffiths 4' Hunter 459. Ref.— Carex DouGLAsn Boott in Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2:213, pi. 214 (1840), type loe. North- west Coast, Douglas. 7. C. simulata Mackenzie. Culms 3 to 5 dm. high; leaf-blades 2 to 4 mm. wide, fiat; head linear-oblong or oblong-ovoid, 12 to 25 mm. long, the 5 to 15 spikes pistillate, staminate or androgynous; scales concealing the perigynia, cuspidate, brown with hyaline margins ; perigynia broadly ovate, l.S to 2.25 mm. long, nerveless ventrally, serrulate above, abniptly beaked, the beak 0.25 nmi. long. Wet soil, west slope or mostlj' east slope of the Sierra Nevada from Fresno Co. to Sierra Co. and northward. North to Washington, east to Colorado. Locs. — Kings Biver Canon, Dudley 3193; Rowan Mdw., Fresno Co., Dudley; Sonora trail. Brewer 1855; Sierraville, Dudley; Modoc Co., Matm-inij 952 (in part) ; Sisson, Dudley. Rets. — Carex simulata Mackenzie, Bull. Torr. Club 34:604 (1907), type loe. Chug Creek, Albany Co., Wyo., A. Nehon 7316. C. gayana Boott, 111. Car. 3:126, pi. 411 (1862), not Desv. 8. C. pansa IJailey. (Fig. 29d-f.) Culms 1.5 to 3 dm. high; leaf-blades 1 to 3 mm. wide ; liead 1.5 to 2.5 cm. long, the spikes lance-ovoid, 7 to 10 mm. long, the several to many perigynia appressed ; scales with conspicuous white- hyaline margins, concealing perigynia; perigynia oblong-lanceolate, nerveless ventrally. tapering at apex, the beak 1 mm. long, serrulate. Drifting sands along the seacoast from Monterey Co. to Del Norte Co. North to Washington. Locs. — Asilomar, Monterey, Parish 11475; San Francisco, Olsson-Seffer; Eureka, Tracy 3258; Crescent City, Dudley. Befs. — Carex paxsa Bailey, Bot. Gaz. 13:82 (1880), based upon CTlatsop, Ore., Henderson, and Ilivaco. Wash., Henderson ; Mackenzie, Erythea 8:25, tig. 5 (1922). 9. C. praegracilis W. Boott. Culms 2 to 7.5 dm. high; leaf-blades 1.5 to 3 mm. wide, flattened or canaliculate; head 1 to 5 cm. long, the 5 to 15 spikes denselj' aggregated, androg^Tious, with 4 to 10 perigynia ; scales ovate-laneeolate, acute to cuspidate, nearly concealing the perigynia ; perigynia nerved on the outer, nearly nerveless on the inner face. iVIeadows, widely distributed except on the higher mountains. Nortli tn Alaska, east to Iowa. Locs. — San Jacinto Mts., Hall 2064; San Bernardino, Pari.sh 4651; San Antonio Mt-«.. Abrams 2679; San Pedro, IFood 262; Mt. Pinos, Hall 6375; Santa Barbara, Bingham 491; Pacific Grove. Heller 6634; Ilepsedani Peak, San Benito Co., Dudley; San Francisco, M. li. Jones 3268; Sacramento, Bolander 4502; Giant Forest, Dudley 2987; Tallac, Dudley; Mill Creek, Mt. Lassen, Hall 4- Babcoek 4308 in jiart; Hanaupah Caiion, Panamint Mts., Jepson 7097; White Mts., Shoekley 632. Refs. — Cakex PR,\EGBAcn,is W. Boott, Bot. Gaz. 9:87 (1884). type loe. San Diego, Scott. C. marcida Boott in Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2:212, pi. 213 (1840), type from Columbia River (not J. F. Gmel. 1791). C. donqlasii Boott var. brunnea Olney, Bot. King 5:363 (1871), type from Cal., Co-ultcr 805. C.\ista Bailey, Mem. Torr. Club 1:20 (1889), based on C. douglasii var. brunnea. C. hookeriana Parish, Bull. 8. Cal. Acad. 5:26 (1906), not Dew. C. sic<^ata Parish, I.e. 50, not Dew. Sect. 6. Muhlenbergianae Tuckerm. Densely cespitose. Culms not flattened. Spikes few, androgynous or pistillate but never gynaecandrous, rarely compound. Perigynia piano convex, apprcssed to reflexed, often strongly spongy at base, narrowly sharp-margmed. conspicuously beaked, the beak sharply bidentate. Acheues lenticular. Stigmas 2. SEDGE FAMILY 213 lU. C. hoodii Boott. (Fig. 30a-c.) Culms 3 to 8 dm. high; leaf-blade.s 1.5 to 3.5 mm. wide; head 1 to 2 cm. long, the spikes with 5 to 10 ascending peri- gj-nia; scales ovate, sharp-pointed, chestnut brown with lighter keel and broad hyaline margins ; perigynia lance-ovate, 4 to 5 mm. long, green-margined above, the beak 1 3 lengtli of body. Mountain meadows and slopes, Sierra Nevada from Tulare Co. to Shasta Co. North to British Columbia, east to Colorado. Locs. — Soda Sprs., Tulare Co., DucUc;/ 2343: Minarets, Congdon; Lake Merced, Yosemite Park, Jepson 4409, 4428; Kennedy Lake, A. L. Grant 199; Tallae, Brainerd; Morgan, Tehama Co., HaH # Babcock 4346. Refs.— Carex hoodii Boott in Hook, Fl. Bor. Am. 2:211, pi. 211 (1840), type loc. Columbia Eiver, Douglas; Mackenzie, Erythea 8:26, fig. 6 (1922). C. hoodii Boott var. nervosa Bailey, Mem. Torr. Club 1:14 (1889), type from C'al., Kellogg tf- Harford 1069. 11. C. tumulicola Mackenzie. Culms 2 to 8 dm. high; leaf -blades 1.5 to 2.5 mm. wide ; head 2 to 5 cm. long, slender, the upper spikes aggregated, the lower separate, with 10 or fewer appressed perigjTiia; lower bracts long-cu-spi- date; scales largelj- concealing perigj-nia, brownish straw-color with hyaline margin and green midrib, acuminate to cuspidate ; perigynia lanceolate, 4 to 5 mm. long, the serrulate beak i,-; to i/o leng-th of body. Dry soil in the coastal counties from Monterey Co. to Humboldt Co., and in the Sierra Nevada from Tuolumne Co. to Calaveras Co. North to Washington. Locs. — Coast Ranges: Monterey, Davy 7268; Santa Cruz Mts.. Bolaiider 150; Berkeley Hills, Daiy 4244; St. Helena, Jepson 6242; Ft. Bragg, Bolander 4765; Eureka, Tracy 4642. Sierra Nevada: Relief Dam, Tuolumne Co.. A. L. Grant 370; Calaveras Big Trees, A. L. Grant 4c. Refs. — Carex tumulicola Mackenzie. Bull. Torr. Club 34:154 (1907), type loc. Lake Temescal, Alameda Co., Bioleiti; Erythea 8:27, fig. 7 (1922). C. muricata L. var. gracilis W. Boott in Bot. Gal. 2:232 (1880), not F. Boott. C. hookeriann Kiik. in Engler, Pflzr. 4-°:161 (1909) as to C'al. plant, not Dew. Sect. 7. Multiflorae Kunth. Densely cespitose. Culms sharply triangular. Opaque part of sheaths usually trausverselv rugulose, red-dotted. Spikes numerous, small, androgynous or pistillate, but never gynaecandrous, the lower more or less compound. Bracts frequently conspicuous. Perigj'nia plano-convex, appressed-aseending or spreading, not thick-walled, somewhat spongy at base, short-stipitate, sharp-margined, more or less nerved, conspicuously rough-beaked, the beak bidentat<'. Achenes lenticular. Stigmas 2. 12. C. stenoptera Mackenzie. Culms 2.5 to 4 dm. high ; leaf-blades 2 to 3 mm. wide, channeled, the sheaths tight; head decom])ound, 2 to 5.5 cm. long, with spikes 5 to S mm. long, 4 to 6 mm. wide; bracts inconspicuous; scales ovate- lanceolate, obtusish to short-cuspidate, brownish, exceeding perigynia; perigynia 3 to 3.5 nmi. long, neiwed dorsally, nerveless ventrally or nearly so, round-taper- ing at base, tapering into a serrulate beak about i- lengtli of liody. San Antonio ]\Its., Southern California. Ref. — Carex stenoptera Mackenzie, Erythea 8:28 (1922), type loc. Ice House Caiion, San Antonio Mts., Johnston 1505. 13. C. alma Bailey. (Fig. 30d-f.) Culms 3 to 12 dm. high, strict, rough on angles ; leaf-blades 3 to 6 mm. wide ; head 2.5 to 20 cm. long, decompound, the clusters closely aggregated to strongly separate; scales ovate, short-pointed to obtusish, straw-colored or brownish ; perigynia 3.5 to 4 mm. long, smooth, shining, narrowly green-margined, serrnlate from middle, lightly few-nerved on both sides, tapering into the serrulate beak. Along stream-s, ilonterey and Tulare cos. to Southern California. East to southern Nevada and Arizona. Locs. — Coast Ranges: Tassajara Hot Sprs., Monterey Co., Elmer 31^7; Mt. Finos, Hall 6429. Southern California: Pasadena, McChitchic ; San Antonio Mts., Johnston 1425; Mt. San Gorgonio, Geo. B. Grunt 6399; Palm Sprs., Mt. San Jacinto, Parish 4144; New York Mts., Parish 10225. Sierra Nevada: Nelson Soda Sprs., Tulare Co., Dudley 877; Bisses sta., Kern Co., Dxidley 405. Refs. — Carex alma Bailey, Mem. Torr. Club 1:50 (1889), type loc. San Bernardino Co., Parry if- Lemmon 396; Mackenzie, Erythea 8:28, fig. 8 (1922). C. vitrea Holm, Am. Jour. 214 CYPERACEAE Sci. ser. 4, 17:302, figs. 5-7 (1904), type, from Palm Sprs., Mt. San Jacinto, Parish 4144. C. chrysoleuca Parish, Bull. S. Cal. Acad. 5:22 (1906), not C. chrvsoleuca Holm. 14. C. densa Bailey. (Fig. 30g-i.) Culms 3 to 6 dm. high, smooth or roughened above, from exceeding to shorter than the leaves ; leaf -blades 3 to 6 mm. wide, the sheaths septate dorsally, and thin, hyaline and more or less eross-rugulose ventrally, prolonged and convex at the mouth ; head 2 to 5 em. long; bracts ineon.spieuous, except 1 or 2 lower ones; perigynia 3.5 to 4.5 mm. long, strongly convex doi-sally, ovate or ovate-lanceolate from a round-tapering base, narrowly green-margined, serrulate above middle, the beak more than !/> length of body. Dry soil, cismontane : Sierra Nevada from ilariposa Co. northward; ]Marys- ville Buttes; Coast Ranges from Santa Clara Co. northward. North to Oregon. Loes. — Sierra Nevada: Snow Creek, Mariposa Co., Congdon; Pine Grove, Amador Co., Hansen 1233. Coast Ranges: Santa Ciuz Mts., J. H. Bush; CiTstal Sprs., San Mateo Co., Abram^ 2444; Oakland, Bolander 0204: Calistoga, Tracy 1637; Sherwood Valley, Davy 5150; Buck Mt., Humboldt Co., Tracy 4231; Weaverville, Tates 296; Sisson, Jcpson 51a. Refs. — CuiEX DENS.\ Bailey, Mem. Torr. Club 1:50 (1889), type loc. Mark "West Creek, Sonoma Co., Bigclow ; Mackenzie. Ervthea 8:29, fig. 9 (1922). C. hrongniarlii Kunth. var. densa Bailey, Proe. Am. Acad. 22:137 (1886). G. hrongniartii Boott, 111. Car. 3:124, pi. 402 (1862). in part, not Kunth. C. chrvsoleuca Holm, Am. Jour. Sci. ser. 4, 17:302 (1904), type from Mariposa. Ccrngdan. C. disticha W. Boott in Bot. Cal. 2:230 (1880), not Huds. C. glomerata W. Boott.'l.c. 232, not Thunb. C. paniculaia W. Boott, i.e. 232 in part, not L. 15. C. vicaria Bailey. Culms 3 to 6 dm. high, exceeding the leaves, rough above; leaf-blades 3 to 4.5 nun. wide, the sheaths tight, not conspicuously septate dorsally, thin-hyaline and more or less eross-rugulose ventrally, short-prolonged and convex at mouth ; head 1.5 to 3 em. long ; bracts inconspicuous except 1 or 2 lower ones ; perigAiiia 3 to 3.5 mm. long, ovate from a rounded base, green- margined, serrulate above middle, the beak y^ Ipiig'th of body. Marshes, JMendocino Co. (Round Valley, Chesnut 108). North to Wash- ington. Refs.— C.4REX VICARIA Bailev, Mem. Torr. Club 1:49 (1889), type from Ch-e., E. HaU. C. hrongnUirtii Bailey, Proe. Am. "Acad. 22:137 (1886), not Kunth. 16. C. breviligulata Mackenzie. Culms 3 to 6 dm. high, exceeding leaves, rough above; leai'-lilades 3 to 4.5 mm. wide, the sheaths tight, not conspicuously septate dorsally. tliin-hyaline and more or less cross-nigulose ventrally, truncate at mouth; head 1.5 to 3.5 cm. long; bracts usually not conspicuoiLS ; perigynia 3.25 to 3.75 mm. long, ovate from a round-tapering base, green-margined, serru- late from middle, the beak i/o length of body. Marshes and swales : Noi'th Coast Ranges ; Sierra Nevada. North to Oregon. Locs. — S.anta Rosa, Wooton; Round Valley, ne. Mendocino Co., Chesnut 283; Susanville, Jones; North Fork, Fresno Co., Griffiths 4479. Refs. — Carex breviugi'Lata Mackenzie, Erythea 8:92 (1922). C. vivaria var. costata Bailey, Mem. Torr. Oub 1:49 (1889), type from Grant's Pass, Ore., Benderson 1477. 17. C. dudleyi Jlackenzie. Culms 3 to 7 dm. high, rough above, exceeding leaves; leaf-blades 4 to 7 mm. wide, the sheaths tight, inconspicuously septate dorsally, white-h.valine and scarcely crass-rugulose ventrally, the ligule as long as wide ; head 2 to 3.5 cm. long ; bracts setaceous, the lower conspicuous ; peri- g}^lia narrowly ovate from a rounded base, brownish-yellow with green nuirgin, nerved ventrall}% the beak serrulate. Coast Ranges from Monterey Co. to Lake Co. Apparently local. Locs. — Glen Ellen, Sonoma Co., Bioletti 19; Scott Valley, Lake Co., Blanlinship. Ref. — Carex dudleyi Mackenzie, Ervthea 8:30 (1922)", type loc. Tassajara Hot Sprs., Monterey Co., Elmer 2132. Sect. 8. Pauiculatae Kunth. Densely or loosely cespitose. Culms not flattened. Opaque part of leaf-sheaths strongly red-dotted. Spikes numerous, small, androgynous or pistillate, but never gj'naecandrous, the lower compound or decompound. Bracts usually inconspicu- ous. Perigynia thick, high convex on the dorsal and often somewhat convex on the ventral face, ascending or spreading, coriaceous, spongy at base, stipitate, narrowly margined, more or less nerved, conspicuously rough-beaked, the beak bident-ate. Achenes lenticular. Stigmas 2. ^.m Fig. 30. a, Carex hoodii Boott, infloresppnce, XI; b, scale, X 7 ; c "perigynium, X 7. d, C. alma Bailey, inflorcscencj;, X 1 ; e, scale, X 8; /, pcrigynium, X 8. g, C. densa Bailey, inflorescence, XI; h, scale, X 6; i, pcrigynium, X 6. j, 0. CUSICKII Mackenzie, inflorescence, X 1; /,-, scale, X 8; /, pcrigynium, X 8. g Fig. 31. a. Caeex nervina Bailey, inflorescence, XI; 6, scale, X6; c, perigynium, X 6. d, C. stipata MuhL, inflorescence, XI; e, scale, X 6; /," perigynium, X 6. g, C. bolanderi Olney, inflorescence, X 1; h, scale, X 7 ; t, perigynium, X 7. j, C. feta Bailey, inflorescence, X 1; i", scale, X 8; ;, perigynium, X 8. SEDGE FAMILY 215 18. C. diandra Sehrank. Culms 3 to 7 dm. high, slender; leaf-blades can- aliculate at base; sheaths not copper-colored at mouth; head 2.5 to 5 cm. long; scales acute, brownish ; perigynia round-truucate at base, the beak serndate. Wet meadows, very local : San Bernardino Valley and Oriole Lake, Tulare Co. North to Alaska, east to Newfoundland. Eefs. — Carex diandra Sehrank, Acta Aead. Moguut. 49 (1782), type from s. Bavaria, Germany; Kiik. in Engler, Pflzr. -L=°:175, fig. 28a-d (1909). C. hernardiim Parish, Bull. S. Cal. Acad. 5:24, pi. 21 (1906), type loc. San Bernardino Valley, Parish 4600. 19. C. cusickii Mackenzie. (Fig. 30j-l.) Culms stout, 7 to 12 dm. high; leaf-blades flat with slightlj' revolute margins, the sheaths copper-tinged at mouth; head 4 to 8 cm. long; scales chestnut-tinged; perigynia triuicate at base, the beak setulose-.serrulate. Wet meadows near the coast from San Francisco to Del Norte Co. Rare. North to British Columbia, east to Montana. Locs. — San Francisco. Bolandcr 1568 (in part); Crescent City, VtuUcii. Refs. — Carex cusickii Mackenzie in Piper & Beattie, Fl. Nw. Coast 72 (1915) ; Erythea 8:31, fig. 10 (1922). C. teretiuscula Good. var. ampla Bailey, Mem. Torr. Club 1:53 (1889), type from Burnt River, Ore., Cusich 1331. G. panic-ulata W. Boott in Bot. Cal. 2:232 (1880) in part, not L. Sect. 9. Stenorhynchae Holm. Densely cespitose or with more or less elongated rootstocks. Culms triangular or somewhat flattened. Opaque part of leaf-sheaths usually transversely rugulose or red-dotted. Spikes few to many, androgynous or pistillate, but never gynae- candrous, the lower simple to compound. Bracts little developed. Perigynia plano-convex, yellowish or yellowish-brown, appressed-asccnding to spreading, not thick-walled but strongly spongy at base, stipitate, strongly many-nerved, the margins nearly obsolete on the lower half, conspicuously beaked, the beak bidentate. Acheues lenticular. Stigmas 2. 20. C. jonesii Bailey. Culms 2 to 6 dm. high, slender; leaf -blades 1 to 2 mm. wide ; opaque part of sheath white, not cross-rugidose, truncate at mouth ; head 8 to 18 mm. long, the larger spikes with 5 to 10 ascending perigynia; scales exceeding or shorter than the perigjiiia, ovate, dark brown ; perigynia ovate- lanceolate, 3 to 4 mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide, the beak very slightly serrulate, Y^ length of bod}\ High mountains, 5000 to 7200 ft. : San Bernardino Mts. ; Sierra Nevada from Tulare Co. to Siskiyou Co. North to Washington, east to Montana. Locs. — Bluff Lake, San Bernardino Mts., Parish 3273; Kaweali Mdw., Dudley 2207; Kings Biver Caiion, Dudleii 3191; Peregoy Mdw., Yosemite Park, Jepson 4335; Sonora Peak, A. L. Grant 412; Truckee" River, Davy; Mt. Shasta, GoUlxmith 37. Refs. — Carex jonesii Bailey, Mem. Torr. Club 1:16 (1889), type loc. Soda Sprs., Nevada Co., Joiies; Mackenzie, En,'thea 8:32, fig. 11 (1922). C. iUota Parish, Bull. S. Cal. Acad. 5:52 (1906), not Bailey. C. ho'iiplandii Kunth. var. angustifolia W. Boott in Bot. Cal. 2:233 (1880) as to spms. with androgj-nous spikes, not F. Boott. 21. C. nervina Bailey. (Fig. 31a-c.) Culms 3 to 9 dm. high, strongly aphyl- lopodic, .slightly flattened in drying; opaque part of sheaths olive-tinged, truncate or concave at the mouth ; head 1.5 to 3 cm. long, the larger with 6 to 12 ascending perigynia, the staminate flowers rarely conspicuous; scales ovate, brownish; peri- gynia ovate-lanceolate, 3,5 to 4 mm. long, the beak smoothish, 1 mm. long, the teeth erect. High mountains, 4000 to 7000 ft.. Sierra Nevada from Tulare Co. to Siskiyou Co. North to southern Oregon. Locs. — Giant Forest, Dudley 2998; Lake Tenaj'a, Congdon; Emigrant Gap, M. E. Jones 3533 ; Craggy Peak, Siskiyou Co., Dudley. Refs.— C.vitEX ^^ER^^N a "Bailey, Bot. Gaz. 10:203, pi. 3, figs. 6-8 (1885), type loc. Summit Camp, Placer Co., KcUoqg; Mackenzie, Erythea 8:33, fig. 12 (1922); not C. nervina Parish, BuU. S. Cal. Acad. 5:26 (1906). 22. C. stipata Muhl. (Fig. 3]d-f.) Culms 3 to 12 dm. high, rather weak, sharply triangular, strongly serrulate above ; leaf-blades 4 to 8 mm. wide, flat, flaccid, the sheaths strongly septate dorsally, the opaque part thin, quickly broken, cross-rugulose ; head 3 to 10 cm. long, j'ellowish-brown ; scales ovate- 216 CYPEKACEAE triangular, light-brownish, about leiigtli of body of perigyuiimi ; perigynia lanceo- late, 4 to 5 mm. long, the serrulate beak longer than or nearly equaling the body. Swamps and wet meadows : Coast Ranges from Sonoma Co. to Siskiyou Co., thence soutlierly in the Sierra Nevada to Sierra Co. North to Alaska, east to Newfoundland. Loes. — North Coast Eanges: Santa Rosa, Hrllcr: Weaverville, Tates 295; Sisson, Jei)son 56a. Sierra Nevada: Sierra Valley, Lemmon 470; Quiney, Jepson 4148. Kefs. — Carex stip.\ta Mulil. Willd. Sp. PI. 4:233 (1805), tvpe from Perm., Muhlenberg ; Kiik. in Engler, Pflzr. 4=°:172, fig. 27H-L (1909); Mackenzie, Eiythea 8:33, fig. 13 (1922). Sect. 10. Stellulatae Kunth. Densely cespitose. Culms triangular. Sheaths not red-dotted or cross-rugulose. Spikes 2 to 10, or by reduction 1, gynaecandrous, pistillate or in a few species staminate, not compound. Bracts inconspicuous. Perig>-nia plano-convex, yellow- broirn or brown, spreading or refle.xcd at maturity, the body orbicular, ovate or broadly oval, strongly spongy at base, sharp-edged nearly if not entii-ely to the rounded or truncate base, not puncticulate, nerved on tlie outer, nerved or nei-veless on the inner surface, the beak bidentate or obliquely cut. Achenes lenticular. Stigmas 2. 23. C. laeviculmis ]\Ieinsh. Culms 3 to 7 dm. high, weak; leaf-blades 1 to 2 mm. wide, liglit green, tlat, soft; spikes 3 to 8, widely separate or upper approx- imate, suborbicular, 3 to 10 nmi. long, with 3 to 10 perigynia; uppermost spike long-clavate at base ; scales ovate, about length of body of perigynium, with conspicuous green midvein; perigynia gi-een or brownish-green, oblong-ovoid, piano- or concave-convex, 2.5 to 4 mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide, thin-walled, lightly nerved ventrally, the beak ig length of body. Wet shaded places : Humboldt Co. ; northern Sierra Nevada from Eldorado Co. to Butte Co. Northerly to Ala.ska and Idaho. Loes.— Bald Mt., Humboldt Co., Tnici) 4524; Stirling, Butte Co., Heller 10819; Straw- berry Creek, Eldorado Co., Brainerd 170. Eefs. — Carex laeviculmis Meinsh. Bot. Centralb. 55:195 (1893), type from Kamtschatka; Kuk. in Engler, Pflzr. 4''':232, fig. 37E-r (1909); Mackenzie, Erythea 8:34, fig. 14 (1922). 24. C. interior Bailey. Culms 1.5 to 5 dm. high, slender and wiry; leaf- blades 1 to 3 mm. wide, flat or somewhat canaliculate ; head 1 to 2 cm. long, the 3 or 4 spikes approximate, the lateral pistillate, suborbicular, 4 mm. long, with 3 to 10 widely spreading perigynia, the upper long-tapering and staminate at base; scales ovate-orbicular, brownish, hyaline-margined all around, the center lighter-colored, the midvein not sharply defined; perigynia oblong-ovoid, straw- color or light-brownish, plump, 2.5 to 3 mm. long, sparingly .serrulate on the upper margins, abruptly beaked, the beak with veiy shoit teeth. Boggy meadows, northern Sierra Nevada from Plumas Co. to Siskij'ou Co. North to British Columbia, east to Newfoundland, and south to Mexico, Loea. — Prattville, Plumas Co., Junes; Mt. Shasta. A. Wood 999. Ref.—CAREX INTERIOR Bailey, Bull. Torr. CHub 20:426 (1893), typo loc. Penn Yan, New York, Sartivell. 25. C. ormantha Mackenzie. Culms 1.5 to 4 dm. high, slender but rather stiff; leaf -blades slightly canaliculate, 1,5 to 2 nun. wide; head 2 to 6 cm, long; spikes 3 or 4, the lateral suborbicular, 6 to 8 nun. wide, with 2 to 12 widely radiating perigynia ; perigynia rounded at base, tapering into the bidentate beak more than i/o length of body, the teeth short. Boggy places in the mountains, mostly 4000 to 6000 ft. : San Bernardino Mts. ; Sierra Nevada from Tulare Co. to Tehama CJo. Also in Oregon. Loes. — San Bernardino Mts., Parish, 3274; Kaiveah River, Dudley 1448; Crescent Lake, Mariposa Co., Congdon; Yosemite, Hall <|- Biihcorl- 3412; Calaveras Big Trees, Bolander tf- Hillehrand 2324; Mineral, Tehama Co., Tigf/leston 7209. Eefs. — Carex oriiantha Mackenzie, Erythea 8:35 (1922). C. ecMnata Murr. var. ormantha Fern. Proc. Am. Acad. 37:483, pi. 4, f, 89 (1902), type loe. Strawberry Creek, Eldorado Co., Brainerd 160, excluding Conn, and R. I. spms. C. stellulata Good. var. ormantha Fern. Rhod. 4:222 (1902). 26. C. phyllomanica W. Boott. Culms 2.5 to 6 dm. high, smooth or nearly so; leaf -blades flat, 1.75 to 2.75 mm. wide : head 1.5 to 3.5 cm. long: spikes 3 or 4, the lateral suborbicular, 7 mm. wide with 8 to 15 widely spreading perigynia; SEDGE FAMILY 217 perigj-nia round-truncate at base, tapering into a beak scarcely y-2 lengtli of bod}% tlie teeth short. Swampy places near the coast from Mendocino Co. to Del Norte Co. North to Alaska. Loc3. — Mendocino City, Bolander 4746; Patricks Point, Humboldt Co., Tracy 4364; Del Norte Co., Davy. Refs. — Carex phyllomanica W. Boott in Bot. Cal. 2:233 (1880), type loo. Mendocino City, Bolander 4746. C. sterilis W. Boott, I.e. 236, not Willd. C. vallicola W. Boott, I.e. 235, not Dew. C. eclmiata W. Boott, I.e. 237, not Murr. 27. C. angustior Mackenzie. Culms very slender but strict, 1 to 6 dm. high, somewhat roughened above; leaf -blades 1 to 2 mm. wide, flat or canaliculate; spikes 2 to 5, approximate, 4 to 6 mm. long, with 3 to 15 perigjmia, the terminal long-clavate, the lateral rounded at ba.se ; scales a.s long as body of perigj^uia, ovate; perigj-nia 2.5 to 3.5 mm. long, yellowish-brown, impressed-nerved ven- trally, tapering into a bidentate beak more than I/2 length of body. Boggy places, rare : Eldorado Co. ; Humboldt Co. North to Washington, east to Newfoundland. Locs.— Fallen Leaf Lake, Abrams 4796; Bald Mt., Humboldt Co., Tracy 4532. Refs. — Cakex angustior Mackenzie in Rydb. Fl. Rocky Mts. 124 (1917). C. steUulata Good. var. angusiata Carey, Gray's Man. 544 (1848), type loe. Fairfield, N. Y. 28. C. illota Bailey. Culms 1 to 3.5 dm. high, slender but strict ; leaf-blades 1.5 to 3 mm. wide ; scales broadly ovate, obtuse, brownish-black ; perigjTiia ovate, 3 mm. long, obscurely nerved, brownish-black, the beak \^ length of body, smooth or nearly so, emarginate. High montane, Sierra Nevada fi-om Tulare Co. to Eldorado Co. North to Washington, east to Colorado. Locs.— Camp Alta, Tulare Co., Dudley 992; Kings River, DudJey 3299; Soda Sprs. of the San Joaquin, Conydon; Yosemite, Congdon 88; Devils Basin and Lake Audrain, Eldorado Co., Brainerd. Refs. — Care.n; illota BaUey, Mem. Torr. Club 1:15 (18891, not Parish, Bull. S. Cal. Acad. 5:52 (1906). C. honpUindii Kunth var. minor Boott, Proc. Acad. Phila. 77 (1863), type from Col., Hall 4- Harbour. C. bonplandii Kunth var. angustifolia W. Boott in Bot. Cal. 2:233 (1880), mostly, not F. Boott. Sect. 11. Deweyanae Tuekerm. Densely cespitose. Culms triangular. Sheaths not red- dotted or cross-rugulose. vSpikes 3 to 8, gjiiaecandrous, pistillate or rarely staminate, simple. Lower one or two bracts often conspicuous. Perigynia plano-conve.x, light or yellowish-green, appressed, the body ovate or linear-oblong, strongly spongy at base, only upper half sharp-edged, round-tapering at base, nerved on the outer face, nerved or nerveless on the inner face, the beak bidentulate to deeply bidentate. Achenes lenticular. Stigmas 2. 29. C. leptopoda Mackenzie. Culms erect, 2 to 8 dm. high, roughened beneath head ; leaf-blades 2.5 to 5 mm. wide ; spikes ovoid-oblong or linear-oblong, with 6 to IS perigynia ; scales not reddish-brown tinged, mostly cuspidate, shorter than the bodies of the ovate-lanceolate perigynia. Damp woods : Sierra Nevada from Tulare Co. to Shasta Co., 4000 to 8000 ft. ; Coa.st Ranges from Santa Cruz Co. to Trinit.v Co., 50 to 3000 ft. North to British Columbia, east to Idaho. Locs. — ^Sierra Nevada: Mineral King, Hall 4' Babcock 5373; Pine Ridge, Fresno Co., Hall 4" Cluindler 238 (in part); Yosemite, Bolander 6201; San Antonio Creek, Calaveras Co., Dudley; McCloud, Goldsmith 8. Coast Ranges: Redwood Park, Santa Cruz Co., Dudley; Oak- land Hills, Bolander; Sherwood Valley, Dudley; Eureka, Tracy 921; Coffee Creek, Trinity Co., Gold.^mi.th 18. Refs. — Carex leptopoda Mackenzie, Rydb. FL Rocky Mts. 124 (1917), type loc. Elk Rock, near Oswego, Claekamns Co., Ore., Heller 10052. C. deiveyana W. Boott in Bot. Cal. 2:236 (1880) in part, not Schw. 30. C. bolanderi Olney. (Fig. 31g-i.) Culms 1.5 to 9 dm. high, little roughened beneath head; leaf-blades 2.5 to 5 mm. wid<'; spikes linear-oblong or linear, with 8 to 30 perigynia ; scales iLsually reddish-brown tinged, mostly acute or mucronate, concealing the bodies of the lanceolate perigynia. 218 CYPERACEAE Widely distributed in the mountain ranges, mostly at lower altitudes, 100 to 2000 (or 6000) ft.: San Bernardino Mts. ; Coast Ranges; Sierra Nevada. North to British Columbia, east to New Mexico and Montana. Locs. — Waterman Canou. Sau Bernardino Mts., Parish 2480. Coast Ranges: Lucia, Hall 9992; Santa Cruz, Bolander; Mt. Tamalpais, Heller 5715; Napa Valley, Bigeloiv; Comptche, McMurphy 430; Eureka, Ah rams 0219; Mt. Shasta, Jepson .54a. Sierra Nevada: Deer Creek, Tulare Co., Dudley 029; Eight Mile (Yosemite to Wawona), Jepson 4298; Calaveras Big Trees, Hillebrand 2315; Strawberry Creek, Eldorado Co., Brnincrd 179. Befs. — Carex bolanderi Olnev, Proc. Am. Acad. 7:393 (1868), type loc. Yosemite Valley, Bolancter 0209; Mackenzie, Erythea 8:37, fig. 15 (1922). C. deweya'na W. Boott in Bot. Cal. 2:236 (1880) in part, not Schw.; var. bolanderi W. Boott, I.e. C. iromoides W. Boott, I.e. 230, not Schk. Sect. 12. Ovales Kunth. Densely cespitose or (rarely) with short-prolonged rootstocks. Culms triangular. Opaque part of leaf -sheaths not red-dotted or cross-rugulose, but some- times green-striate. Spikes 2 or 3 up to 20, with several to many perigynia, the terminal gynaeeandrous, the lateral pistillate or gynaeeandrous, simple, the inflorescence capitate to moniliform. Perigynia scale-like or flat (except where distended by achene) to thick and plano-convex, the body subulate to reniform, narrowly to broadly wing-margined, appressed or ascending or spreading, little eorky-thickened at base, prominently beaked, the beak bideut length of bodv or more. Montane. Sierra Nevada from Tulare Co. to Siskiyou Co., 4000 to 8000 ft. North to Oregon. Locs. — Olanclia Mt., Hall erta Bailey, Bot. Gaz. 13:88 (1888), same type. 57. C. paucifructus ^Mackenzie. Culms 1 to 2.5 dm. high; leaf-blades 1.5 to 3 mm. wide, 3 to 7 cm. long ; head 1 to 2 cm. long, the spikes 4 to 8, aggregated, 6 to 9 mm. long, the perigynia appressed or appressed-ascending; scales ovate, 224 CYI^ERACEAE chestnut; perigynia i mm. long, ovate, tliiek, strongly plano-convex, nei-veless ventrally, tapering into a beak 1 3 length of body. Sierra Nevada in Sierra and Eldorado cos., 6000 to 7000 ft. Lots. — Webber Lake, Kcnntdy 4' D"1t'i "0; T.Tllac, Dudlci/. Ref. — Gare.x p.iUCiFKUCTUS Mackenzie, Bull. Turr. Club 43:615 (1917), type loc. Devils Basin, Eldorado Co., Brainerd 200. Sect. 13. Canescentes Fries. Cespitose, some species with slender stolons. Culms triangular. Sheaths not cross-rugulose. Spikes 1 to 10, Avith few to many perigynia, simple, the term- inal gyuaeeandrous, the lateral pistillate or g^'naecandrous, or rarely all androgynous. Bracts inconspicuous. Perigynia piano- or bi-couvex, white-puncticulate, lanceolate, ovoid, oval or obovoid, appressed to spreading, beakless to prominently beaked, more or less nerved on both sides, not winged or margined, but acute-angled above, nearly or entirely filled by the lenticular a.chene. Stigmas 2. 58. C. disperma Dewey. Culms very weak, 1.5 to 6 dm. high ; leaf-blades 0.75 to 2 mm. wide, flaccid: spikes distant or upper aggregated, with 1 to 5 ascending perigynia and 1 or 2 staminate flowers ; scales shorter than perigynia, ovate-triangular, .sharp-pointed ; perigynia ovoid-elliptic, 2 mm. long, finelj- nerved, abruptly beaked, the beak smooth, 0.25 mm. long. Boggy spots, Sierra Nevada from Tulare Co. to Mono Co., chiefly on the east side. North to Alaska, east to Newfoundland. Also northern Eurasia. Locs. — Nw. of Whitney Mdws., C'oviUe 4' Fimstoii 1697; Bishop Creek, Inyo Co., Davidson 2545; Walker Lake, Mono Co., Congdim. Befs. — Carex DISPERM.A. Dewey, Am. .Tour. Sci. 8:266 (1824), type from Mass., Dewey. C. tenella Schk. Eiedgi-. 1:23, pi. Pp. f. 104 (1801), Schkuhr guessed the tvpe came from Saxony; Kiik. in Engler, Pflzr. 4=°:223, fig. 36a-c (1909), not C. teneUa Thuill.', 1799. 59. C. canescens L. Culms 1 to 8 dm. high; leaf-blades glaucous, flat. 2 to 4 mm. wide: spikes 4 to 9, 3 to 12 nun. long; scales shorter than perigynia, ovate, sharp-pointed; perigATiia appressed-ascending, 1.8 to 3 mui. long, faintly few-nerved, minutely beaked, the beak with margins minutely serrulate. Swamps and bogs, higher Sierra Nevada from Tulare Co. to Placer Co., 5000 to 9000 ft. North to Alaska, east to Virginia. Locs. — Mineral King, Coville 4' Funston 1506; Walker Lake, Mono Co., Congdon; Glen Alpine Sprs., Eldorado Co., L. M. Lathrop : Squaw Valley, Placer Co., L. S. Smith 558a, 560. Eefs. — Carex canescens L. Sp. PI. 2:974 (1733), type European; Kiik. in Engler, Pflzr. 4^:216, fig. 35C-E (1909) ; Mackenzie, Er^hea 8:49, fig. 22 (1922). C. lagopina W. Boott in Bot. Cal. 2:233 (1880), not Walih 60. C. arcta Boott. Culms 1.5 to 8 dm. high, very rough above ; leaf-blades 2 to 4 mm. wide ; spikes 5 to 15, 5 to 10 mm. long, aggregated ; scales shorter than perigynia, ovate, obtusish to short-cuspidate: perigynia ascending or some- what spreading, ovate, 2 to 3 mm. long, lightly nerved at base ventrally. rounded at base, the beak shallowl.v bidentate. Swamps and wet woods, Humboldt Co. (Eureka. Tracy 1195, 3806). North to British Columbia, east to New Briuiswick. Eefs.— C.iKEX .\RCTA Boott, 111. Car. 4:155, pi. 497 (1867) ; Kiik. iu Engler, Pflzr. 4=°:228, fig. 37A-B (1909). C. canescens L. var. pohjstachya Boott iu Richards. Ai'ct. Exped. 2:344 (1852), type from British America. Sect. 14. Polytrichoideae Tuckerm. Densely tufted. Culms slender. Leaf-blades narrow. Spike solitary, linear, androgynous, bractless. Rachis straight, not dilated. Perigynia appressed, membranaceous, tlie upper part empty, oblong-elliptic, many-nerved, not 2-ribbed, compressed-triangidar, beakless. Aclienes triangular, the sides concave. Stigmas 3, short. 61. C. leptalea Wahl. Culms 1.5 to 6 dm. high; leaf-bla(?es 0.5 to 1.25 mm. wide; spike 4 to 15 nmi. long; pistillate scales ovate, obtuse to short-pointed, 3/2 length of perigynia; perig,ynia 1 to 10, 2.5 to 4.5 mm. long, more or less strongly overlapping, round or somewhat flattened in cross-section. Bogs and wet meadows, Humboldt Co. (Patricks Point, Tracy 4365). North to Alaska, east to the Atlantic. Refs.— Carex leptalea Wahl. Vet. Acad. Hand!. Stockholm 139 (1803); Kiik. in Engler, Pflzr. 4=°:89, fig. 21c-g (1909). C. pohjirichoides Mulil. in Willd. Sp. PI. 4:213 (1805), type from Penn. SEDGE FAMILY 225 Sect. 15. Firmiculmes Kiik. Ciilms wiry, triangular, aphj-llopodic, the leaf-blades often riuliiuciitury at tlo«eriug tijne. Spike one, amlrogynous, the staminate part in age short- pediincleil, the pistillate loosely few-flowered. Bracts al)sent. Scales more or less eharta- ceous. Perigynia 1 to several, obtusely triangular, smooth, 2-keeled, but otherwise nerve- less, tapering at the base, very minutely beaked, the orifice truncate. Achenes triangular with nearly flat sides, closely enveloped by the perigynia, apiculate-tipped, constricted at base. Stigmas 3, elongated. 62. C. multicaulis Bailey. (Fig. 32g-i.) Culms 2 to 6 dm. high, deep green ; leaves with well developed blades 1 or 2 to a culm ; inflorescence consisting of a tenninal staminate part and of 2 to several perigynia in the axils of long (the lower) or short (tlie upper) awned scales, these enlarged and white hyaline at base; staminate scales veiy obtuse, broadly wliite hyaline margined; perigynia oblong-obovoid, 5 to 7 mm. long. Drj' soil, coastal Southern California, 3.500 to 6000 ft. : Sierra Nevada from Tulare Co. to Shasta Co., 4000 to 6000 ft. ; Coast Ranges from Monterey Co. to Siskiyou Co., 100 to 4000 ft. Nort.h to Oregon. Locs. — Southern California: Cuyamaca, liranclepcf ; San Antonio Mts., Johnston 1738; Mt. Lowe, McCkitchic. Sierra Nevada; Big Tree Canon, Tulare Co., CoviUe 4' Funston 1366; Eiglit Mile, Yosemite to Wawona, Jcpson 4293; Strawberry Creek, Eldorado Co., Brainerd; Sierra Valley, Lemmon; Stirling, Butte Co., Heller 10794; Quiucy, It. M. Au^stin 1004; Susan- villc, Jones. Coast Ranges: Monterey Co., Davi/ 76S7; Ukiah, Bolandcr 3906; Rush Creek, Trinity Co., Yates 533; Siskiyou Co., Butler 853. Refs. — Care.x multicaulis Bailey, Bot. Gaz. 9:118 (1884), type loc. Yosemite Valley, Torrcij 544; Mackenzie, Ers-thea 8:51, fig. 23 (1922). C. geijeri W. Boott in Bot. Cal. 2:229 (1880), not F. Boott. 63. C. geyeri Boutt. Culms 1 to 4 dm. high ; leaves with well-developed blades usually 2 to a culm, the blades thick, developing after flowering; inflor- escence of the terminal staminate part with oblong-ovate striate obtusish straw- colored scales, and 2 or 3 perigynia, the lower in the axils of short-awned scales, the upper in the axils of obtusish or acutish straw-colored scales ; perigj'uia appressed-ascending, oblong, 6 mm. long. Dry mountain sides and open woods, Siskiyou Co. (Mt. Eddy, Eggleston 11620). North to Alberta, ea.st to Colorado. Refs. — Carex geyeri Boott, Trans. Linn. Soe. 20:118 (1846), type from the n. Rockv Mts., Geyer; Kiik. in Engler, Pflzr. 4^:94, fig. 19r-H (1909). Sect. 16. Filifoliae Tuckerm. Densely cespitose. Leaf-l)lades filiform or narrow. Spike solitary, linear or linear-oblong, androgynous, densely flowered, bractless. Perigynia more or less triangular, nerveless except for the 2 lateral ribs, submembranaceous, not stipitate, not inflated, puberulent or pubescent, beaked or nearly beakless, hyaline-tipped and obliquely cut at ape.x. Achenes triangidar, apiculate. Stigmas 3. 64. C. exserta Mackenzie. Culms very slender and wiry, 5 to 25 cm. high ; spike 7 to 15 mm. long, the pistillate part with 2 to 12 ascending perigynia, the pistillate scales orbicular-ovate, obtuse, dull reddish brown with hyaline margins ; perigynia obovoid, 2.5 mm. long, essentially beakless. Dry places in the mountains, 4000 to 11,000 ft. : San Bernardino Mts. ; White Mts.; Sierra Nevada from Tulare Co. to Eldorado Co. North to southern Oregon. Forms a large part of the "short-hair meadows" in the Sierra Nevada and is said to be readily eaten by stock. Loea. — Bear Valley, San Bernardino Mts., Parish 1784. White Mts., Jepson 7365. Sierra Nevada: Mountain Lake, Tulare Co., Dudlci/ 935; Harrison Pass, Jepson 5035; Black Mt., Fresno Co., Hall 4' Chandler 616; I^ittle Yosemite, Jepson 4396; Y'osemite, Jepson 4493; Dana Fork Tuolumne River, Jepson 3258; Tallac, Dudley. Refs.— Carex exserta Mackenzie, Bull. Torr. Club 42:620 (1915); Er-vthea 8:52, fig. 24 (1922). C. filifolia Nutt. var. crostrata Kiik. in KnghT. Pflzr. 4'":86 (190"9), tvpe loc. Echo Lake, EUhirado Co., Brainerd 111. C. filifolia W. Boott in Bot. Cal. 2:229 (1880), not Nutt. 226 CYPERAOEAE Sect. 17. Scirpinae Tuikemi. Eootstoeks creeping. Culms leafy below. Leaf -blades narrow. Spikes usually 1, linear, staniinate or pistillate, many-flowered, normally with an empty scarcely sheathing squamiform bract a short distance below the spike. Perigynia triangular or flattened-triangular, membranaceous, 2-keeled, pube.-scent or puberulent, tapering at base, constricted at apex into the sliort cylLndrie entire or bidentulate beak. Aehenes triangular with flat sides, sessile, apiculate. Stigmas 3, short. 65. C. gigas Mackenzie. Eootstoeks densely matted, culms 3 to 4.5 dm. liigli ; leaves 5 to 10, tlie blades 2.5 mm. wide ; pistillate spike 1.5 to 2.5 cm. long, often with a second smaller peduneled spike ; scales oblong-ovate, brownish, cov- ering perigynia; perigynia nnmerons, black, 3 mm. long, oval, flatti.sh, rounded at apex, the beak 0.5 mm. long, bidentate. Siskiyou Co., 6800 to 8000 ft. ; not otherwise known. Loc. — Grizzly Hill, Leibcrg 5104. Eefs.— Carex gigas Mackenzie, Bull. Torr. Club 35:268 (1908), type loc. Siskiyou Co., Priiig'ie. C. sciriwidca Michx. var. gigas Holm, Am. Jour. Sci. ser. 4, 18:20, f. 8 (1904), same type. Sect. 18. Montanae Fries. Culms slender, leafy at base. Leaf -blades narrow, rough above. Terminal spiko linear, normally staniinate. Lateral spikes 1 to 5, small, pistillate or some- times androgjTiouR, subglobose to oblong, closely few to many-flowered, approximate and sessUe or short-peduncled, or in some species basal and long-peduncled. Lowest bract squamiform or leaflet-like, sheathless or sub-sheathing. Scales often reddish-brown tinged, acute to cuspidate. Perigj-nia membranaceous, ascending, the body pubescent at least at base of beak, obovoid to elliptic, triangular or round-triangidar in cross-section, 2-keeled, strongly stipitate at base, abruptly contracted into a. cylindi'ic emarginate to deeply biden- tate hyaline-tipped beak. Aehenes normally triangular, the sides convex, closely enveloped, short-apiculate. Stigmas normally 3, long. 66. C. inops Bailey. (Pig. 32j-l.) Strongly stoloniferous, the culms 2 to 3.5 dm. high, roughened above, reddened and tilarillose at base ; leaf-blades 1.5 to 2.5 mm. wide, very rough above; staminate spike 1.5 to 2.5 cm. long, sessile or short-peduucled ; pistillate spikes 1 to 3, approximate or more or less separate, sessile or short-peduncled, with 4 to 10 ascending perigynia ; scales ovate, sharp- pointed; perigynia 3.5 mm. long, nearl.y orbicular in cross-section, the beak 0.75 to 1.5 mm. long. Dry soil, Siskiyou Co. North to Washington. Loc. — PHgrim Creek, ne. of Mt. Siiast.a, Goldsmith 2. Eefs.— Carex inops Bailey, Proc. Am. Acad. 22:126 (1886), type loc Mt. Hood, Ore., Henderson; Mackenzie, Erythea 8:54, fig. 25 (1922). C. verecunda Holm, Am. Jour. Sci. ser. 4, 16:461 (1903), same tj'pe. 67. C. globosa Boott. Stoloniferous, the culms 1.5 to 3.5 dm. high, rough above; leaf-blades 1.5 to 2.5 mm. wide; staminate spike short-peduncled, 1 to 2 cm. long ; pistillate spikes 5 to 10 nun. long, with 4 to 10 ascending perigynia ; lower bract shorter than to exceeding inflorescence ; perigj-nia 5 mm. long, the beak 0.75 to 1.25 mm. long, strongly bidentate. Coastal counties from San Diego Co. to Sonoma Co. Locs. — San Diego, Bmndegee ; Santa Cruz Isl., Brandegee; Santa Barbara, Brewer 302; Little Sur Eiver, Davy 7317; Glenwood, Santa Cruz Co., Dudley; Mt. Diablo, Brewer 1150; Sonoma Co., Congdon 84. Eefs. — Carex globosa Boott, Proc. Linn. Soc. 1:259 (1845), type from Cal., Nuitall. C. umbcll-ata Schk. var. globosa Kiik. in Engler, Pflzr. 4=°:453 (1909). 68. C. brainerdii Mackenzie. (Fig. 33a-c.) Culms up to 15 cm. high ; leaf- blades 1.5 to 3 umi. wide, much roughened ; pistillate spikes 4 to 6. 1 to 4-flo\vered ; lower bract of non-liasal spikes exceeding inflorescence, chestnut-tinged, more or less strongly sheathing; perigynia 4.5 mm. long, the beak 1 mm. long. Sierra Nevada from Mariposa Co. to Siskiyou Co., 4000 to 5000 ft. Also in soutliern Oregon. Locs. — Yosemite, Bolander 6196; Lassen Peak, M. E. Jones: Bartles (20 miles n.), Siskiyou Co., Goldsmith 10; Sisson, Broum 370. Eefs. — Carex brainerdu Mackenzie, Bull. Torr. Club 40:534 (1913), tvpe loc. Slippery Ford, Eldorado Co., Brainerd 121; Erythea 8:54, fig. 26 (1922). SEDGE FAMILY 227 69. C. brevipes W. Boott. In dense clumps from stout matted rootstocks, tlie culms from very short to 18 cm. high; leaf-blades 1.5 to 2.5 mm. wide; staminate spike sliort-peduncled or sessile, 4 to 12 mm. long ; pistillate spikes 3 to 5, usually 10 to 20-fliowered, the upper 1 or 2 approximate, sessile to strongly peduneled ; scales ovate ; perigynia with bodj' little longer than wide. Montane, 4000 to 7000 ft. : Sierra Nevada from Placer Co. to Tulare Co. ; San Gabriel Mts. North to Washiugton. Locs4. — Summit, Placer Co., HeUcr 98.53; Tuolumne Mclws., Ware 2721c; Yosemite, Cong- don; Graut Park, Dudley 1905; Kaweali Peaks, Dudley 2446; Cucamonga Peak, Johnston 1496. Eefs. — C.VREX BREVIPES W. Boott in Bot. Cal. 2:246 (1880), type loc. Lake Tahoe to Bear Valley, Kellogg. C. glohosa Boott var. brevipes W. Boott, I.e. 485. C. dcflexa Hornem. var. hoottii Bailey, Mem. Torr. Club 1:43 (1889), same type. C. rossii Boott var. brevipes Kiik. ill Engler, Pflzr. 4=":452 (1909). 70. C. rossii Boott. Densely cespitose ; culms wiry, 5 to 25 cm. high ; leaf- blades 1 to 2.5 mm. wide ; staminate spike usually conspicuous. 3 to 10 mm. long ; pistillate spikes globose to short-oblong, 3 to 5 mm. long, 2 to r2-£lowered, the upper contiguous ; scales ovate, sharp-pointed ; perigynia nearly globose in cross section. Sierra Nevada from Mariposa Co. to Shasta Co., thence west to Humboldt Co. North to Alaska, east to Michigan. The most widely distributed and abundant species of the group in the western part of the United States, but sparingly collected with us. Locs. — Sierra Nevada : Ci-escent Lake, Mariposa Co., Congdun ; Tuolumne Soda Sprs., Cong- don; Stanislaus Forest, Alpine Co., Egglestor 9324; Pyramid Peak, Hall 4' Chandler 4749; Hat. Greek, Shasta Co., Egglestmi 7382. Humboldt Co.: Eureka, Tracy, 2041. Eefs. — C.\REx Rossn Boott in Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2:222 C1840), type loe. nw. coast of N. Am., Douglas; Kiik. in Engler, Pflzr. 4'"':452, fig. 74E-H (1909). C. novae-angliae Schw. var. rossii Bailey, Bot. Gaz. 10:207 (1885). 71. C. brevicaulis Mackenzie. Stoloniferous, the culms 5 to 10 em. high, veiy rough ; leaf-blades 1.5 to 3.5 mm. wide ; staminate spike short-peduncled, few-flowered, 6 to 9 mm. long; lateral spikes 2 to 4, 4 to 6 mm. long, the upper 1 or 2 sessile and approximate; scales ovate, acute to .short-cuspidate; perigynia about 4 mm. long, the body globose, 2.25 mm. wide, the beak 1 mm. long. Along the coast from I\Ionterey Co. to Del Norte Co. North to British Columbia. Locs. — Monterey, Elmer 4531; Ben Lomond Mt., Santa Cruz Co., Dudley; Seal Cove, San Mateo Co., Dudley; San Francisco, Kellogg; Crescent City, Davy 4' Blasdale. Ref. — Cahex brevicaulis Mackenzie, Bull. Torr. Club 40:547 (1913), tvpe loc. Yaquina Bay, Ore., Hou-ell 2994. Sect. 19. Digitatae Fries. Culms slender, leafy at base. Leaf-blades narrow, the sheaths usually strongly purplish. Terminal spike linear, staminate. Lateral spikes 1 to 5, approximate or separate or sometimes basal, oblong to linear, 5- to 20-flowered in few ranks, the peduncles included or cxserted. Bracts sheathing, more or less strongly purplish- tinged, subspathac^ous, the blade absent to rudimentary. Pistillate scales strongly purplish or reddish-brown tinged. Perigynia meml)rauaceous, appressed, oblongobovoid, pubescent to glabrat**, triangular, long-tapering to the stipitate base, abruptly contracted into the minute beak, the orifice entire or nearly so. Achenes triangular, closel.y enveloped. Stigmas 3, early deciduous. 72. C. concinnoides Mackenzie. Strongly stoloniferous, the culms 1.5 to 3.5 dm. high, smooth; leaf-blades light green, 2 to 4 mm. wide; staminate spike nearly sessile, 8 to 22 mm. long; pi.stillate spikes 1 or 2, approximate, rather closely 5 to 10-flowered, sessile or short-pediincled ; scales narrowl.y ovate, sharp- pointed, ciliate; perigynia 2.5 to 3 mm. long, loosely pubescent, the beak 0.5 mm. long, wider and longer than the scales. Dry soil, Mendocino Co. North to British Columbia, east to Montana. Loc. — Red Mt., nw. Mendocino Co., Bolander 6478 (in part). Refs. — Carex concinnoides Mackenzie, Bull. Torr. Club 33:440 (1906), type loc. Columbia Falls, Mont., li. S. Williams; Erythca 8:56, fig. 27 (1922). C. richardsonii W. Boott in Bot. Cal. 2:246 (1880), not R. Br. 228 CYPICRACEAE Sect. 20. Bicolores Tuckorm. StolouiftTOus. Culms central, slender, leafy toward base. Leaf-blades narrow. Basal slieaths light brown. Terminal spike linear, stamiuate or gynaecandrous. Lateral spikes 2 to 5, pistillate, rather closely few to many-flowered, in fow ranks on erect e.xserted peduncles. Bracts sheathing, not colored or dark-auricled, the blades elongated, leaf-liJie. Scales reddish- or purplish- brown tinged. Perigynia ascend- ing, broadly oval or ellipsoid, circular in cross section, nerved, glabrous, golden-yellow or wh'.te-pulvcruleut at maturity, tapering or rounded at base, essentially beakless. Achenes lenticular, aiiiculate, closely euvelojjed. Stigmas 2. 73. C. salinaeformis Mackenzie. (Fig. 33d-f.) Ctilms 5 to 15 cm. high, smooth ; leaf-blades 2 to 5 mm. wide ; staminate spike 8 to 16 mm. long ; pistillate spikes 3 or 4, the upper approximate, short-peduncled, the lower widely separate, long-peduneled, 6 to 12 mm. long, with 8 to 15 appressod-ascending perigynia; perigynia slightly constricted at apex. Mendocino coast, not otherwise known. Locs. — Mendocino City, Bolander 4702; Fort Bragg, Davy (il39. Eefs. — Cares salinaeformis Mackenzie, Bull. Torr. Club 36:477 (1909), type loc Mendo- cino City, Bohnider 4702; Erythea 8:37, fig. 28 (1922). C. saJina Wahl. var. minor W. Boott in Bot. Cal. 2:242 (1880), not Boott. C. salina Kiik. in Engler, Pflzr. 4=°:361 (1909) as to Cal. plant, not Wahl. 74. C. hassei Bailey. Culms 1.5 to 7 dm. high, usually much roughened above ; leaf-blades 2 to 4 mm. wide ; staminate spike 6 to 20 mm. long, often ])istillate at apex; pistillate spikes 3 to 5, the upper approximate and short- peduncled, the lower loiig-peduncled. linear-oblong, 8 to 20 nun. long, with 6 to 20 ascending perigynia ; perigynia obovoid, 2.5 to 3 mm. long, style becoming short-exserted and somewhat persistent. River banks and wet rocks : San Gabriel Mts. and San Bernardino Mts. ; Sierra Nevada from Tulare Co. to Siskiyou Co., 4000 to 5000 ft. ; verj^ local in the Coast Ranges. North to Alaska, east to Labrador. Locs. — Southern California: San Gabriel Eiver, Basse; San Antonio Mts., Johnston 1391; San Bernardino, Parish 1055. Sierra Nevada: Bear Creek, Tulare Co., Dudletj 2858; Yosemite, Abrams 4407; Sierra Valley, Lrmmon 487. Coast Ranges: Mt. Pinos, Kern Co., Hall; Loma Prieta, Santa Clara Co., Elmer 48fi.'j ; Sisson, Dudleii. Refs. — Care.x hassei Bailey, Bot. Gaz. 21:5 (1896), type loe. San Antonio Caiion, San Gabriel Mts., Basse. C. aurea Nutt. var. celsa Bailey, Mem. Torr. Club 1:75 (1889), type from San Bernardino Mts., Vasey. 75. C. aurea Nutt. Culms 0.3 to 5.5 cbn. high, smooth or somewhat rough- ened; leaf-l)lades 2 to 4 mm. wide; staminate spike 3 to 10 mm. long; pistillate spikes 3 to 5, the upper approximate and short-peduncled, the lower separate and often strongly peduneled, 4 to 20 nun. long, with 4 to 20 ascending perigynia; perigynia umbonate, 2 to 3 mm. long. Wet places, high montane, 5000 to 9000 ft. : Sierra Nevada from Modoc Co. to Tulare Co. ; occurring locally in the San Gabriel Mts. and San Bernardino Mts. North to Alaska, east to New England. Locs. — Sierra Nevada; Big Valley Mts., Modoc Co., Baker ^ Nutting; Little Grizzly Ranger sta., Plumas Co., EggJeston 7593; Glen Alpine, McGregor 21; Kennedy Mdw., Tuolumne Co., A. L. Grant 120, 180aVMono Lake, Brewer 1839; Mineral King, CoviU'c # Fuiiston 1429. Southern California: Mt. Pinos, Ball 6518; Mt. San Antonio, Wilder; Bear Valley, San Ber- nardino Mts., Abrams 2847. Refs. — Carex aurea Nutt. Gen. N. Am. PI. 2:205 (1818), type loc. shores of Lake Michi- gan, Nuttall. C. calif urniea Pari.sh, Bull. S. Cal. Acad. 5:36 (1906), not Bailey. Sect. 21. Paniceae Tuckerm. Stoloniferous. Culms central, .slender. Basal sheaths brownish or purplish tinged. Terminal spike staminate, linear or liue.ar-oblong. Lateral spiies 1 to 5, pistillate, loosely to rather closely several to many-flowered, in few or several ranks, on erect, e.xserted or included peduncles. Bracts sheathing, not colored or dark-auricled, the blades developed. Scales purplish- or reddish-brown tinged. Perigynia asconding or spreading, ovoid or obovoid, membranaceous, obtu-sely triangular, slightly inflated, glabrous, puncticulate, light or olive green, pointed or beakoil, the orifice entire or nearly so. Achenes triangular, apiculate. Stigmas 3. 76. C. livida "Willd. Rootstocks very slender; culms 1 to 6 dm. high, smooth, light brownish at base, pliyllopodic ; leaf-blades 0.5 to 3.5 mm. wide ; staminate i Fig. 33. a, Carex brmnerbii Maclconzie, inflorcsecnec, X2; 6, scale, X 8; c, perigyniiuii, X 8. a, C. SALiNAEFdR.Mis Markeiizie, inflorescence, X 1; e, scale, X 9; /, pengynuun, X 9. g, C. CALIFORNICA BaUcy, infloresceucc, XI; /i, scale, X 8; i, perig-ynmm, X 8. .;, C. TRiQur.TRA Boott, inflorescence, X 1; /.-, scale, X 8; !, pori.i,'ynium, X 8. SEDGE FAMILY 229 spike 1.5 to 2.5 em. long; pistillate spikes ] or 2, approximate, sessile or short- pediuicled, 1 to 2 cm. long, closely 5 to ] 5-flowered ; perigjTiia 3.5 to 4.5 nun. long, the body ellipsoid, glaucous, faintly nerved, exceeding the scales. Spliagniun bogs, Mendocino Co. (Mendocino City, Bolander 4745). North to Alaska, east to Labrador. Eefs.— C.\REX LiviBA Willil. Sp. PI. 4:285 (180.5). C. liviosa L. var. Kvida Walil. Vet. Akad. Handl. Stockholm 24:1(52 (180.3), type from ii. Eur. 77. C. californica Bailey. (Pig. 33g-i.) Rootstocks stout ; culms 2 to 7 dm. high, smooth, reddish-purple at base, strongl.y aphyllopodic ; culm-leaves 2 to 4, the blades 1.5 to 5 mm. wide, glandular-dotted beneath; staminate spike 1.5 to 3.5 cm. long; pistillate spikes 2 to 4, strongly separate, tlie upper short exsert- peduncled, the lower often nearly basal and long exsert-pedimcled, linear-oblong, 1 to 3 cm. long, with 7 to 20 appressed perigynia; scales hispidulous; perigynia 3.5 to 4 mm. long, tlie body sul)orbicular, green, several-nei-\'ed, the beak 0.75 imu. long with slightly oblique orifice. Meadows and prairies, Mendocino Co. (J. W. Congdon). North to Wash- ington. Rare and local. Refs. — C.\REX c.\LiFORNlCA Bailey, Mem. Torr. C*lub 1:9 (1889), type loe. Mendocino, Bolander 4741; Mackenzie, Erythea 8:59, (ig. 29 (1922). C. poljimorpha W. Boott in Bot. Cat 2:247 (1880), not Muhl. C. poh/morpha var. californica Kiik. in Engler, Pflzr. 4^:515 (1909). Sect. 22. I, type from San Diego, Parry. Sect. 24. Debiles Carey. Culms aphyllopodic, strongly piu-plisli tinged at base, tufted, slen- der, leafy. Leaf-bladea flat. Terminal spike normally staminate. Lateral spikes 2 to 5, elongate, narrowly linear, slender-pcduncled, tlie lower often drooping. Bracts green- sheathing, the blades leaflike. Perigvuiia appressed or ascending, lanceolate to ovoid, membranaceous, obsoletely nerved, rather closely enveloping the achene, tapering to a well- developed conic beak, oliliquely cut at orifice and strongly hyaline-tipped, at length bidentate. Acheues triangular, apiculate. Stigmas 3. I SEDGE FAMILY 231 84. C. mendocinensis Olney. Culms 3 to 8 dm. high, much exceeding leaves; haves minutely pubescent, the blades 1.75 to 4 mm. wide; stamiuate spike 2 to 3.5 cm. long ; pistillate spikes 2 or 3, slender, erect, 1.5 to 4 cm. long, closely flowered above, the 20 to 40 perigynia appressed-ascending; scales ovate, obtuse or short-cuspidate, cinnamon-brown ; perigynia 3.5 to 5 mm. long, oblong- obovoid, somewhat flattened, lightly nerved, miiuitely pidieiident, the beak 0.5 mm. long. Along .streams from Mendocino Co. to Humboldt Co. North to Oregon. Locs. — Meudocino, Bolander 4701; Three Creeks, HumboUlt Co., Traci/ 3343. Kefs. — Carex mendocinensis Oluey ex W. Boott in Bot. Cal. 2:249 (1880), type loc. Mendociuo City, Bolander 4701; Mackenzie, Erythea 8:63, fig. 33 (1922). C. eiimamomca Olney, Proc. Aia. Acad. 7:39(3 (1868), type from Meudnciuo Co., Bolandrr 6477, not C. cinna- momca Boott. Sect. 25. Frigidae Fries. Culms pliyllopodic, tufted, the leaves clustered near the base. Spikes stamiuate, pistillate, audros^'uous or gynaccandrous. Bracts green-sheathiug, the blades developed or rudimentary. Scales dark-tinged, usually with light midvein and mar- gins. Perigynia appressed or ascending, flat to flattened-triangular, not inflated, dark- tinged, beaked, the beak hyaline at orifice, more or less bidentate. Achenes triangular, short apiculate. Stigmas 3. 85. C. lemmonii "W. Boott. Culms slender, 2 to 8 dm. high, smooth, exceed- ing leaves; leaf-blades 1.5 to 4 mm. wide, erect: staminate spike 6 to 25 mm. long, sessile or short-peduncled ; pistillate spikes 2 to 4, linear-oblong, 0.5 to 2 cm. long, 5- to 30-flowered, the upper approximate, the lower separate and exsert-peduncled ; perigynia with beak 1 mm. long, .sparingly ciliate-serrulate. High montaiu', 6000 to 8500 ft. : Sierra Nevada from Tehama Co. to Tulare Co. ; San Bernardino Mts. Locs. — Lassen Forest, Tehama Co., Tiggleston 7302; Strawberry Creek, Eldorado Co., Braincrd 30; Matterhorn Canon, Yosemite Park, Jepson 4500; Mariposa Big Trees, Congdon; Boulder Creek, Fresno Co., Dudley 3298 ; Board Camp Creek, Tulare Co., Dudley. San Bernar- dino Mts.: High Creek, Mt. San Gorgonio, Geo. B. Grant 6405; Bear Valley, Ahrams 2816. Befs. — Carex lemmonii W. Boott, Bot. Gaz. 9:93 (1884), type from the Sierra Nevada, Lemmon. C. fulva Good. var. honinchuchieina W. Boott in Bot. Cal. 2:250 (1880), not F. Boott. C. ahlata Parish, Bull. S. Cal. Acad. 4:80 (1905), not Bailey. C. abramsii Mackenzie, Bull. Torr. Club 36:482 (1909), t^-pe loc San Bernardino Mts., Abrams 2816. C. serratodens Kiik. in Engler, I'flzr. 4"°:666 (1909) in part, not W. Boott. 86. C. luzulina Olney. Culms 1.5 to 9 dm. high; leaf-blades 3 to S nun. wide, stiff; spikes 4 to 8, the upper clustered, the lower widely separated, on long-exserted peduncles, the lateral pistillate, 7 to 20 mm. long, 6 to 9 mm. wide; perigynia 4 to 5 mm. long, contracted into the short or in age conspicuous, spar- ingly ciliate-serrulate dark purplish-tipped beak. Sonoma Co. to Hmnboldt Co. North to southern Oregon. Locs. — Santa Bosa Creek, Bigelow ; Fort Bragg, Congdon; Bald Mt., Humboldt Co., Tiuci/ 4531, 4543. Befs. — Carex luzulina Olney, Proc. Am. Acad, 7:395 (1868), type loc. Mendocino City, Bolander 4746. C. cJicrolceeiu^is' W. Boott in Bot. Cal. 2:248 (1880), not Schw. C. albida Bailey, Mem. Torr. Club 1:9 (1889), type from Santa Eosa Creek, Thurbcr, Bigelow. C. lu-zu- laefolia W. Boott var. ahlala Kiik. f. albida Kiik. in Engler, Pflzr. 4-":558 (1909). 87. C. ablata Bailey. Culms slender, smooth, 2.5 to 6 dm. high, much exceed- ing leaves; leaf -blades 3 to 4.5 mm. wide; spikes 3 to 7, the upper clustered and sessile or nearly so, the lower usually widely separate and on .slender exsei-ted peduncles, the terminal usually staminate, the lateral mostly pistillate, 8 to 30 mm. long; perigj'uia lanceolate, greeni.sh, 3.5 to 5 mm. long, obscurely nerved, slightly ciliate-seriidate, rounded at base, the beak scarcely 1 nun. long, dark purplish-tipped. Mountain meadows and bogs, Siskiyou Co. (Shasta Forest, Egglestoii 11668). North to British Columbia, east to Montana. Befs.— Carex ablata Bailey, Bot. Gaz. 13:82 (1888); Macoun, Cat. Canad. I 'I. 4:139 (1888), type loc. Mt. Mark, Vancouver Isl., Macoun. C. hizulacfoHa W. Boott var. ahlnla Kiik. in Engler, Pflzr. 4'»:558 (1909). 232 CYPERACEAE 88. C. luzulaefolia W. Boott. (Fig. 34a-c.) Culms 4 to 10 dm. high ; leaf- blades 5 to 15 mm. wide; terminal spike pedmieled, 1 to 2 em. long, often with 1 or 2 sessile staminate spikes at its base ; pistillate spikes 3 to 6, all or only the lower strongly exsert-peduncled, widely separate, the upper often equaling the staminate spikes, oblong-oylindric, 1.5 to 2.5 cm. long, the 20 to 50 perigynia apprcssed; perigynia 4 to 5.5 nun. long, oblong-ovate, the beak 1.5 to 2 nun. long. High montane. 7000 to 9500 ft.. Sierra Nevada from Shasta Co. to Tulare Co. Locs. — Hat Creek. Shasta Co., EggUston 7472; Mt. Tallae, Ahrams 4838; Carson Pass, Brewer 2131; Kennedy Lake, Tuolumne Co., A. L. Grant 479; Soda Canon near Big Arroyo, Jepsoii 1130. Eefs. — :Carex luzulaeix)Li,\ W. Boott in Bot. Cal. 2:250 (1880) in greater part., type loc. above Ebbetts Pass, Brewer 2019; Mackenzie, Erythea 8:65, fig. 34 (1922). C. luzut-aefoUa var. strobilantha Holm, Am. Jour. Set 20:305, f. 18 (1905), type loc. Donner Lake, Heller 7187. C. psejido-japonwa C. B. Clarke, Kew Bull. Misc. Inf. add. ser. 8:81 (1908), tvpe loc. Donner Lake, Seller 7187. 89. C. fissuricola Mackenzie. Culms 5 to 8 dm. high; leaf-blades 3 to 8 mm. wide; terminal spike sessile or shoi't-pedmicled, often slightly jiistillate; lateral spikes 4 or 5, the upper contiguous and sessile or short-peduncled, the lower separate and strongly pedimcled ; perigynia nai'rowly ovate, 4.5 to 5 mm. long, abruptly beaked, the beak 1.5 mm. long. Mountain meadows, 5500 to 10.000 ft., Sierra Nevada from Tulare Co. to Placer Co. East to Nevada. Locs.— Hockett Mdw.. Tulare Co., Dudley 1008; Mt. "Wliituey, Dudley 2481; Mariposa Big Trees, Congdoii; Echo, Eldorado Co., Brainerd; Emigrant Gap, Jones 2917. Refs. — ^C.vREx FissuKicoL.v Mackenzie, Mulil. 5:53 (1909), tvpe loc. South Fork Humboldt Biver, Elko Co., Nev., Heller 9429. C. luculaefoUa W. Boott'in Bot Cal. 2:250 (1880) in part. C. ublata Bailey var. luzuUformis Bailey, Bot. Gaz. 25:272 (1898), type from Cal., Bolandcr 6210. C. luzulaefolia W. Boott var. ablata Kiik. f. Imulaefomas Kiik. in Engler, Pflzr. 4=":558 (1909). Sect. 26. Anomalae Carej". Culms stout, leafy. Leaf-blades broad, flat, glabrous, not septate- iiodukise. Terminal spike staminate, linear. Lateral spikes pistillate, linear-cylindric, scattered,, closely many-floAvered in several rows. Bracts leaflike, sheathless. Perigynia ascending or in age spreading, obovoid, small, olive green, tapering at base, triangular, slightly inflated, thin, abruptly beaked, the beak conic, lightly bidentate. Achenes tri- angular, apiculate, more or less closely enveloped. Stigmas 3. 90. C. amplifolia Boott. Long-stoloniferous. the culms 5 to 10 dm. high ; leaf -blades 8 to l!S mm. wide, nearly smooth above; tenninal spike 4 to 9 cm. long; pistillate spikes 3 to 6, the upper approximate, the lower more or less strongly separate, short-peduncled or nearly sessile, 3.5 to 14 em. long; scales pointed ; perigynia 3 mm. long, glabrous, nerveless except for keels, long-beaked, the beak often excurved. Wet soil. Sierra Nevada from Tulare Co. to Butte Co., 4000 to 8000 ft. ; Coast Ranges from San Mateo Co. to Siskiyou Co., 1500 to 4000 ft. Northerly to British Columbia and Idalio. Locs. — Sierra Nevada: Mineral King, Diulley 1581; Dinkey Creek, Fresno Co., Hall 4' Ch-aiidler 369; Mariposa Big Trees, Bolander 5011; Sierra Valley, Lemm-on; JonesviUe, Butte Co., Hall 9782. Coast Ranges: Kings Mt., San Mateo Co., Ahrams 5563; Howell Mt., Napa Co., Tracy 1606; Bald Mt., Hiunboldt Co., Tracy 4530; Sisson, Brainerd 98. Refs.— C.\RE.\ AMPLIFOLIA Boott in Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2:228, pi. 226 (1840), type loc. Columbia River, Douglas; Mackenzie, Erythea 8:67, fig. 35 (1922). Sect. 27. Atratae Kunth. Culms aphyllopodic or phyllopodic. Terminal spike gynaecandrous or staminate, the lateral 1 to 10 pistillate or with a few staminate flowers at base, from sessile, erect and closely approximate to long-peduncled, nodding and distant. Bracts sheathless or nearly so, dark-colored at the base, tlie blades sliort. Scales usually dark- tinged. Perigynia membranaceous or more or less coriaceous, straw-c«Iored or greenish, often strongly dark-tinged, elliptic to broadly obovate, circular in cross-section to much flattened, papillose to puncticulate, glal)rous, abruptly short-beaked or beakless, the oritico entire or bidentate. Aclienes triangular, apiculate-tipped. Stigmas 3. 91. C. spectabilis Dew. Culms 2.5 to 5 dm. high, from densely matted tough root.stoeks ; leaf -blades 2 to 3.5 mm. wide ; pistillate spikes 2 to 4, oblong, 1 to 2 em. long, closelj- 15- to 30-fiowered, not aggregated, the upper short-peduncled, 35 Fig. 34. a, C.\REX luzulaepolia W. Boott, inilorescenee, XI; 6, scale, X 4; c, perigyniimi, X 4. d, C. NEBRASKENSis Dewey, inflorescence, X 1 ; e, scale, X 7; /, perigynium, X 7. SEDGE FAMILY 233 tbe lower long-peduneled ; scales purplisli-blaek with white often excurrent mid- vein; perigynia flattened, ovoid, sessile, -1 mm. long, abruptly minutely beaked, the beak bidentulate ; acliene short-stipitate. High Sierra Nevada, 6000 to 11,000 ft., from Tulare Co. to Siskiyou Co. North to Alaska, east to Montana. Locs. — Mt. Wliitnoy, Copclaiid 47; Minaret.s, Congdon; Mt. Dana, Congdon; Carson Pass, Brewer 210(5; Pyramid Peak, Brewer 2136; Lassen Peak, Bremer 2186; Caribou Peak, Siskiyou Co., Dudley. Eefs. — Carex spectabilis Dew. Am. Jour. Sei. 29:2'18, pi. X, f. 76 (1836), type from Eocky Mts. of Brit. Am. C. invisa Bailey, Proe. Am. Aead. 22:82 (1886), tvpe from Summit Camp, Nevada Co., Kellogg. C. padoearpa W. Boott in Bot. Cal. 2:245 (1880), not E. Br. C. tolmiei Boott var. invisa Kiik. in Eugler, Pflzr. 4-":412 (1909). 92. C. raynoldsii Dew. Culms 2 to 7.5 dm. high; leaf-blades 3 to 8 mm. wide; tenninal spike 1 to 2 cm. long, the lateral pistillate spikes 2 or 3, approxi- mate or lowest separate, pednncled, erect, oblong, 1 to 2 cm. long, closely 15 to 40-flowered; perigynia oblong-oval, roiuid in cross-section, 3.5 to 4.5 mm. long, prominently ribbed and slenderly nerved, rounded at base, the very short beak minutely bidentate. Movuitain meadows and bogs, SieiTa Nevada from Tulare Co. to Siskiyou Co., 7000 to 8000 ft.. North to Canada. Locs. — Tobias Mdw., Tulare Co., Dudley 616; Peregoy Mdws., Yosemite Park, Jepson 4340; Tuolumne Mdw.?., Jepson 32.59; Calaveras Big Trees, Eitlebrand 2323 (in part); Sum- mit, Placer Co., Heller 9854; Medicine Lake, Siskiyou Co., Gold'82; Mt. Sillimau, Dtidley 1504; San Jacinto Mts., Parish 1574. Refa. — Carex yosemitaxa Bailey, Mem. Torr. Club 1:8 (1889); Mackenzie, Erythca 8:83, fig. 45 (1922). C. sartweUiana Olney, Proc. Am. Acad. 7:396 (18G8), type loc. Yosemite Valley, Brewer 1636, not C. sartwellii hew. 1842. C. congdomi Bailey, Bot Gaz. 21:6 (1896), type loc. Mt. Warren Pass, Tuohunne Co., Congdon. 118. C. oregonensis Olney. Kootstocks slender, woody, creeping; culms 1 to 5 dm. high, rigid, .smooth ; leaf-blacles thick, rigid, 3 to 5 mm. wide, canalicu- late, mostly exceeding culms; terminal 2 or 8 spikes staminate, linear, 8 to 25 mm. long; pistillate spikes 3 or 4, 1.5 to 5 cm. long, the lower more or less separate, closely erect, closely flowered above or loosely below, the perigynia appressed ascending; scales ovate, acute to cuspidate, che,stnut brown tinged; perigynia ovoid, obtusely triangular, 4 to 5 nun. long. Mountain meadows, Siskiyou Co. (Medicine Lake, Goldsmith 29, 29a). North to Washington. Befs. — Carex oregonensis Obiey, Proc. Am. Acad. 8:407 (1872), type from Ore., Hall; Bailev, Proc. Am. Acad. 22:73 (1886); Kiik. in Eugler, Pfl'zr. 4=":745, fig. 127 (1909); Mackenzie, Erythea 8:84, tig. 46 (1922). C. haUiana Bailey, Bot. Gaz, 9:117 (1884), type from Ore.. Hall, not. C. liallii Olney (1871). 119. C. lanuginosa ]\lichx. (Fig. 36d-f.) Culms 3 to 10 dm. high, sharp- angled and rough above ; leaf -blades flat, 1.5 to 5 mm. wide, rough ; staminate spikes 1 to 3, up to 3 cm. long, distant; pistillate spikes 1 \o 3, oblong-cylindric, 1 to 5 em. long, sessile or .short-peduneled, closely flowered ; scales lanceolate, acuminate or aristate, reddish-brown tinged ; perigynia broadly ovoid, 2.5 to 3.5 mm. long, the neiwes obscure. Wet meadows or swamps in the valleys and mountains, 500 to 8000 ft. ; coastal Southern California ; western Jlohave Desert ; upper San Joaquin Valley ; Sierra Nevada from Tulare Co. to Siskiyou Co. Nortli to British Columbia, east to Nova Scotia. Locs. — Southern California: Santa Ana, Geis 559; El Monte, Los Angeles, Johnston,; San Bernardino VaUey, Parish 1052; Victorville, Parish 9705. Greenfield, Kern Co., Dai)i/ 1830. Sierra Xevada: Mt. Whitney, Dudley 2509; Snow Creek, Yosemite, Congdon; Kennedy Mdw., Tuolumne Co., A. L. Grant 222a; Lake Tahoe, L. .S'. Smith 640; Jess Valley to Blue Lake, Griffiths 4' Hunter 426; Sisson, Jepson 5792. Eefs. — C^UiEX LANUGINOSA Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2:175 (1803), typo loc. Lake Mistassins, Canada; Mackenzie, Erythea 8:85. fig. 47 (1922). C. aematorhynelui Olney in Bot. King 373 (1871), not Desv. C. filiformis L. var. latifoUa Boeckl. Linnaea 4! :309 "(1877), based pri- marily on C lanuginosa Miclix. C. filiformis L. var. acmutorhyncha W. Boott in Bot. Cal. 2:250 (1880). C. lasioearpa Ehrb. var. lamiginosa Kiik. in Engler, Pflzr. 4=»:748 (1909). C. watsoni Olney I.e. 370, type loc. Carson City, Nev., Watson 1246. 120. C. sheldonii Mackenzie. Culms very smooth below the spikes, 5 to 10 dm. high, not tibrillose at the base; leaf-blades 3.5 to 6 mm. wide, the sheaths dark-tinged at the mouth, the basal breaking and slightly filamentose; staminate spikes 2 or 3, distant ; pistillate spikes usually 2, 2 to 5 cm. long, rather closely flowered ; scales ovate-lanceolate, acuminate or cuspidate ; perigynia 5 to 6 mm. long. Swamps, Wanier ]\Its., northeastern California (Je.ss Valley to Blue Lake, Griffiths & Hunter 429). North to Oregon, east to Idaho. Eef. — Caeex sheldonii Mackenzie, Bull. Torr. Club 42:618 (1915), type loc. Clarks Creek. Ore., Sheldon 8854. SEDGE FAMILY 241 Sect. 32. Extensae Fries. Culms slender but strict, obtusely triangular, leafy toward base. Leaves sparingly septate-nodulose, the blades narrow. Spikes 2 to 10, the terminal usually staminate, the others pistillate, suborbicular to oblong, densely flowered, 3 cm. or less long, the upper sessile and approximate, the lower remote, peduncled, erect. Bracts leafy, more or less sheathing. Pistillate scales ovate, mostly reddish, copper or chestnut tinged. Peri- gynia ascending, spreading or deflexed, membranaceous, smooth, many-nerved, somewhat inflated, obscurely triangular, rounded at base, contracted into a bidentate beak, the tcetli very erect. Achenes triangular with flat sides. Stigmas 3. 121. C. viridula Michx. Densely cespitose, the culms 0.6 to 3 dm. high, smooth ; leaf-blades 1 to 3 mm. wide, canaliculate ; staminate spike sessile or short-peduncled ; pistillate spikes 2 to 6, 4 to 12 mtn. long ; scales ovate, much shorter than perigynia, obtuse or acutish ; perigynia 2 to 3 mm. long, the beak .scarcely I/2 length of body. Swamps on the Mendocino Coa.st (Inglenook, J. W. Congdon). North to Alaska, east to the Atlantic. Eef.— Carex viridul.v MIcIlx. F1. Bor. Am. 2:170 (1803), type from Canada. Sect. 33. Physocatpae Drejer. Culms mostly tall and stout. Leaves septate-nodulose, not hairy. Spikes 2 to 10, the upper 1 to .5 staminate, the others normally pistillate, subglobose to linear-eylindric, generally closely many-flowered, erect, short peduncled, more or less remote. Bracts leaflike, much exceeding the inflorescence, normally sheathless. Perigynia ascending, spreading or even reflexed, membranaceous, smooth, from little to much inilat^d, suborbicular in cross-section, coarsely mauy-riblied or nerveless, contracted into a beak, the beak entire to bidentate. Achenes much shorter than perigynia, triangular or lenticular. Stigmas 3 or 2. 122. C. vesicaria L. Rootstocks .short-creeping and stoloniferous ; culms 3 to 10 dm. high, aphyllopodic, purplish-tinged at base; leaf-blades 2 to 7 mm. wide, the sheaths sparingly nodulose dorsally; staminate spikes 2 to 4, linear, 2 to 4 cm. long; pistillate spikes 1 to 3, sessile or short-peduncled, oblong- cylindric, 2.5 to 7.5 cm. long, more or less strongly .separate ; scales ovate-lanceo- late, sharp-pointed ; perig^^lia ovoid, j-ellowish-green or darker tinged. Wet meadows and swamps : Coa.st Ranges from Marin Co. to Siskiyou Co., 20 to 2000 ft. ; Sierra Nevada from Tulare Co. to Siskiyou Co. North to British Columbia, east to the Atlantic. Very variable. Loc.9. — Coast Ranges: Tomales Bay, Bolandcr 2303; Sebastopol, Helhr .5798; Cahto, Men- docino Co., BoIanHcr 4()89. Sierra Nevada : Kaweah Mdws., Purpus 2097 ; Kings River Canon, Dudleii 3192; Nellie Lake, Fresno Co., A. L. Grant 1083; Lake Mary, Mono Co., Congdon; Yosemite, Jepson 5666; Hetch-Hetchy, Jcpson 4633, 3476; Squaw Valley, Placer Co., L. S. Smith 567; Prattville, Plumas Co., Heller # Kennedy 8818; Egg Lake," Modoc Co., Bal-er ; Medicine Lake, Siskiyou Co., Goldsmith 27. Refs. — Carex vesicaria L. Sp. PI. 2:979 (1753), tvpe European; Kiik. in Engler, Pflzr. 4=°: 725, fig. 124H (1909) ; Mackenzie, Erythea 8:87, fig. 48 (1922). C. mnnile Tuck. var. pacifira Bailey, Proc. Cal. Acad. ser. 2, 3:105 (1891), type loc. Yosemite, Brewer 1654. C. trichocarpa Muhl. var. imberbis W. Boott in Bot. Cal. 2:2.51 (1880), not Carey. C. mon.ile W. Boott, I.e. not Tuck. C. vesicaria L. var. paeifica Kiik. and var. colorata Kiik. in Engler, Pflzr. 4°°: 726 (1909). C. vesicaria L. var. obtusisej-uamis Bailey, Carex Cat. 4 (1884); Bot. Gaz. 9:121 (1884), typo from Y'osemite, Brewer 1781. 123. C. exsiccata Bailey. Rootstocks short-creeping; culms 3 to 10 dm. high, rough above, aphyllopodic, purplish-tinged at ba.se ; leaf -blades 3 to 7 mm. wide, the sheaths sparingly nodulose dorsally; staminate spikes 2 to 4, 2 to 4.5 cm. long, narrow; pistillate spikes 1 to 3, sessile or short-peduncled, more or less strongly separate, cylindrie, 2 to 7.5 em. long; .scales lanceolate-ovate, sharp- pointed ; perigjmia lanceolate, olive green. Wet places along the coast from Santa Cru/ Co. to Humboldt Co. North to Alaska, east to Montana. Locs. — Wrights, Santa CTara Co., Dudleii ; Woodside, San Mateo Co., Dudley; Tomales Bay, Bigelow ; Ft. Bragg, Matheu-s 21 ; Eureka, Tracy 1194. Refs. — Cakex exsiccata Bailev, Mem. Torr. Club 1:6 (1889); Mackenzie, Ervthea 8:88, fig. 49 (1922). C. vesi,-aria L. var. major Boott in Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2:221 (1840), type from Columbia River, Douglas, Scoulcr. 242 CYPERACEAE 124. C. rostrata Stokes. Cespitose, sending forth long horizontal stolons^ culms phyllopodie, 3 to 12 dm. high ; leaf -blades 2 to 12 mm. wide ; staminate spikes 2 to 4, slender, 1 to 6 em. long ; pistillate spikes 2 to 5, remote, cylindric, sessile or short-pedimcled, 1 to 15 cm. long ; scales lanceolate, sharp-pointed ; perigjaiia ovoid, 4 to 6 mm. long, greeuisli straw color or darker tinged. Swampy places ; abundant in the Sierra Nevada from Butte Co. to Tulare Co., 4000 to 6200 ft. ; San Bernardino Mts. ; San Francisco Bay region. North to Alaska, east to the Atlantic. Locs.— Sierra Nevai-la: (.liioo Mdws., Bcller 11494; Truckee, Hdler 7108; Walker Lake, Mono Co., Congdoti; Yosemite, Bolander 4968; Bishop Creek, Inyo Co., Damdson 2555; Grant Park, Dudley 1225; Little Kern Lake, Kern River Caiion, Jepson 4940. Bear Valley, San Bernardino Mts., Abram^ 2850. San Francisco, Bolander 152. Refs.— Carex kostkata Stokes in With. Arrang. Brit PI. ed. 2, 2:1059 (1787), type from- Great Britain; Mackenzie, Erythea 8:89, fig. 50 (1922). Sect. 34. Pseudo-Cypereae Tuckerm. Culms tall, generally stout, acutely angled, leafy below. Leaf-blades flat, septate-nodulose. SpUces 3 to 9, the upper 1 to 3 slender, staminate, the otliers normally pistillate, densely flowered, the upper approximate, the lower remote and strongly poduncleil, often nodding. Bracts leaflike, nuich exceeding the culms, mostly not sheathing. Pistillate scales aristate. I'erigynia spreading or reflexed, membranaceous or stiff, triangular or circular in cross-section, 3 to 8 mm. long, closely many-ribbed, greenish straw-color, smooth, stipitate, contracted into a rigid beak, the teeth slender. Achenes triangular. Stigmas 3, short. 125. C. hystricina ]\Iuhl. Cespitose and stoloniferous ; culms 1.5 to 10 dm. high, rough above ; leaf-blades 2 to 10 mm. wide ; staminate spike 1 to 5 cm. long, slender-peduncled ; pistillate spikes 1 to 4, ai:)proximate or strongly separate, densely many-flowered, oblong or oblong-cylindric, 1 to 6 cm. long, the lower slender-peduncled; scales green, S-nei-ved, rough-avTied, narrower and mostly shorter than perigynia; perigynia 5 to 7 mm. long, ascending or at length spreading. Swampy soil, Trinitj- Co. (Rush Creek, Yates 423). North to Alberta, east to the Atlantic. Ref.— Carex hysteicina Muhl. in Willd. Sp. PL 4:282 (1805), type from Peun. 126. C. comosa Boott. Cespitose and not stoloniferous; culms 5 to 15 dm. high, strongly roughened to smooth ; leaf-blades 6 to 16 mm. wide ; staminate spike 3 to 7 cm. long, slender-peduncled ; pistillate spikes 1 to 4, den.sely many- flowered, oblong-cylindric, 1 to 7.5 cm. long, the upper erect and short-peduucled, the lower slender-peduncled and at length nodding ; scales narrow, mostly shorter than perigynia, verj^ rough-awned ; perigynia lanceolate, rigid, 5 to 7 mm. long, reflexed when mature. Swamps near the coast: San Bernardino Valley; Santa Cruz Mts. to Lake Co. North to Washingt.on, east to the Atlantic. Locs. — Santa Cniz Mts., Bolander 69; San Francisco, Bolander 2301 (in pai-t) ; Guerueville, Davy; Blue Lakes, Jepson 26a, 20b. Refs.— Carex comosa Boott, Trans. Linn. Soe. 20:117 (1846), Ga. and Car., Elliott; Mac- kenzie, Erythea 8:91, fig. 51 (1922). C. furcata Ell. Sketch Bot S. Car. and G.a. 2:552 (1824), S. Car. and Ga., not C. furcata Lapeyr. (1813). C. jiseudo-oi/pet-us L. var. comosa Boott, 111. Car. 4:141 (1867). rn^' •*• ♦.■ 5/'"\. Fig. :^7(/. Wa.shixgt(ixia filikera "Wcmll. ;it tlic sprhios calli'd Tuciitv-iiiiu' I'ulms. ini the iiiiitli liiinler of the Colorado Desert 40 miles iiortli of Mecca. Tliere were Hi palms living in l!il4, tlie tallest one being 70 feet high with a trunk 2% feet in diaineter. (Jepson. photo.) l''ig. ilb. Washington' I A kilikera Wemll, in tlie canon callcil lliildiMi I'abns aliont IS miles northerly from Imlio. (Jepson, photo.) PALMACEAE 243 PALMACEAE. Palm Family. Commonly trees with fibrous roots and columnar unbranched trunks covered with leaf-scars or the bases of leaf-stalks and bearing a tuft of large leaves at summit. Leaves sharply plaited when young, eventually tearing more or less along the lines of the folds. Flowers minute, conunonly monoecious, in ours perfect, borne in a large inflorescence enclosed by a spathe. Perianth in two circles, an outer 3-lobed calyx and an inner 3-parted corolla. Stamens 6, inserted on the corolla-tube. Carpels 3, separate or united, each 1-ovuled. Fruit a berry, drupe or nut. — Genera 128 and species about 1200, almost entirely in. the tropics. 1. WASHINGTONIA Wendl. Fan Palm. Trees with fan-shaped much folded blades and long petioles armed with stout hooked spines along the margins. Pistil 1; ovary 3-celled; style and stigma 1. Fruit a berry. — Species 3, Southern and Lower California and Sonora. Bibliog.— Parish, S. B., California Palnis (Gard. & For. 3:51-52,-1890); Contribution towards a knowledge of the genus Washingtonia (Bot. Gaz. 44:408-434, figs. 1-12, — 1907); Eoezl and the type of Washingionia (Bot. Gaz. 48:462^63,-1909). 1. W. filifera Wendl. California Fan Palm. (Fig. 37.) Columnar tree 20 to 75 feet high, the trunk 1 to 3 feet in diameter at the enlarged base, covered with a scaly i-ind and sometimes clothed quite to the ground with a tliatch of dead persistent recurved leaf-bases ; leaves fan-shaped, 3 to 6 feet long, with 40 to 60 folds, torn nearly to the middle, the divisions copiously fibrous; petioles 2 to 5 feet long, very stout ; flowers borne in a branched panicle on long stems, the whole 8 to 12 feet long; berries borne on pedicels 1 to l^/o lines long, black, oval, 3 to 3i/o lines long, with thin flesh surrounding a large seed which is flattened somewhat on the ventral side ; endosperm horny. Westerly and northerly sides of the Colorado Desert, on or above the old beach line of the one-time interior sea, always in moist spots or oases, from near sea-level to 3500 ft. Loes. — West side of Colorado Desert (south to north) : Pabn Sprs., 9 mi. e. of Vallecito Sprs. (palms now destroyed, U. S. Geol. Sur. Water-Supply Paper 224:85); Mountain Pabn Sprs., a few miles southerly from the preceding sta. ; several trees in Hell-hole Canon, Mt. San Ysidro; Palm Canon of San Ysidro, the lowest group in the caiion {V^ mi. from mouth of gorge) has about 86 large trees and 45 small ones (Button & Jepson), the entire caiion said to contain a thousand; Indian Caiion, opening n. into Collins Valley, trees in all the western side-caiions where there is water and also at intervals in upper part of main caiion (Button & Jepson) ; Thousand Palms Caiion, opening into Collins Valley (the number of trees does not justify the name — Wm. Sehnoka) ; Las Coyotas, Coyote Caiion; Seventeen Palms, at southeasterly base of the Santa Eosa Mts. in the Sheep Hills; Dos Palraas, easterly from Piiion Flat, Santa Rosa Mts., 3500 ft. alt.; Palm Canon of San Jacinto, about 100 trees; Lukens Caiion, 50 or 60 trees; Murray Caiion, about 100 trees; Andreas Caiion, about 35 trees; side caiion of Snow Creek, n. slope Mt. San Jacinto, about 12 trees; 7 mi. further west, caiion with 2 trees, the trees now destroyed (Jepson, Silva Cal. 172). North side of Colorado Besert (west to east) : Whitewater Caiion; Seven Palms (easterly from Palm Sprs. sta.) ; Willis Palms (F. H. Willis ranch, 4 mi. northeasterly from Edom sta.) ; Thousand Palms, a vei-y fine assemblage in Thousand Palms Canon, 4^4 mi. northeast of Edom sta.; Hidden Palms, 2 groups in a canon 1 mi. e. of preceding locality); Pushwalla Palms in Pushwalla Canon, next east; thence eastn'ard a number of groups along the base of the mountains north of Indio, including the Twelve Apostles group; northerly from Mecca and about 6 mi. southerly from Shaver Well are two small palm groups in caiions; cluster on the alkaline flats near Mecca (Carnegie Publ. 193: 106); Bos Palmas (two palms at a spring 6 mi. e. of Salt on sta.) ; said to occur also in Ked Canon, Chuckawalla Mts. (Parish, PI. World 17:123), which would bo the most easterly locality; Twcuty-niuo Palms, 40 mi. n. of Mecca, the most northerly locality; 4 mi. e. of Cottonwood Sprs., Cottonwood Mts., about 100 trees in a eanon ace. E. C. Jaeger. Refs.— Washingtonia filifera Wendl. Bot. Zeit. 37:68 (1879); Jepson, Silva Cal. 172, pis. 6, 55 (1910). Var. robxuta Parish, Bot. Gaz. 44:420 (1907). W. rohusta Wendl. Gart. Zeit. 2:198 (1883). Var. viicrosperma Bccc. in Parish, I.e. W. filamentosa Ktze. Rev. Gen. PL 2:737 (1891); Sargent, Silva N. Am. 10:47, pl. 509 (1891). N eowasUngtonia filamentosa Sudw. U. S. D. A. Div. For. Bull. 14:105 (1891). 244 ARACEAE LEMNACEAE ARACEAE. Arum Pamh.y. Pereimial glabrous herbs with large leaves, perfect or usnall.v unisexual flowers crowded on a spadix surrounded by a usually colored spathe. Ovary 1 to several-celled, ovules 1 to several in each cell. — Genera 105 and species 900, mostly tropical, a few in the temperate zones. Bibliog. — Engler, A., Araceae (DC. Monog. Phan. 2:l-fi81, — 1879). 1. LYSICHITON Schott. Peduncle and basal leaves from a stout rootstoek. Flowers perfect, the calyx 4-lobcd with 4 stamens opposite the segments. Ovary 2-celled, 1 ovule in each cell; stigma depressed. Fruit a 2-seeded berry sunk in the spadix. — Species 1. (Greek lusis, loose, and chiton, a tunic or covering, referring to the spathe.) 1. L. kamtschatcensis Schott. Skunk Cabbage. Coarse herb; leaves yel- low, oblong to elliptic, 1 to IVo feet long and i/o to % feet wide ; peduncle stout, shorter than the leaves ; flowering spadix about 1 inch long. Swamps along the coast : Santa Cruz Mts. to Humboldt Co. ; north to Alaska and Siberia. Logs. — Felton, If. L. Sutcliinson ; Ben Lomonil, Geo. J. Strrator; Russian River (Fl. W. Mid. Cal. ed. 2, 87); Ft. Bragg (Bot. Cal. 2:187); Eureka, Jepson; Little Van Duzen bridge, ace. Tracy. Juneau, Alas., Jepson 479. Refs. — Lysichiton kamtschatcensis Schott, Prod. Aroid. 421 (18(50). Draeontium l-amtschatccnse L. Sp. PI. 2:968 (1753), t.ype loc. Siberia. LEMNACEAE. Duckweed Family. Minute floating or submerged aquatic perennials, without leaves. Plant body consisting of a leaf-like stem or "frond" which is densely green, disk-shaped, elongated or irregular. Basal margin of the frond with 1 or 2 clefts or repro- ductive pouches. Vegetative reproduction active, the daughter fronds arising from the reproductive pouches and attached to the parent frond by slender stalks (or stipes). Inflorescence, when present, consisting of a simple cluster of 2 staminate flowers and 1 pistillate flower, contained in the reproductive pouch, subtended by a sac-like spathe, and imitating a single flower. Staminate flower consisting of a single stamen and the pistillate flower of a single ovary with 1 to 7 ovules. Perianth none. Flowere and fruit scarce, in one genus unknown. The daughter fronds soon separate or remain connected for some time ; they may at certain seasons sink to the bottom of the pond or ditch and undergo a resting period. — Genera 4, species about 25, temperate and tropical zones. Bibliog. — Hegelmaier, Friedr., Systeniatisehe Uebersiclit der Lemnaeeen (Engl. Bot. Jahrb. 21:268-30.5, — 1895). Thompson, 0. H., Revision of Am. Lemnaceae (Rep. Mo. Bot. Gard. 9:21-42, pis. 1^,-1897). McAtee, W. L., Duckweeds [as wild duck foods] (U. S. D. A. Bull. 205:3-5,-1915). Fronds with roots; vegetative pouches 2, posteriorly placed. Frond 5 to 15-nerved, with several roots _ 1. Spibodela. Frond 1 to 5-nerved, with a single root 2. Lemna. Fronds without roots, thin, strap-shaped; vegetative pouches 1 3. Wolffiella. 1. SPIRODELA Schleiden. Fronds with many fascicled roots. Roots with one vascular bundle. Repro- ductive pouches 2, with cleft-like openings in either margin of the basal portion of the frond. Inflorescence consisting of a cluster of 1 pistillate and 2 staminate flowers borne in the reproductive pouches and subtended by a sac-like spathe. Fruit round-lenticular, with winged margins. — Species about 6, all continents. (Greek speira, a cord, and delos, evident.) 1. S. polyrhiza Schleiden. Fronds solitary or in colonies of 2 to 5, roundisli obovate, 5 to 15-nerved, li/o to 4 lines long, usually sterile. Southern California. Cosmopolitan. Locs.— San Bernardino (Engl., Bot. Jahrb. 21:284) ; Pitt River (e. of Hat Creek), Brewer 2190. DUCKWEED FAMILY 245 Refs.^SpiRODELA POLYRHIZA Sclileiden, Liniiaea 13:392 (1839). Lemna 2"^hl >'^i >-" L. Sp. PI. 970 (1753), type Eiiropeai). 2. LEMNA L. Duckweed. Fronds 'disk-shaped, usually with a central nerve and with or without several lateral nerves, each with a single root which is commonly provided with a root cap. Reproductive pouches 2, appearing as clefts in either margin of the basal portion of the frond, each containing a cluster of 3 flowers surrounded by a spathe. Ovaiy with 1 to 7 oatiIcs. Fruit ribbed. — Species about 8, all continents. (Ancient Greek name.) I'roiul with a long stipe, mostly submerged and foraiing largo masses; papillae none 3. L. tris^ilca. Frond with a short stipe, floating on the surface. Symmetrical or nearly so, papillate along the median line. Oblong-ovate; fruit more or less lenticular. Upper surface uniformly green; margin of the fruit without appendages; seed always 1 2. L. minor. Upper surface mottled with irregular brown streaks; margin of the fruit with rounded wing lobes; seeds 1 to several 1. L. gibba. Oblong to elliptical, small, green on both surfaces, with a row of papillae along the mid nerve; fruit elongated 5. L. minium. Unsymmetrieal. Obliquely obovate, obscurely 3 to 7-nerved, papillate along the median line—.l. L. gihba. Long oblong, thin, obscurely 1-nerved; papillae none 4. L. cijcJostasa. 1. L. gibba L. Gibbous Duckweed. Fronds 1 to 4 in a group, commonly 2, orbicular to obovate, slightly to very unsymmetrieal, usually 3 to 5-nerved, 1 to 2 lines wide, 1 to 21/0 lines long, thick, convex and slightly keeled above, flat to strongly gibbous beneath ; base usually acute and commonly with narrow wing margins; pistil elavate ; ovules 1 to 7 ; fruit symmetrical, purple-tinted, winged with rounded lobes at the upper margin on either side of the stigma. Stagnant ponds. All continents except South America. Locs. — Pasadena, Compton, Santa Monica Caiion, San Pedro, San Juan Capistrano (Erythea 4:195); Mound City, San Bernardino Valley (Ervthea, 7:90); San Francisco (Bot. Cal. 2:190). Ref. — Lemna gibba L. Sp. PI. 970 (1753), type European. 2. L. minor L. Sm.\ller Duckweed. Fronds solitary or few in a cluster, round to elliptic-obovate, green or purplish beneath, uniformly bright-green above, convex on both sides, upper surface sometimes slightly keeled and with a row of papillae along the mid-nerve, the apical one usually quite prominent ; pistil elavate ; ovule 1 ; fruit not winged, projecting about % beyond the margin of the frond. Stagnant pools, abundant. All continents except South America. Loc. — Lobos Creek, San Francisco (Bot. Cal. 2:190). Eef. — Lemna minor L. Sp. PI. 970 (1753), type European. 3. L. trisulca L. Tvy-leap Duckweed. Fronds forming dense masses, ob- long to oblong-lanceolate, slightly unsymmetrieal and fre(|ueiitly a little falcate. 21/^ to 5 lines long and 1 ' ^ lines wide, the long stipe attached to the basal margin ; floating fronds with sliortcr stipes and cavernous throughout the central portion : submerged fronds with long twisted stipes; seed in-omiiieiitly 12 to l.'5-ribbed. Cold springs and niiining water, Sierra Nevada. All continents except South America. Locs.— Plumas Co. (Bot. Cal. 2:189); Bouldin Isl. (Zoe, 4:217); San Franci.seo (Bot. Cal. 2:189); San Gabriel Creek, San Gabriel Mts. (Bot. Cal. 2:189). Ref. — Lemna tmsdlca L. Sp. PI. 970 (1753), type European. 4. L. cyclostasa f'hev. Fronds solitary or more commonly 2 to S cohering in a more or less curved chain, thin, oblong to obovati'-ol)long, usually somewhat falcate, % to % lines wide by 1 to I14 lines loi'S- without papillae ; base of the 246 PONTEDERIACEAE frond usually unsymmetrieal, tapering into a short stipe or frequently sessile ; fruit long-ovate, jiointed hy the long, straight or rarely curved style ; seed 12 to 29-ribbed. Springs and pools. North and South America. Loes. — Springs at foot of Uncle Sam Mt. (Mt. Konokti), Lake Co., Butaiidcr 2662; Santa Cruz (Engler, Jahrb. 21:298). Refs. — Lemna cyclostasa Chev. Fl. Par. 2:256 (1827). L. minor var. cycloslasa Ell. Bot. S. Car. and Ga. 2:518 (1824). L. valdiviana Phil. Linnaea 33:239 (1864). 5. L. minima Phil. Fronds cohering in 2s, sometimes in 4s, or solitary, oblong to elliptical, symmetrical, i L' to VA lines wide, % to 2 lines long, rather thick, with a row of papillae along the mid-nerve ; lower surface flat or slightly convex, upper surface slightly to prominently convex with thin margin entirely around the frond ; frond cavernous in the middle portion only, commonly nerve- less; seed oblong, pointed, about 16-ribbed. — Two growth stages: smaller fronds straw-yellow or pale green and strikingly convex on the upper surface ; larger fronds thinner and green-colored. Pools, California, ea.st to Wyoming and Florida. Loes. — San Bernardino (Erytliea, 7:90); San Francisco (Engl., Jahrb. 21:299). Ref.— Lemna minima Phil. Linnaea, 33:239 (1864), type from Chile. 3. WOLFFIELLA Hglm. Fronds minute, thin, band-like or ligulate, somewhat curved, rootless. Re- productive pouch one, triangular, opening as a cleft in the basal margin of the frond. Flowers and fruit unknown. Stipe of the daughter frond attached on the margin of the reproductive pouch. — Species about 7, mostly in the tropics. (Diminutive of Wolffia.) Fronds saber-shaped 1. W. oblonga. Fronds ligulate 2. W. lingulata. 1. W. oblonga Hglm. Fronds solitary or in pairs, rarely 3s, slightly fal- cate, tapering from the rounded base to the somewhat narrower rounded apex, sometimes oblong, rarely straight, li/o to 21,4 Hues long. Southern California. Mexico, South America. Loc. — San Bernardino Valley (ace. Thompson, Rep. Mo. Bot. Gard. 9:39). Refs. — WOLFFIELLA OBLONGA Hglm. Engler, Bot. Jahrb. 21:303 (1895). Lemna oblonga Phillipi, Linnaea, 29:45 (1857), type loc. Santiago, Chile, PJiilippi. 2. W. lingulata Hglm. Fronds solitary or in pairs, ovate to oblong-ligulate, 11/4 to 3t4 lines long. Kern Co. ; San Bernardino Vallej'. Mexico. Loes. — Kern Co. (ace. Thompson, Rep. Mo. Bot. Card. — 1897) ; San Bernardino Valley (Erythea 7:90). Refs. — WOLFFIELLA LINGULATA Hglm. Engler, Bot, Jahrb. 21:303 (1895). Wolffla lingulata Hglm. Monog. Lemnae, 132 ,(1868). PONTEDERIACEAE. Pickerel Weed Family Aquatic herbs. Perianth with a tube, 6-lobed or 6-parted. Stamens 3 or 6, inserted on the throat of the perianth. Ovary superior, 1 or 3-celled. — Genera 5 and species about 24, all continents except Europe, mostly in the tropics and warm temperate regions. Bibliog.— Solms-Laubaeh, Poutederiaceae (DC. Monog. Phan. 4:501-535,-1883). 1. HETERANTHERA R. & P. Ours submerged grass-like lierbs, only tlie flowers reaching the surface. Spathe 1-flowered. Periantli with elongated filiform tube and rotate 6-parted limb; segments linear-lanc(>olate. Stamens 3. Ovary 1 -celled with 3 parietal placentae. — Species 9, North and South America, Africa. (Greek heteros, dif- ferent, and anthera, anther, the stamens unequal in some species.) 1. H. dubia MacM. Leaves linear or ribbon-like, translucent; perianth small, pale yellow, its tube al)out 4 inches long. JUNCACEAE 247 Still water: Mendocino Co. aec. Bot. Cal. 2:187 (1880). Oregon and east to the Atlantic. Refs. — Heteranthera dubia MacM. Met. Minn. 138 (1892). Commelina dubi-a Jacq. Obs. Bot. 3:9, pi. 59 (1768), type coll. by Cla-uton, undoubtedly in Virginia. Schollera grammca Gray, Man. 511 (1848). Eichornia Kiinth. Herbs with rootstock floating or rooting in mud. Petioles wholly or partly inflated, the blades roundish to ovate. Perianth bluish purple. Stamens 6. Ovary 3-celled. E. crassipes Solms. Water Hyacinth. Scapes 4 to 16 in. high ; blades 21/0 to 3 in. broad. — Introduced from tropical America and locally established as a weed at a few stations. Locs. — Warm Creek reservoir, San Bernardino, beginning to extend down stream, Parish 11648; sloughs and ponds east of Fresno in the foothills ace. Eugene Heath; Clarksburg, Yolo Co., Eleanor TV. Smith. In tropical waters and in Florida the plants multiply vegetatively with rapidity and become a menace, since often obstructing navigation in rivers and rendering lakes and streams unsightly. Refs. — Eichornia crassipes Solms in DC. Monog. Phan. 4:527 (1883). Tontederia crassipes Mart. Nov. Gen. 1:9, t. 4 (1824), tvpe loc. Brazil. Piaropits crassipes Britt. Ann. N. Y. Acad. 7:241 (1893). JUNCACEAE. Rush Family Ainiual or perennial herbs. Stems simple, terete or ancipital. Leaves alter- nate, sheathing, narrow, flat or terete. Flowers lily-like in structure, sedge-like in aspect, small, dry, perfect, disposed in terminal or sometimes apparently lateral heads, spikes, corymbs or panicles. Perianth with 6 distinct similar glume-like segments. Stamens 6 or sometimes 3. Ovary superior, 3 or sometimes 1-celIed; stigmas 3, filiform; ovules 3 to many. Fruit a loculicidally 3-valved capsule. Embryo minute, enclosed in fleshy endosperm. — In both the genera Luzula and Juucus, individuals of the same species vary greatly in aspect owing to the tendency of the inflorescence to become either capitately-congested on the one hand or loosely paniculate on the other. The hue of the inflorescence is, however, very constant. The lowest bract of the inflorescence is here termed the involucral bract. — Genera 8, the species about 300, widely dispersed. Bibliog. — Engelnian, Geo., Revision of N. Am. Species of the genus Juncus (Trans. St. Louis Acad. 2:424-498, — 1866-1868). Buchenau, F., Mnnog. Juncac.earum (Engler, .Jalirb. 1:104-141,— 1880) ; Die Verbreitung der Juucaceen uber die Erde (I.e. 12:1-145, — 1890); Juncaceae (Engler, Pflzr. 436:1-284, figs. 1-121.— 190ii). Wiegand, K. M., Juncus tenuis and some of its N. Am. allies (Bull. Torr. Club, 27:511-527.-1900). Parish, S. B., Southern Cal. Juncaceae (Muhl. 6:113-120, 121-128.-1910). Fernald & Wiegand, N. Am. Variations of Juncus effusus (Rhod. 12:81-93,-1910). Leaves stiff, terete or tlat; stems usually with spongy pith; capsule 3 or 1-celled; seeds several to many 1- Juncus. X/eaves soft, flat; stems hollow; capsule 1-celled; seeds 1 to 3 2. Luzui.A. 1. JUNCUS L. Rush Plants of swamps or wet places; herbage glabrous. Stems simple (rarely branching), with spongy pith or .sometimes hollow, leafy, or naked and scape- like. Leaves stiff, terete", channeled or flat, the blades arising from sheaths or the sheaths sometimes bladeless. Flowers greenish or brownish. Stamens 6, or when 3 opposite the outer perianth segments. Capsule 3-celled with central placentae or 1-celled with 3 parietal placentae, many-seeded.— Species 207, all continents. (Classical name for the Rush, perhaps from Latin jungo, to join, the stems used for binding.) Sheaths sometimes bearing a ligule at summit. A. Inflorescence apparently lateral; involucral bract erect, appearing Uke a continuous prolongation of the stem; leaves aU basal, reduced to sheaths or the inner sheaths sometimes blade-bearing and terete; ligules none; stems scape-Uke; perennials. Flowers 3 to 9 in head-like clusters, the clusters disposed in a panicle; inner sheaths blade- bearing; stems and blades stout and pungeut. Perianth segments brownish, scariously margined or winged, the inner obovate, emarginate, a line long; capsule subglobose, obtuse 1. J- acutxis. Perianth segments greenish, not winged, the inner lanceolate, rarely ovate, acute, 3 lines long; capsule ovate, acute , 2. J. cooperi. 248 JVNCACEAE FloTvers inserted singly on the racemose branches of the panicle, distinctly separated to some- what crowded but never truly capitate; stems usually slender and rigid; sheaths bladeless except nos. 6 and 10. Flowers many to numerous, in panicles or compound panicles. Flowers large (2 lines long or more); perianth segments searious-margined ; capsule oblong-ovate. Flowers dark brown ; perianth segments with deep purple margins 3. J. leseurii. Flowers mostlj' greenish; perianth segments with whitish margins or only faintly purplish. Sheaths quite bladeless. Perianth gi-eenisli or dark, the bractlets scarious; common, widely distributed. 4. J. Valticus. Perianth and bractlets concolorous; S. Cal 5. J. textilis. Sheaths bearing scape-like blades 6. J. mexicaniis. Flowers small (less than 1 line long) ; perianth segments not searious-margined; capsule obovate or subglobose. Stamens 6; capsule liroadly subglobose, obtuse, apiculate 7. J. patens. Stamens 3; capsule narrow, clavat^, obovate, obtuse or retuse 8. .7. eff^isus. Flowers few (1 to 3); low alpine plants. Inner sheaths bristle-tipped; capsule refuse* plants % to I'l. feet high.. 9. J. drummaiidii. Inner shcatlis blade bearing; capsule acute; plants l-j foot high or less 10. J. parnji. B. Inflorescence terminal; involucral bract not a continuation of the stem (or if so conspicuously channeled along the upper side). 1. Low DWAKF .\NNU.\I.S WITH FIBROUS ROOTS. Stamens 6; iiowcrs seeund, remote; stems branching from the base; leaves cauline. Plants 4 to 10 inches high; capsule oblong 11. J. hufonius. Plants 1% to 2 inches high; capsule elliptic 12. J. spluierocarpus. Stamens 3 ; flowers in small heads ; stems short with several scape-like peduncles ; leaves mostly basal; plants 1 to 3 inches high; capsule ovate, apiculate 13. J. Irifonnis. 2. T.\LLER PERENXIALS; ROOTSTOCKS MOSTLY STOUT AND CREEPING. a. Leaves not transversely rihbed, u-s-ually fat. Stems naked; flowers solitary in a diffuse (rarely compact) panicle; leaves very fine, with ligules 14. J. tenuis. Stems more or less leafy ; flowers capitate or clustered ; leaves fiat or grass-like. Stems low, mostly equaling the leaves; ligules none; styles usually short. Involucral bract short; heads usually solitary; perianth ecjualing the capsule; segments brown-margined 15. J. falcatxts. Involucral bract elongated ; heads 3 to (i ; perianth shorter than the capsule ; segments broadly white margined 16. J. ohiusatus. Stems taller, exceeding the leaves; heads 2 to 6 or many; styles long exserted. Ligules present; leaves narrow. Anthers red-bro\vn; lea%"es channeled 17. J. caiiaJiculatiis. Anthers white; leaves flat 18. J. longistylis. Ligules absent; leaves broad 19. J. latifolius. h. Leaves transversely ribbed by inter7xal sep/o. Leaves narrow, terete or sub-terete, not equitant; ligules and septations conspicuous; stems usually slender. Early leaves capillary and floating 20. J. s^upiniformis. Leaves all erect, not capillary or floating. Heads large (except, no. 22). Perianth dark colored. Heads usually few or solitary; perianth segments moderately pliable. Very slender mostly low grass-like plants; heads very dark. Heads solitary, wliolly very dark brown; capsule obovate, obtuse; styles included; high montane 21. J. mertcn-siamts. Heads usually two or more, dark brown with whitish or scarious bractlets at base; capsule oblong, acutish; styles exserted 22. J. iievadeiisis. Tall plants with less slender stems; heads densely many -flowered ; perianth dark brown ; capsule very dark ; coast valleys 23. J. bolanderi. Heads numerous in a dense or capitate cluster; perianth segments lanceolate, light brown, subspinescent or very rigid 24. J. torreyi. Perianth segments pale and scarious, often obtuse 2.5. J. chlorocephal-us. Heads small, numerous, in large compound panicles; plants very tall and slender. Stems slender, smooth 26. J. duhius. Stems stouter, markedly rugulose 27. J. rugidosus. Leaves equitant. usually flattened; septations inconspicuous; ligules usually inconspicuous or absent; stems rather stout, ancipital. Jepson, Fu)R.\ of California, vol. 1, pp. 193-248, Mardi 17, 1!»22. RUSH FAMILY 249 Heads small, imnierons, in large compound panicles; perianth segments linear-lanceolate; capsule narrow, attenuate 28. 3. oxymeris. Heads larger, usually few; perianth segments lanceolate; capsule oblong, acute. Leaves 2 to 4 lines vnde ; perianth segments light reddish brown ; capsule abruptly acuminate, shorter than the perianth. Stamens 6 ; valleys and lower altitudes 29. J. xiphioides. Stamens 3 ; higher mountains or near the coast northward 30. J. ensif alius. Leaves % to 1% (or 2) lines wide; perianth segments very dark; capsule long acumin- ate, equaling the perianth 31. J. phaeocepluilus. ^. J. acutus L. var- sphaerocarpus Engelm. (Fig. 38a, b.) Stems terete or slightly compres.sed, 2 to 4 feet higli, stout, rigid and pungent; panicle com- pountl with unequal branches, usually 3 to 6 inches long, erect and strict, usually exceeding the involucral bract; secondary bracts long acuminate, equaling or exceeding the flowers; clusters 2 to 4-flowered ; perianth segments scarious- margined very broadly at apex, especially the inner, 1 line long, exceeding the stamens, the outer broadly lanceolate, acute, the inner obovate and deeply emarg- inate ; capsule subglobose, narrower at base, rounded at summit, apiculate, brown, nearly 2 lines long; seeds acute at each end or slightly caudate, about 1,2 line long, very finely ribbed. Along the coast from San Francisco to San Diego, thence east into the Colo- rado Desert and south into Lower California. Locs. — Jamul Valley, San Diego Co., Palmer 380; Coahuilla Valley region. D. P. Barnnvs; Santa Catalina Isl., T. Brandegee; Oceanside, Parish 4400; Oxnard, Davy 7836; Indio, Davy 793.5; w. edge Colorado Desert, Parish 6149. Forma xaiithrisiis Jepsou n. forma, capsule less rounded, vellow. — Thousand Palms Caiion, nw. of Indio, Jcpson 6041 (tj-pe) ; Chuekawalla Sprs., Hah 5978. Eefs. — JUNCUS ACUTUS L. var. sph.\erocarpus Engelm. Bot. Wheeler, 376 (1876), type loc. Santa Barbara, Bothroclc. J. robustus Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 14:302 (1879). 2. J. cooperi Engelm. (Fig. 38c.) Similar in habit to J. acutus but the flowers larger, the perianth segments lanceolate, the outer acute, the inner mucro- nate, 21,4 to 3 lines long ; capsule ovate, acute, slightly longer than the perianth, greenish ; seeds larger, with broad white appendages at each end, or slightly margined on one side. Salt marshes and alkaline flats, Colorado and llohave deserts. East to Nevada. Locs. — Salt Creek, Death Valley, Grinnell ; Death Valley, Jcpson 6943 (Eagle Borax Works), 6881 (Texas Spr.); Saratoga Sprs., Death Valley, "Parii'/i 10025; Panamint Lake, Inyo Co., Parish 10154; Soda Lake, e. Mohave Desert, Parish 9874; travertine terraces, Salton Sea, Parish 8428; Dos Palmas, Colorado Desert, Parish 8382; Carrizo Creek, T. Brandcgee. Eefs. — JuNCUS COOPERI Engelm. Trans. Acad. St. Louis 2:590 (1868), type loc. region of Camp Cadv, e. Mohave Desert, Cooper; Coville, Bull. Torr. Club 19:309 (1892); Buch. in Engler, Pflzr." 430:152, fig. 77 (1906). 3. J. leseurii Boland. Salt Rush. (Fig. 38d, e.) Stems 1 to 3 feet high, stout, erect, ter<'te ; rootstoek stoutish ; ])aniele lateral, lax or compact, many- flowered ; flowei-s conunonly somewhat seeund ; perianth segments with green raid- ribs and membranous mo.stly purpli.sh brown margins, 2 to 3 lines long, outer segments lanceolate-acuminate, the inner ones a little shorter and sometimes less pointed; capsule oblong or ovoid, mucronate, triangular, shorter than the peri- anth ; seeds ovoid, obtuse, scarcely apiculate, smoothi.sh or faintly reticulate, Vs to I'o line long. Salt-marshes or near sand dunes or beaches, Monterey Co. to Humboldt Co. North to Alaska. Locs. — Eureka, Tracy 119014; Lake Pilarcitos, San Mateo Co., Bavy 758; Poiut Lobos, San Francisco, Dax-y 40i0; Monterey, Ferguson 277. Var. tracyi Jepson n. var. Inflorescence densely capitate. — Sand dunes, Eureka, Trac^i (type). Rcfg — JuNCUS i.ESEURU Bol. Proc. Cal. Acad. 2:179 (1863), type loc. San Francisco Bay region, Bolander; Buch. in Engler, Pflzr. 4-^';:147, fig. 75 (1906)". J. baltif^m Willd. subsp. pacificus Engelm. Trans. St. Louis Acad. 2:448 (1866), 490 (1868). J. brewcri Engelm. Trans. St. Louis Acad. 2:440 (1866), type loc. Monterey, Brewer 651, is merely a very slender form. Var. tkacyi Jepson. 250 JUNCACEAE 4. J. balticus Willd. Wire Rush. (Fig. 38f, g.) Plants caespitose, grass- like, 1 to 31/2 feet high ; stems strict, terete or sometimes compressed, mediumly stout, sulcately channeled ; panicle lateral, lax, many-flowered, its branches dis- posed to be seciind ; perianth segments lanceolate, acuminate, greenish, IVo to 21/^ lines long, sometimes faintly lined with purple inside the white scarious margins; inner segments a little shorter and less pointed or obtuse; capsule equaling or shorter than the perianth, ovoid, acute ; seeds shortly oblong-cylindric, obscurely apiculate and faintly striate longitudinally, 14 to % line long. Widely sjjread throughout California. America, Europe. Locs. — Gazelle, Shasta Valley, Goldsmith l(i; Calistoga, Jcpson 7664; Petalunia, Davy 4051; Little Oak, Solano Co., Jtpson; Moutezunia Hills, Solano Co., Jcpson; Carmel, Fergu- son 284; Avery Sta., Calaveras Co., A. L. Grant 4d; Bhoenix Lake, Souora, A. L. Grant 58; Middle Camp, Tuolumne Co., Jepson 6454; Bakersfield, Lfclccnby; Tulare Co., Davy 2447 (stout, intergrade to J. tcxtilis Buch.) ; Owens Lake, Jepson 5116; Afton, Mohave Desert, Parish 9802; Barstow, Jepson 4798; Mecca, Parish 8455; Lytle Creek, San Bernardino, Parish 8013. In desert spms. the capsules are usually longer than the perianth. Var. montanus Engelm. Lower, the stems more slender, sometimes flattened ; panicle very small. — Montane: Medicine Lake, Mt. Hoffman, Goldsmith 31, 34; Carson Pass, Jepson 8097; Sonora Pass, A. L. Grant 133; Seelys Flats, San Bernardino, Parisli (very similar to the Goldsmith spms.). Eefs. — JuNCUS B.4.LTICUS Willd. Berlin Mag. 3:298 (1890), type loc. shores of the Baltic Sea at Warnemiinde, Germany. Var. montanus Engelm. Trans. St. Louis Acad. 2:441 (1866), type loc. "western plains and mountains" of the U. S. 5. J. textilis Buch. Indian Rush. (Fig. 38h, i.) Similar to J. balticus; stems much shorter, 3 to 6 feet high, very finely channeled ; panicle with longer branches ; bractlets and perianth coneolorous mostly ; inner perianth segments obtuse. Southern California. Locs. — San Fernando Mission, Parish; 'Waterman Caiion, San Bernardino, Parish 8012 (this is exactly the same as Parish 8013, same station, distributed as J. leseurii Bol.) ; Fall- brook, Parish; CoahuiUa Valley, D. P. Barrows; Catalina Isl. ace. Buchenau. Eefs. — JuNCus TE.XTiLis Buch. Abh. Nat. Vcr. Brem. 17:336, t. ^°^|jJ^"„^.f ^x i'^' i, p;;ia,ith 'and capsule, ^ ower portiou of plant, XI; c '^fl°f'=«^™,);: f ''-.^Jx, and capsule, X o; I ^^..^i5:"');:^12;^^ngeltUi^ »^-psule, X 5. RUSH FAMILY 251 8. J. efifusus L. Bog Rush. (Fig. 39b-d.) Similar in habit to J. patena but stamens and perianth segments smaller and not so spreading ; stems terete, 2 to 4 feet high ; inner sheaths tipped with a short awn ; panicle slender, usually dilifuse, many-flowered; perianth pale brown, 1 line long, the segments lanceolate, acute, equaling the capsule ; capsule obovoid or even broadly clavate, obtuse or retuse, triangular ; stamens 3, anthers equaling the filaments ; seeds apiculate. Common in springy spots or bogs, forming very dense or heavy clumps on hillsides or valley flats; Coast Ranges, Sierra Nevada and Southern California; also distributed widely throughout the north temperate regions of both the Old and the New World. Also called Sugar Grass. Loes. — Santa Ana River, San Bernardino Co., Parish; Berkeley, Jepson 3072; Angwing, Howell Mt., Jepson; Eureka, Tracy 2548; La Moine, Sacramento River, Goldsmith 11; Sisson, Jepson 6156; Middle Camp near Confidence, Tuolumne Co., Jepson 6452; Center Camp, Tuolumne Co., A. L. Grant 556; Yosemite Valley, Bolander. The spms. cited represent the usual stoutish form of the species in California and doubtless answer to the var. paeificus Fern. & Wieg. Rhod. 12:89 (1910). The typical J. effusus L. of Europe does not occur in America ace. Fernald and Wiegand. Var. exiguus Fern. & Wieg. Very slender ; sheaths pale ; tlowers very small, pale. — Yosemite Park; Widow Creek, Mt. Shasta, Goldsmith 36. Var. gracilis Hook. Culms rigid, wiry; perianth segments with lateral dark-browTi bands. — Mt. Sanhedrin and north to British Columbia. Var. brunneus Engelm. Nigger Heads. Panicle usually very short, and compact ; perianth and capsule dark brown. — Coast form : Eureka, Humboldt Co., Tracy 1221 ; Pt. Benicia, Marin Co., Michener 4" Bioletti; Lobos Creek, San Francisco, Kellogg; Palo Alto, Congdon; Carmel, Ferguson 301. Refs. — JuNCUS EFFUSUS L. Sp. PI. 326 (1753), type European. Var. exiguus Fern. & Wieg. Rhod. 12:87 (1910), type loc. Yosemite Valley, Bolander 4949. Var. gr.-vcius Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2:190 (1840), type loc. "N. W. Coast. Columbia. Douglas. Dr. Scouler." Var. BRUNNEUS Engelm. Trans. St. Louis Acad. 2:491 (1868), type loc. salt marshes near San Francisco. Var. acmidans Bueh. in Engler, Pflzr. 4™: 136 (1906). 9. J. drummondii E. Mey. (Fig. 39e-g.) Densely eaespitose ; stems slender, terete, 6 to 1.5 inches high; inner sheaths bristle-tipped; spathe % to % inch long, equaling or exceeding the inflorescence ; perianth segments 3 lines long, with brown margins, lanceolate, acute, the inner a little shorter ; capsule brown, oblong, retuse, nearly equaling the perianth ; seeds ovate, caudate at both ends, brown. High montane, 7000 to 9000 feet. Sierra Nevada from Tulare Co. to Siskiyou Co. Northward to Alaska ; also in the Rocky Mts. Locs. — Mineral King (ace Coville) ; Lake Ahiguita, Madera Co., Congdon; Mono Trail, Bolander 5096; Calaveras Big Trees, HiUehrand 2337; Sonora Pass, A. L. Grant 432; Dead- man Creek, Tuolumne Co., Jepson 6569; Soda Springs Canon, Kennedy Lake, A. L. Grant 483; Mt. Tallac, Jepson 8146; Mt. Shasta, Brewer 1383. Orca, Alaska, Jepson 450. Refs. — J UNCUS DRUMMONDII E. Mey. in Ledebour, Fl. Ross. 4:235 (1853), type loc islands of Karaginsk (Mertetis) and Unalaska {Chamisso and Esclischoltz) ; Buch. in Engler, Pflzr. 436:142, fig. 73 (1906). J. comprcssus var. suhtriflorus E. Mev. Linnaea, 3:368 (1828), type loc. Unalaska. J. suhtrifiorus Cov. Cont. IT. S. Nat. Herb. 4:208 (1893). Var. humilis Engelm. Trans. St. Louis Acad. 2:445 (1866), type loc. Mt. Shasta, Brewer, is simply a reduced form. 10. J. parrjd Engelm. (Fig. 39h.) Caespitose ; stems filiform, 3 to 6 inches high; inner sheaths leaf-bearing, the leaves sulcate at base, terete above, much shorter than the stems ; ligules none or obscure ; spathe exceeding the inflores- cence, •'^4 to 1 inch long ; perianth segments 3 lines long, more or less tinged with brown, lanceolate-acuminate, or the inner obtuse ; capsule oblong or narrowly oblong, acute, about equaling or a little exceeding the perianth ; seeds as in J. drummondii. Tliin soil drift or alpine meadowlets on granite slopes. Sierra Nevada, 6000 to 12,500 feet. Northward to British Columbia, east to the Rocky Mts. Locs. — Mt. Whitney, Jepson 1079; Lake Merced, Yosemite Park, Jepson 4408; Little Yosemite, Jepson 4399 ; Lambert Dome, Jepson 3250 ; Silver Lake, Lassen Co., Baker ^ Nut- ting; Soda Springs CaJion, Kennedy Lake, A. I.. Grant 491; Mt. Tallac, Jepson 8146a; Mt. Shasta, Jepson; Medicine Lake, Siskiyou Co., Goldsmith 35. 252 JUNCACEAE Eef.— JUNCUS PARRYI Engelm. Trans. St. Louis Acad. 2:466 (1866), 491 (1868), tji>e loc. Colorado, Pati-y 360. 11. J. bufonius L. Toad Rush. (Fig. 40a, b.) Steins 1 to 6 (or rarely to 10 or 14) inches high, terete, brauehiug from the base, leafy; leaves narrow, usually revolute and bristleforin ; inflorescence a dicliotomous cyme ; flowers soli- tary and remote to closel.y seeiind or even snb-capitate ; perianth-segments 1% to 21/2 lines long, long acuminate, greenish with white scarious margins, exceeding the capsule: capsule oblong, obtuse or truncatish. A common species in wet places or dried up pools, throughout California. Very variable in size and aspect. Widely spread over the whole earth ace. to Buchenau. Locs. — Coast Ranges: Yreka, Butler 8, 792, 874; Shasta, F. W. Morse; Mendocino City, Bolandcr; Ft. Bragg, W. C. Mathevs; Napa Valley, Jepson; Vacaville, Jepson; Novato, Marin Co., Jepson 90.37; Carmcl, Ftrfiu.' lines long, the lanceolate narrowly acuminate segments equaling the obtuse obovoid capsule; anthers usually shorter than the filaments; seeds obliquely obovate, apiculate at apex, stipitate at base. Higher mountains, 4000 to 11,000 feet: San Bernardino Mts. ; Sierra Nevada north to Modoc Co., thence west to Del Norte Co. North to Alaska and east to Colorado. Locs. — Mill Creek Falls, San Bernardino Mts., Parixli 2522; Mt. Silliman, Ealph Happing 425; Mono Pass, Bolander 6039; Herring Creek, Tuolumne Co., A. L. Grant 108; Heather Lake, El Dorado Co., Jepson 8169; Sonora Pass, A. L. Gra>tt 310, 418; ne. Modoc Co., Man- ning 46(">; Ash Creek, Mt. Shasta, M. S. Baker; Lake Barle, Del Norte Co., Davy. Unalaska, Jepson 92, 170, Eefs. — JuNcus iiERTENSiANTS Bong. Mem. St. Petersb. ser. 6, 2:167 (1833), type loc, Sitka, Alaska, Mcrtens; Buch. in Engler, Pflzr, 436:201, fig. 96 (1906). 22. J. nevadensis Wats. (Fig. 43a-c.) Resembling slender forms of J. phaeocephalus ; stems very slender, somewhat compressed, from a slender creeping V 3^^ Fig. 42. II, JuNCUS OBTt'.s.VTr.s Eugelin., liabit, X 1 ; ft, infloresoence, X 1; c, perianth and cap- sule, X 6. (I, J. L.\TiFOLn's Bucli., inflorcscpnce, X 1 ; f. perianth and capsule, X 6. f, J. JIERTENSIANUS Mey., habit, X 1 ; jr, perianth and capsule, X 9. Fiff 43. a, JuNCUS NEVADENSis Wats., habit, X V2 ; b, rlotail of kat witli li^le, X 3; c, perianth and capsule, X 6. d, J. bolanderi Eugelm., inflorescence, X 1; e, perianth and capsule, X 10. /, J. TORREYl Cov., inflorescence, X 1; g, perianth and capsule, X 5. /^, J. chlorocephalus Engelm., inflorescence, XI; i. perianth and capsule, X 5. RUSH FAMILY 255 rootstoek, y.> to 1 (or sometimes 2) feet high; leaves teretish, very narrow (14 to 1/0, rarely 1 line), more or less distinctly knotted by internal transverse parti- tions ; ligules present ; heads small, 2 to 7 in a sliort open panicle, sparsely flow- ered ; perianth segments very dark brown, lanceolate, acuminate, VA to 2 lines long; anthers longer than the filaments; stigmas long exserted; capsule oblong, abruptly acute anil beaked, nearly equaling tlie perianth. Higher mountains, 5000 to 9000 feet : Sierra Nevada ; south to the San Jacinto and San Bernardino mountains. North to British Columbia. Marked by its very narrow and erect strongly septate leaves with prominent ligules. Locs. — Round Valley, Mt. San Jacinto, Charlotte M. Wilder 924; Bear Valley, San Ber- nardino Mts., Parish 3788; Volcano Creek, upper Kern River, Hall 4' Babcock 5425; Tuolumne Soda Sprs., Bolan-dcr 5062 ; Yoscniite trail, BoJandcr 6041 ; Eagle Peak Mdws., Yosemite, Jepson 4375; Stanislaus Peak, A. L. Grant 527; Tahoe, Jepson 7736; Sierra Valley, Hall cf Babcocl- 4477; Honey Lake Valley, Davy 3279; Dixie Valley, Lassen Co., Baker ^ Nutting; Willow Creek, Modoc Co., Baker 4' Nutting; Joseph Creek, Warner Mts., Smith 110; Medi- cine Lake, Goldsmith 35a (det. Coville). Brockway, Lake Tahoe, Nev., Jepson 7750. Refs. — JuNCUS NEVADENSis Wats. Proc. Amer. Acad. 14:303 (1879); Bueh. in Engler, Pflzr. 4"°: 203, fig. 97 (1906). J. phaeocephalus var. gracilis Engelm. Trans. St. Louis Acad. 2:209 (1868), based on spms. from the Mariposa Grove (Bolander, Hillebrand), upper Tuolumne River {Breu-er 1709, 1760, 2339. Bolander 5062), and Mono Pass, Bolandrr 6013. J. aseptii-s Engelm.; Parish, Muhl. 6:123 (1910), U-pe loc. Bear Valley, San Bernardino Mts., Parish 1439. 23. J. bolanderi Engelm. (Fig. 43d, e.) Stems slender, terete, 1 to 2% feet high, a little exceeding or about equaling the terete strongly septate leaves ; ligules of the sheaths conspicuous; heads subglobose, very dark, usually 2 or 3 in a close cluster, very many flowered ; perianth segments reddish brown, nar- I'owly lanceolate, acuminate and setaceous, li-o lines long, exceeding the capsule ; capsule elavate-oblong, obtuse, apieulate ; seeds obovate, apieulate at each end. Swamps, North Coast Ranges. North to southwestern Oregon. Locs. — Crescent City, Davi/ 5942; Humboldt Co. (ace. Buehenau in Engler, Pflzr. 43g:186) ; Comptche, Harriet Walker 348; Ft. Bragg, W. C. Mathews 211; Ukiah, Heller 5837; Elk Mt., n. Lake Co., Tracy 2284; Asti, Sonoma Co., Jepson 7648; Glen EUen, Sonoma Co., Bioletti. Var. riparius Jepson n. var. Heads smaller, lighter-colored, 5 to 9 in a loose panicle; perianth segments less setaceous. — Lower Sacramento River near Rio Vista, Jepson 29a. Refs. — JuNCUS BOLAKDEia Engelm. Trans. St. Louis Acad. 2:436 (1866), 470 (1868), type loc. Mendocino City, Bolander. Var. riparius Jepson. 24. J. torreyi Cov. (Pig. 43f, g.) Tall coarse plants with slender creeping rootstocks ; stems stout, terete, I14 to 2 feet or more high ; leaves terete, straight and rigidly spreading, the transverse septa very distinct ; Hgules jjresent ; inflor- escence terminal ; flowers many in large dense heads wliich form a compact capi- tate cluster or condensed panicle, the cluster subtended by a long pointed sheath ; perianth light brown. 4 to 5 lines long, its segments lanceolate-subulate, exceeding the narrow pointed golden capsule. Damp places. Southern California. East to Texas, tlienee far east to the Atlantic and north to British Columbia. Well distinguished by its large dense heads, by its very narrow and rigid perianth segments and by its slender golden capsule. Locs. — Los Angeles River, Braunton 559; Orange, S. B. 4' "'• P- Parish 1593; San Ber- nardino VaUey, Parish 7153; Dixieland, Imperial Valley, Parish 9039; Mecca, Parish 8619; Silver Caiion, Wliite Mts., Jepson 7418; Bakersfield (ace. Coville). Refs. — JuNcus TORREYI Cov. Bull. Torr. Club 22:303 (1895). J. nodosus L. var. mega- cephalus Torr. Fl. N. Y. 2:326 (1843), type loc, shores of Lake Ontario, Gray; Cov. TJ. S. Nat. Herb. 4:207 (1893). J. megaceplialus Wood, Classbook Bot. ed. 2:724 (1861), not Curtis. 25. J. chlorocephalus Engelm. (Pig. 43h. i.) Stems low and slender (8 to 15 inches high), terete, from a slender rootstoek; leaves narrow (less than a line wide), the sheaths with ligules; heads 1 or 2, many flowered; perianth pale and 256 JUNCACEAE scarious; segments 2 lines long, obtuse or acute; style exserted ; capsnl" shorter than the perianth. Sierra Nevada, 6400 to 8400 feet, from Nevada Co. to JIariposa Co. Locs.— Donner Pass, HeUer 7178; Fallen Leaf, El Dorado Co., Hall 8776; Eagle Mdw., Tuolumne Co., A. L. Grant 378; Cascade Creek, upper Stanislaus River, Jepson 6.530; Ken- nedy Lake, A. L. Grant 205; Lake Tenaya, Yosemite, Hall 3636; Yosemite Falls, Bolander ; Little Y'osemite, Jepson 3161. Ret". — JuNCUS t'HLOROCEPHALUS Engelm. Trans. St. Louis Acad. 2:485 (1868), type loc. "higher mts. of California" (= Sierra Nevada), Hillchrand 2338. 26. J. dubius Engelm. (Fig. 44a-c.) Stems very slender, compressed, 2 to 4 feet high, from .stout horizontal rootstocks; leaves narrow (1 line broad) but rigid, 73 to nearly as long as the stems, coarsely septate ; panicle compound, diffuse, 3 to 12 inches long ; heads 6 to 20-fiowered, uumerous ; perianth brown or brownish, lio to 2 lines long, the segments lanceolate, acuminate; anthers elongated, rather exceeding the filaments; capsule narrowly oblong, acuminate, slightly longer than the perianth ; seeds abruptly apiculate at each end, I'etieu- late, brownish. Mariposa Co. to SieiTa Co. The leaves suggest diminutive bamboo fishing rods. Loes. — Y'osemite Valley, Jepson 100a; Sierra Valley, Jepson 8043. A local and little known species, known to us in typical form only from Mariposa, and Sierra cos. but probably occurring elsewhere in the Sierra Nevada, especially southward. It is similar in aspect to J. oxymeris but the leaves are narrow and compressed, very strongly or even coarsely septate, and the sheaths are ligulate. The following do not have the leaves coarsely septate nor as rigid as in the type, but agree otherwise: Hcteh-Hetehy, Jepson 3416; Middle Camp, Tuolumne Co., A. L. Grant 4 (det. Coville) ; Yankee Hill, Colimibia, Jepson 6453. Ref. — JUNCUS DUEies Engelm. Trans. St. Louis Acad. 2:459 (1868), type loc. Mariposa Big Trees, Bolander 6032. 27. J. rugulosus Engelm. (Fig. 44d, e.) Very closely allied in haliit and character to J. dubius ; stems stouter, li/o to 3 feet high, sharply and minutely transverse-rugulose ; leaves strongly septate, attenuate into a flagellate-filif orm tip; panicle 4 to 9 inches long; heads small, 4 to 6-flowered ; perianth I14 to li/o lines long, its segments oblong-lanceolate, aciuninate ; filaments l^/o to 2 times as long as the anthers ; capsule oblong and acuminate, or lanceolate or broadly subulate, prismatically and sharply triangular, slightly exceeding the perianth. Damp meadow land or marshes, southern ilohave Desert through the valleys of cismontane Sotithern ('alifornia to San Diego. This differs from J. dubius, aside from the wrinkled epidermis, only in the relative length of the anthers which is not an absolute character. Locs. — Victorville, Parish 10564; Lone Pine Canon, n. slope San Gabriel Mts., Ahrams ^■ McGregor 686; San Bernardino Valley, Parish 6947; Los Angeles River, Braunton; Long Beach, E. Bethel; Balona Ranch, San Diego Co., S. B. 4- W. F. Parish 1416. Ref. — JuNcus KUGULOSUS Engclm. Bot. Gaz. 6:224 (1881), type loc. south foot of San Bernardino Mts., W. G. Wright. 28. J. oxymeris Engelm. Stems 1 to 2 feet high, compressed, somewhat angled, erect, from an elongated horizontal rootstoek, often stoloniferous ; leaves broad and flat, equitant (li L' or) 2 to 3 lines wide, ligules not present, transverse partitions not conspicuous ; involucral bract short ; heads 5 to 10-flowered, set singly in a loose panicle ; jjcrianth segments brownish, linear-lanceolate, subulate, of equal length or the interior slightly longer ; anthers 6, longer than the fila- • ments ; styles long exserted ; capsule long attenuate, exceeding the perianth ; seeds small, obovate, apiculate, light brown and finely reticulate. Moist valleys and mountain flats. Coast Ranges and Sierra Nevada, 50 to 6000 feet. North to Oregon. Locs. — Scott Valley, Lake Co., Traeil 2381 ; lower Sacramento River near Rio Vista, Jepson 30a; Confidence, Tuolumne Co., Jepson 7701; Mariposa Big Trees, Bolander ()031. Ref. — JuNCUS OXYMERIS Engelm. Trans. St. Louis Acad. 2:483 (1868), type loc. Sacra- mento Valley, Hartiveg 322. Fig. 44. a, JuNCUS diieius Engelin., ; pedicels slender, about 3 to 6 lines long; perianth-segments lineai', 8 to 10 lines long, white, piirj)le- veined, spreading widely; capsule 3 lines long, the valves ])innately nerved. Dry open low hills and plains, Sierra Nevada foothills, Great Valley, Coast Ranges, south to cismontane Southern California, and north to southern Oregon. 270 LILIACEAE Absent from the Colorado and Mohave deserts and the arid region east of the Sierra Nevada, and the Redwood belt. July-Aug;. Locs. — Bear Valley, Nevada Co., Jepson; Gwin Mine, Calaveras Co., Jepson; Heteh-Hetchy, Jepsmi ; Nortli Fork Kaweah River, Jepson ; Hupa Valley, P. E. Ooddard ; Mt. Konocti, Lake Co., Jepson; Mt. Tamalpais, E. MulUken 72; Little Oak, Solano Co., Jepson; Coyote Creek, Santa Clara Co., Jepson; San Luis Obispo, Summers 825; Lower Eubio Caiion, Peirson 10; San Bernardino, Parisli. Refs. — CnLOROG.\LUM pomeridianum Kunth. Enum. PI. 4:682 (1843) ; Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 218, pi. 60 (1859) ; Wats. Bot. Cal. 2:159 (1880) ; Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 121 (1901). Antliericum pomeridianum Ker. Bot. Reg. t. 564 (1821), tvpe not given. Laothoe pomeridiana Raf. Fl. Tellur. 3:53 (1836). 2. C. angustifolium Kell. Plants li,; to 2 feet high ; biilb-eoats membranous, light reddish-brown ; basal leaves 4 to 12 inches long, 1 to 2 or 3 lines broad, be- coming revolute ; panicle with few ascending branches ; pedicels about 2 lines long ; perianth funnelform-campanulate, the segments oblong-linear, 4 to 5 lines long, white with yellowish-green veins ; ovary on a short stipe. Lower foothills of the Sierra Nevada, Calaveras Co. north to Shasta Co., thence south in the inner Coast Range to Mendocino Co. Locs. — Milton, Davii 1229; lone, Braunton 1005; Blue Ravine, Eldorado Co., K. Brandegee ; Redding, HaU # Babc'ock 4003; Round Valley (Zoe, 4:159). Refs. — Chloroo.\lum .\.ngustifolium KeU. Proc. Cal. Acad. 2:104, fig. 30 (1863), type loc. Shasta, Veateh; Wats. Bot. Cal. 2:160 (1880); Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 121 (1901). Laothoe angustifolia Greene, Leafl. 1:91 (1904). 3. C. parviflorum Wats. Plants 1 to 2 feet high ; bulb 1 inch in diameter ; basal leaves grass-like (2 to 3 lines broad) ; pedicels short, 1 or rarely 2 lines long; flowers pinkish or white with rose-eolored midnerve; perianth-segments oblong-lanceolate, spreading from above the base, 3 or sometimes 4 lines long; style exserted as ovary matures ; ovary broad and obtuse, sessile. Cismontane Southern California in Riverside and San Diego cos., from the eoa-st inland 24 to 35 miles. Locs. — Menifee, Riverside Co., E. Foster; Oceanside, Parisli 4444; San Diego, Jepson 1600; Alpine, T. Brandegee. Refs. — Chlorogalum parvipi.orum Wats. Proc. Ani. Acad. 14:243 (1879), type loc. El Cajon Valley, San Diego Co., D. Cleveland. Laothoe parviflora Greene, Leafl. 1:91 (1904). 4. C. purpureum Brandegee. Plants 14 to 20 inches high ; bulbs light- colored, ovoid, 34 to 1 inch in diameter ; basal leaves narrowly linear. 1 to 2 lines wide, undulate; pedicels as long or longer than the (3 lines long) perianth; perianth-segments spreading from above the base, oblong-ovate, blue or purplish with 3 darker midveins ; stamens about equaling the segments ; style sometimes slightly exserted in old flowers; ovary sessile. Western Monterey Co. June. Locs. — Jolon, Hall 10019; Milpitas Ranch, Eastuwod. Refs. — Chlorog^vlum purpukeum Brandegee, Zoe 4:159 (1893), type loc. Santa Lucia Mts., W. Fortriede. Laothoe purpurea Greene, Leafl. 1:91 (1904). 13. ALLIUM L. Wild Onion Stem seapose, from a tunieated or sometimes rhizome-like bulb or from a corm, with basal leaves, and bearing an unbel or head of flowers subtended by 2 or 3 thin whitish or scarious bracts. Herbage with the characteristic taste and odor of onions. Leaves narrow and plane, or convolute-filiform or terete. Peri- anth of 6 di.stinct or nearly dLstinet ecjual 1-nerved segments, campanulate or spreading. Stamens inserted on the base of tlie segments ; filaments often dilated below. Ovules 2 (rarely several) in each cell; style filiform, persistent; stigma simple or 3-parted. Capsule obovate or globose, obtusely 3-lobed, often crested ; seeds 1 or 2 in each cell, black, wrinkled. — Species 250, north temperate zone. (Ancient Latin name of garlic.) LILY FAMILY 271 A. Scape terete; leaves 1 to several, Unear, filiform or terete. 1. Plants with rootstoclcs and hulhs. Bootstoek ero-vvned by the bulb, more or less persistent; bulb uarrowly oblong or elongated ovoid, heavily sheatlied witli the bases of several leaves. Scapes 1% to 3 feet high; bulbs white or light -colored, narrowly oblong, % to 1% inches broad 1. A. validum. Scapes 8 to 12 inches high ; bulbs generally deep red, elongated ovoid, Va to % inch broad. 2. A. haematochitoii. Eootstock slender, horizontal, bearing terminally one or few corms and giving rise to an erect scape; corm short-ovoid or round 3. A. unifolhim. 2. Plants without rootstocks; bulb ovoid or globose; leaves deciduous above outer bulb-coats. Bulb-coats with indistinct reticulation or none. Leaves terete or sub-terete, solid; ovary crests conspicuous. Scapes 12 to 20 inches high; bidbs pinkish; leaves 1 or 2 4. A. intactum. Scapes 2 to 8 inches high ; bulbs rcddish-bro"\vn ; leaf solitary. Leaves not coiled at tip ; Southern California. Perianth-segments lanceolate-attenuate; ovary crests emarginate 5. A. parryi. Perianth-segments ovate-lanceolate; ovary crests more or less fimbriate. Scapes mostly slender ; perianth-segments 3 to 5 lines long, usually recurved at tip, sometimes spreading; mostly of the desert slopes 6. A. fimbriatum. Scapes stout; perianth-segments closely erect, straight at tip, 6 to 7 lines long; high San Gabriel Mts 7. A. peirsonii. Leaves coiled at tip; east side of the Sierra Nevada 8. A. atrorubens. Leaves plane. Scapes 4 to 15 inches high; ovary crests conspicuous; perianth-segments broadly ovate to lanceolate. Flowers 5 to 6 lines long; ovary crests twice as long as the ovary 9. A. aiiserinum. Flowers 3 to 4 lines long; ovary crests shorter than the ovary. Perianth-segments acuminate, rose-color. Scapes solitary _ 10. A. campanulatum. ■ Scapes commonly in pairs 11. A. bisceptrum. Perianth-segments acute, pinkish to white 12. A. sanbomiL Scapes Vi to 2iA inches high; ovary crests evident to obscure; perianth-segments lanceolate to oblong, obtuse to acuminate. Stamens shorter than the perianth; Sierra Nevada 13. A. tribracteatum. Stamens equaling or exceeding the perianth; Southern California 14. A. burlewii. Bulb-coats with distinct reticulation. Reticulation of bulb-coats undulate-horizontal. Leaves 2; bulbs gray; ovary without crests 15. A. hyalinum. Leaves several; bulbs deep red; ovary broadly crested 16. A. amplectens. Eeticulation of bulb-coats close, strongly serrate-horizontal. Ovary crests minute, central. Outer perianth-segments only slightly wider than the inner. Perianth commonly pink; pedicels equal, % to Ya inch long; interior 17. A. serratu/m. Perianth rose-purple; pedicels unequal, '4 to % inch long; maritime 18. A. dichlamydeum. Outer perianth-segments twice as wide as the inner and slightly longer; perianth rose-purple; pedicels unequal, % to lli inches long 19. A. peninsulare. Ovary crests broad, rounded; perianth-segments glandular-denticulate. ...20. A. bolanderi. Reticulation of bulb-coats coarse quadrate to hexagonal. Perianth-segments deep rose-color, acuminate, the margins undulate-serrulate ; pedicels % to 1 inch long _ 21. A, acuminatum. Perianth-segments pinkish to rose-color, acute, the margine entire; pedicels % to % inch long _ 22. A. lac^mosum. B. Scape much flattened and 2-edged or narrowly winged; leaves usually 2, broadly linear or falcate. Perianth-segments narrowly lanceolate, long acuminate, or becoming filiform-subulate; stamens nearly equaling segments or exsertcd ; ovary not crested ; bulb-coats without reticulation ; northern Sierra Nevada 23. A. platycaule. 979 LILIACEAE Perianth-sogments ovate-lanceolate, acute to acuminate; stamens % to % as long as, or some- times equaling, the segments. Ovary crests consisting of a curved ridge; bulb-coats mostly mth faint reticulation; north- ern Sierra Nevada. Filaments dilated at base but distinct 24. A. anccps. Filaments united by thin dilated bases into a sort of cup 2.5. A. modoccnse. Ovary with ridges of the lobes produced above into prominent crests; filaments distinct; bulb coats not reticulated ; Coast Ranges. Umbels loose (pedicels 6 to 13 lines long) 20. A. faleifolium. Umbels more compact (pedicels 4 to 7 lines long) 27. A. breweri. 1. A. validum "Wats. Swamp Onion. Scape stout, 2-edged above, 3 to 6 lines in diameter, lio to 3 (or 31^) feet higli ; Indb lo to li,4 inelies thick and IV2 to 2 times as long, crowning a very stout rootstock; roots thick and coarse; bulb-coats white to liglit reddish-brown, prominently ribbed, continuous with the broad leaves, these 4 to 6 lines wide, 1 to 2 (or 3) feet long; perianth-segments 3 to 6 lines long, lanceolate-acuminate, rose-color to nearly white ; stamens and style usually exserted ; capsule large, subglobose, not crested. Wet meadows. Sierra Nevada north to Siskiyou Co., thence southerly to Trinity Co. ; 4000 to 9000 feet. Common. Also in Oregon. Loes. — Garfield Forest, Sequoia Park, Jepson 4661; Farewell Gap, Jepson 1145; Lake Merced, Yosemite Park, Jepson 3214; Kennedy Mdws., A. L. Grant 178; SUver Lake, Amador Co., MuUikcn 139; Suzy Lake, El Dorado Co., Jepson 8184; Donner Lake, Sonne; Warner Mts., L. S. Smith 1131; Cedar Spr., Mt. Shasta, Jepson; Shackelford Creek, w. Siskiyou Co., Butler 112; Twin Lakes, Trinity Co., Eastwood. Eef. — Allium validum Wats. Bot. King, 350 (1871), tyjw loc. Mono Pass, Bolander 6248. 2. A. haematochiton Wats. Scape stout, flexuous, 7 to 12 inches high : bulb elongated-ovoid, 1 - to % inch broad, its coats usually deep red, rarely jiale pink ; leaves many, abruptly narrowing or filifonu above the broad sheaths ; pedicels numerous, y^ to 1 incli long; perianth-segments deep rose-color (or often nearly white) witli darker midnerve, broadly ovate-acute, 3 to 4 lines long; filaments % as long as the perianth-segments, narrowly subulate, with adnate deltoid bases ; ovary white, truncate with very short rounded or undulate dark red crests. Dry hills and mountain slopes from San Luis Obispo Co. to San Diego Co. Locs. — San Luis Obispo, Summers: Lockwood Valley, Mt. Pinos, Hall 6333; Banning, M. J. Smith 300; Strawberry Valley, San Jacinto Mts., Hall 2096; Palomar, Jepson 1487; La Mesa, San Diego Co., Jepson 6679. Eefs. — Allium h.\ematochiton Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 14:227 (1879), type loc. San Luis Obispo, Brewer 462; Abrams, Fl. Los Ang. 84 (1904). 3. A. unifolium Kell. Scape stout, 1 to 2 feet high, rising from a deeply seated short horizontal rootstock bearing one or a few corms, only the rootstock or base of scape rooting; reticulation of corm coats irregidar to vertical undu- late ; leaves 4 or 3 ; bracts 2, large, aeiuninate, membranous ; umbels 10 to 30- flowered, the pedicels 1 to Ito inches long; flowers lavender-pink; segments broadly oblong-ovate, 5 to 7 lines long, 1 ■{ longer than the stamens and style ; ovary not crested, but with quadratish lobes. Rich moist lands in the valleys or open hills : Coast Ranges, 20 to 400 feet, from Monterey Co. north to Humboldt Co. Local. Biol. Note. — The stem arises from a corm which through exhaustion becomes a rootstock as is evidenced by the husk of the former corm which for a time surrounds it. The rootstock sends out two prongs in opposite directions or nearly, each developing a corm. Apparently these new corms become independent the next season, each sends up a stem, and at the same time develops two new corms as the parent corm becomes depleted. Locs. — Pacific Grove, Heller 6845; Mt. Diablo, Jepson 7588; Berkeley and Mt. Tamalpais, ace. Behr: Conn Valley, Napa Co., Jepson; Ft. Bragg, W. C. Mathews 51; White Thorn Valley, Mattole Eiver, Traci/"5004; Eureka, Tracii 4078. Eefs,— Allium unifolium Kell. Proc. Cal. Aciid. 2:112, f. 35 (1863), type loc. Oakland; Wats. Bot. King, 486, p!. 36, figs. 9-10 (1871); Baker, Bot. Mag. t. 6320, figs. 1-4 (1877); Behr, Fl. Vic. S. F. 287 (1888) ; Jepson. Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 119 (1901). Var. l.\cteum Greene, Pitt. 2:55 (1890), type loc. San Luis Obispo Co., Lemmon. Stouter and more succulent; perianth white. — Ex. char. ^' — '^ /c ir i» — ''-si^iii^ gsssianojca \0U f Fig. 47. Bulb coat reticulations in Allium: a, A. r.\i!KYl Wats., X 20. b, A. fi.mbki.vtum Wats., X 20. c. A. sanbobnii Wood, X 10. d, A. hyalinum Curran var. praecox Jcpson, X 10. e, A. PENINSULARE Lcmmon, X 10. /, A. bolanderi Wats., X 10. p, A. acuminatum Hook., X 5. h, A. LACUNOSUM Wats., X 10. i, habit of A. faixitohum H. & A., X %. LILY FAMILY 273 4. A. intactum Jepson n. sp. Scape 12 to 20 inches high, stiff, slightly flexuous or erect ; bulb-coats numerous, pinkish, the reticulation vertical, minutely rectangular; leaves 1 or 2, terete, solid, sheathing the stem 3 to 6 inches, the sheath entire (not split down) ; bracts 3, large, ovate-acuminate with attenuate tips ; umbels round, densely flowered ; pedicels slender, Yo to % inch long ; peri- anth-segments pink to rose-color with deeper midnerve, rather thin, lanceolate- acuminate, erose, 2 lines long; stamens equaling or exceeding the perianth; fila- ments opposite the inner segments with long narrow triangular bases adnate to the petal for almost half their length, the alternate filaments with short deltoid bases ; style exserted, stigmas 3-parted ; ovary with very thin walls and 6 con- spicuous thin crests; crests as long as the ovary; capsule one-seeded. — (Scapus rigidus, leviter flexuosus vel erectus, unc. 12-20 altus; reticulum tunicae bulbi minute rectangulare ad perpendiculum directum ; folia 1-2, teretia, non cava ; stamina perianthio aequantia vel hoc superantia; cristae ovarii 6 conspicuae tenues aequaiites ovario; eapsula monosperma.) Placer Co. (Cape Horn, K. Brandegee, type) ; not otherwise known. 5. A. parr3a Wats. (Fig. 47a.) Scape 3 to 6 inches high; bulb coats red- dish brown, quadratish-reticulate ; leaf solitary, as long as or slightly longer than the scape, the sheath entire, about V2 as long as the scape ; pedicels 4 to 8 lines long; perianth-segments lanceolate, acuminate, erect, 3 to 4 lines long, white to pale rose ; stamens opposite the outer segments about % their length ; ovary crests conspicuous, emarginate to erose. San Bernardino Mts., 6500 feet. Locs. — Bear Valley, Parish 3761, 3078. The genuine form has been collected only in the San Bernardino Mts., but the variants of A. fimbriatum simulate it very closely in a continuous series. Rof. — Allium parryi Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 14:231 (1879), type loc. San Bernardino Co., Parry 390 (specifically in Big Bear Valley ace. to Parish). 6. A. fimbriatum Wats. (Fig. 47b.) Scape 2 to 3 inches high, the leaves terete, narrow {^C, to 1 line broad), exceeding the scape; sheaths entire; pedicels 2 to 6 lines long ; bracts 2, sometimes 3 or 4 ; perianth dark to pale rose, its seg- ments ovate-lanceolate, 4 to 5 (or 6) lines long, erect but the tips more or less recurving ; stamens 1 ^ as long as the segments ; ovary crests 2 to each lobe, finely toothed or fimbriate to nearly entire. Ranges bordering the desert from San Diego Co. north through the Mohave Desert. Locs. — Mt. Pinos, Hall 6557; Mt. Soledad, Johnston 2251; Providence Mts., Mum, John- ston 4' Eaneood 4218; Ord Mt., Jepson 5879; Vandeventer, San Jacinto Mts., Jepsoii 1461; Blair Valley, e. San Diego Co., Jepson 8693 ; Valleeito, Jepson 8537 ; Jacumba, T. Brandegee. Var. mohavense Jepson n. var. Perianth-segments ovate, bhmtish or rounded, 3 lines long, commonly pale pink; ovary crests sparingly toothed or emarginate. — (Segmentis perianthium late ovatis obtusis, erectis, apice non reeurvatis, lin. 3 longis; cristis ovarium subintegris.) — Eastern Mohave Desert (Calico Mts., Jepson 5403, type.) Var. aborigtnum Jepson n. var. Umbels relatively loose, the pedicels 8 to 10 lines long; ovary crests long and thin, toothed. — (Umbella sublaxa, pediculi lin. 8-10 longi; cristis ovarium longis tenuibus dentatis.) — Southern Sierra Nevada from Fresno Co. to Tulare Co., and inner North Coast Range. Locs.— Pine Ridge, Fresno Co., Hall # Chandler 201; Erskin Creek, Purpiis 5332; "Walker's Basin, T. Brandegee; Indian Valley, ne. Lake Co., Jepson 8995 (type). Refs. — Allium fimbriatum "Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 14:232 (1879), type loc. Mohave River, Palmer. A. parishii "Wats. I.e. 17:380 (1882), type loc. Cusheuberry Sprs., Parish. Var. MOHAVEXSE Jepson. Var. aboriginx'M Jepson. A. davisiae Jones, Contrib. 12:78 (1908), type loc. granite rocks, Victorville, Mohave Desert, is probably close to A. fimbriatum var. mohavense; it has 2 bracts; perianth-segments oval, acute, rather rigid, white, green ribbed, % longer than the stamens; but the ovary is not crested (ex. char.). A. DECIPIENS Jones, Contrib. 10:16 (1902) ; A. innocnsis Jones I.e. 10:86, type loc. "Sum- mit, Chvens Valley, 7000 ft.," seems near A. fimbriatum, but we have seen no specimens. 274 LILIACEAE 7. A. peirsonii Jepson n. sp. Scape stout, 3 to 4 inches high; leaf 1, terete or teretish, 1 to 21-2 Hues thick, 4 to SVo inches long above the sheath (much ex- ceeding the scape) ; flowers many in a compact umbel, the pedicels 3 to 4 (or 5) lines long ; bracts 2 ; perianth recklish or light pink, 6 to 7 lines long, the segments straight, stamens about '% the length of the perianth-segments; ovary crests prominent, slender, often as long as the ovary, toothed at apex. — (Scapus ro- bustus, une. 3-4 altus ; folium singulare, teres vel subteres, lin. 1-21/2 diametro, lin. 4^81/0 longum ; umbella compacta, multiflora ; perianthium lin. 6-7 longum, segmentis rectis; eristis ovarium conspieuis gracilibus, apice dentatis saepe aeque longis ac ovarium.) Rock slides, high canons of the San Gabriel llts., 5350 to 9400 feet. Locs. — Mt. San Antonio, Peirson 3 (type) ; San Antonio Canon (liead), Jolmstoii 1446; Rock Creek (head), Peirson 267; divide betw. Mt. Lowe and Mt. Markham, Person 1. 8. A. atrorubens "Wats. Three to 4 inches high ; bulb-coats without distinct reticulation: pedicels 15 to 20, 6 to 7 lines long; bracts 2 or 3; leaves coiled at tip ; flowers dark or lead-purple ; perianth-segments stift', long-acuminate, 4 to 5 lines long. East side of the Sierra Nevada. Locs. — Reno, Kev., Coirpill. Owens Valley, Cal., ace. Jones (Contrib. 10:10), who says the corms produce runners with brilliant shiny bulblets strung along them. Eef. — Allium atkorubens Wats. Bot. King, 352, pi. 38, figs. 4-5 (1871), type loc. west Humboldt to the Havallah Mountains, Nev. 9. A. anserinum Jepson n. sp. Scape terete, 5 to 6 inches high : leaf one, flat; umbel aliout 20-flowered ; pedicels about 4 lines long; perianth purplish or pinkish, its segments oblong-ovate, 5 to 6 lines long, spreading at tip ; stamens about % as long as the perianth ; ovary-cells with 2 crests ; crests oblongish, much lacerate or laciniate, twice as long as the ovary; stigma slightly 3-cleft. — (Scapus teres, une. 5-6 altus; folium singulare planum; ovarium 2-cristatis lobis; cristae suboblongae. multum laceratae, duplo lougiores ovario.) Modoc Co. Loc. — Goose Lake A^alley, JR. M. Austin (type). 10. A. campanulatum Wats. Scape 4 to 7 or 11 inches high, erect, often flexuous; leaves 2; luubel 10 to 50-flowered ; pedicels 4 to 15 lines long; flowers somewhat campanulate, pink or rose-color; perianth-segments broadly ovate, acute or short-acuminate, 3 to 4 lines long, nearly equal, 1^4 longer than the vei'y slender stamens and style ; filament bases nearly equal ; ovary prominently crested, the crests somewhat horizontal. Usuall.y in dry places. Sierra Nevada, south to Tehachapi, north to Shasta Co., thence southerly to eastern Humboldt Co., 3000 to 6000 feet. Passing into var. bidwelliae at the higher altitudes. The accumulation of material has also tended to weaken the distinctions l)etwen A. campanulatum and A. bisceptrum but we continue to retain the two as species. Locs. — Tehachapi, Greene; Marble Fork, Sequoia Park, Jepson. 648: Huntington Lake, Fresno Co., A. L. Grant 1045; Volcano fteek, Tulare Co., Jepson 4928a; Hazel Green, Hall 4' Babcock 3403a; Sonora Pass. A. L. Grant; South Fork Bear Creek, Shasta Co., Hall 4" Bab- cock 4145; Buck Mt, Humboldt Co., Tracy 2836. Var. bidwelliae Jepson n. comb. Perianth-segments ovate at base, long-acuminate above. — Sierra Nevada and inner North C^oast Range, 6000 to 9000 feet. Western Nevada to Oregon. Locs. — Horse Mdw., Tulare Co., Hall 4" Babcock 5136; Benson Lake, Yosemite Park, Jepson 4518; Belle Mdw., Tuolumne Co., Jepson 6470; Lake Lucile, Eldorado Co., Hall 4 Chandirr 4667; Hot Springs Valley, Plumas Co., Jepson 4077; Mt. Hull, Lake Co., Ball 9536. Refs. — Allium campanul.\tltm Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 14:231 (1879), based on Mt. Bullion, Mariposa Co., Bolandcr 4943, and Plumas Co., M. E. P. Ames; Hall, TJniv. Cal. Publ. Bot. 4:196 (1912). Var. bidwelliae Jepson. A. bidu-eUi